'PRE S.\ H -\W:\ K GA 7,F,'!"I'E, \f -\Y ;~. 1005.

TIlt' .'ol1:iij:!utl1cmt !"l'llt dowu by DI'. Ho~f' 'I'lim I~upit 1,,1\(' ,,,,,1
was wet 111111slipppry II/'cIUII<' a s\\'alll\' H:'j~tIIg riVt'I' iuclUUt!<1l1lt: foJlowillg- SlU-cit.s ;-
was cl\lIe(l, (II the end 1\f1'. Dauben,,"s ()~tt~lI(:hjllt~ dttlLtUK
(h.tnn,'hilujo( 1\1\lwjn IIl'IIHi1'l
a keenly eonh'btctllllateh hy 2 goals I" ,;ii, lillr1HI~, l'pogOll
I~II1'1'11"IH'uhllloidt.'s
~ hc ilinienlt to singl!' out any of I II" pb,I'- Iln d.m.. fllKd"tns
~inl mention owing to I.he sO(ld,," IlIIIj
of the "rol1l](l, which l1lacl(~ it alllll''': ~; :1,~~II.)"~\~' ~~I:~'~~~I~..'1 i'l
"01.111'1)\":; ptiracUsI'uIo>
... to kcpp '~)J]e's footing IIm;id(,s \\'ilich ..:.! ',.1:; In\\"Ilk r.J,

Uk Enropcilll;;. w() fane,\', hiHlIy !:illIf,'it,d ...11 hils Sp.

~ I )111Ig-Ha tlH'lIiutl:
, ;t o[ "wilill" which 1\'(' hop(' will he l't;- *( '1'\'ptf.),tenIH hexnplt"'llti
~M.silne b.y regular pl'actice, 111111judging h," '''Cr:\'ptu)lterl1~ mkl'optls {~I
.Cl'yptopterll~ Sp.
'. .I.111'1IIlilnC(~1\nl1 till' intercst shown in the "En~I'allli~ Iru,')nIlOl.hil" ('.II
....ks as if foothall \\'0111<1hal'l. its ilevntees "CYllnf.{lo6sIUI SI',
.Pl'istt,I('piN Sl'.
. .. ...l't apart for IlllLtchcs. ilild IUI 111.1\11O\\'Il l't~l'c-itl.
-- F. .1. D. Cox l~~cJ.. .If IHlitlll1i ~U'lit Lilt! (f)IJowill~! :--.
;\ 1111has I'>t'llllflf"ll~
, 'lIt:sdH" the :,LlI iw;tHnl. a(, tilt: BHII fOOl- )o:'l'lIIln rlll1cullius
EIlf,.:"'lIlIliH Iu'e\'it't'p:-;
" .. nlHtc':h took plill'c 11('1,\\('('n "the 1Iul;1\11 ElIgT+tlllis )\aIllIlH,leusis
gl,~rnllli~ COtllllll cmiulllis
and "till' I\all 1111'isihl., all(l Mighty"
IJI.lluIIU, J1..isli~~H;tl'ui,ll's
~l'I":II'llrHOt.UR {lruLus
IJII;&lCh stan"d at .J.-t:) I'. ~I. and after I~ hotly Ploto~us cUHius
ffrit~llil1ru~ s"valn
, ,j ;::anIP, ('llIh~tl in a lll-a\\', JI(.ilhe,rside being '.lI!.{>I'j\}iUIi jlu'huu
'Ire, (~ltoI'iIIt'1I1U:. tilllll't.i.tll.tl'i
"'1':'JItIlIIl rll!ic:intil
'-1, \;sihlu" hacb. allll g',,"d 1\('''I'"r pbyed a "()phiun'pIIllIIlK III.n.lux
"11t'llIinllllpllIlH t:lllltol'iK
:...i"l' )..(;11111',
"l't"l1 "",'ing' \\111:>11nmtters .~JIIg'iI !melialuilli 1'.'1
~... ~croll~. .('llIpt'u 1iII,,:J,
.\. E. l.la\n'c'lIc~ Esq., uf ~llIkHh, Sc'ut It slll'citllC'lI IIf
, ,..' .wing l'el'n'''''lltetithlJ two t",UIU;;--- . .\IILc'llIlIIl"iuN 1I1"1"11I1I1"1I1n5,

if"->\11 III'..incihle, /".'U'r!I'i.

The Ilorjlt~all il1:-icct fuulIa is (,xl'Ct~di1Ig'I,\' rich Hli(1 IlIiWY Ittlditi1m."I
-I.<:--:\h .l'eng, I" .\11 Nell <Cilptain), fell, to Ih.' t'ollt,(:tillil IIIL"I! llN'1I IIHuh.. AlIJulIg~t thl'bC HI'I' :
,to, Xanl. 1I((II~b((I'l"s:-ml:al)()(,. V, IL ae Allthct"~H j Itl III fl1,;(;11 H. Ii En~rett ENCJ. i,P1
G. :\o!!i, i'ull {J(/!.i..s:--I'l1s(,,tlld I\:IIn 12;- ('hol'odYJ>us haalli H, H. A, Day ESII' 11'1
;'",.l:-H,i.I,et. ' :\."laJh'UPI'S Ui(h'oll .J. H. .Brodie, ESIJ. II',
Pl"isolllt'l"a s1'. O. JJrucct Escl. 11",
.~'Halll'I)}1H~ 8}1. eollect~d.
if'"..,II1I\'i~ibl" allll \Iight.y tl'illll.
,\ In!";,.:"('('flllt~ctioll IIf IIIO;;'lllIilol':i is Iwillg' HlllelC'. 'flll~.~ IlI'lon;.: to lilt'
"~.$:--SHlle1I, Z, ,J, ?llon\(.in.,' 'I', Ah Seng lit'lIf'I'U

~1"~1.in\,C. .\h Heng,.J IIlon;.;. lfa{f-baci.'s:'--- *( :111(,.~. *Sl.q.~olll.\"ia

. A(~dl'UIII,\hl
.:vlatlsulliit
III HI . ~\lIoplaelt~K.
. .-\1~tlCS .U l'IHIOt.,II'lIill . :\11>giLl'laiIlIlS

~'oall, U. .\njin, V, Chong Vah, Full- '1'lu'.\ '\I~I'I' (:nllpc:tl.d from tile jUl11-'"h. Hlul fl'Oll1 homws. ~lIlHe h01lse
\b FO()lIg. I11H1L, linlpl1ng. Uoa/:--IJ.Egoh, rUl'llts \\,,'1',. lU't'!(('1I1('tl hy HI'. HUl'kt'l\ I\1H1 ..UIIII' II.\' (I. LUIIg' E~f1. who
U1MI g"iI\I' nl1"iOlid 1"pidopkrn,
:.. KClldie kilHlly acl:ell ;os HefC!I'ee,
E'1'HNOGHAPHl('.\L COLJ,EC'f'ION.
" ondllsh,n of the 111"1<:11 till; "lnyil1cihl(~,,"
~ Unll",i III',HI H. H, the Hnjah ~rlld.
t.,n.,inccl by tll(! "Invisible" tl'!\ln. ~ltltl('ll)r 1\.)"1111 IJUI'1 ,'ol1stl'nctet1 fOl' lll'il~ 011 1'lIpid~

,1Ioerpel'llliltilq:; tlII'S(! teams will ngaill Illeet IJIHH,\H Y.

f':;UI pl'OX i 1111), AIIIIIIIII l:t'11u1'Ll~t~illt'll MltfWtlll1
(it'IIt!I'" hu';Ct.'tI\l'lIllI 4 p'll'h
-[II\'ineibl,!s" I1pheld their Hallie on thi1:! 1,tit.I,1 (~fIIOlllhi"tl ~Jl1KOUIIlChicHRO Zool, Sf!~.it.s'
311el tll1.il' 0ppollents did not !\.ppenl' Vol. IV. Parts I 1111I111 : By ,')I;I:hall;':l'j
:\0\ itHh's Zt)uIOKicUl', Vol. XI No. a . 1'cI.I
eno.l)..(h. thollgh heing .. In\'isible". we .. .. Vol. XII. 1 PIIJ

;hey (lid 'not appcar at all. It is to be Allllnl!; uml MaJ:. of NRt. HiKtol'Y Vol. XV !\o~. ~(i 1111(1117
i howen!1' t hnt the\' eOlll.l S!'(' Cl\Ch other (;eulogy vf N. \\'. Horll~o--C. Schmidt. DI".Harkfn. (PJ
MWWIIIII COlllp. /'001. Ih.l'YRrd Uollegt:-
holl' (li(l they l;llInage to" paHs ". Vid Bal.l'lld,ia und Hcptilc:s fl'0111]i(Lhanuu)-~1'. Bal'lIout' lPj
" set' :~lIytltil1)..( after tlw elitert!\inlllent'? Gt'olclJ.:,\ l't!flOl't HUl'uwnk nlltl H.,douF c1iMtl'il't.-
J, H. Scl'i\'eIH1I' 111w Author [P]
."'tcr'$ accolillt of the I'l'p!:(,l'clings is very SpoHn Z",dan;cII, ""I.I.l'n.'t 111. tBy I'''change]
~A.~. U.' AnlHm\ l~eptU't, [!Kl1, Smithsonian IUBtitutn \Va~hil1gtoll [1))

'J'11f'f~olcl IUld Coni iUhU'!" of ~"I'nwlll\.

'III!"C'IIIII.
- rN 1110 hop" thnt it mny prove o( illterest to,
lllUII."of our leaders, we publish in full the following
Report' OIJ the Geology of 8lu!1.wak by Mr, J.,B.
,I-,,uowing addition!; wem Iliadf! to the Museum Scri\'elJor, Geologist, of the Federated Mal:!.y States"
IIW:aduring Fchl.tmr,'" March nnel April: who recently visited Sarawak for the pmpose of
Zoeu,()(;«'AI. COI,r.l>("I'Io:\S. iJlYestigl~ting illto the occnrrence of golt1 and coal in
\':!.dolJ~ Districts,
--
(n~o 1.00 U:A I. ,pEP AJt'l:j1IEN'I" ,I". J!I. S.,
Ku.\LA.LuMl'tJR. 19th January, 1905.
[I'd) A HEPOB.'I', ON 'fHE. GEOJ~OGY OF' 'fUE
HESlDENCY OJ<' .SA!U,WAR, AND OJ!"
[I'd] 'PHI': SADONG DIS'I'lUCT, BOHNEO.
'\VI'fH SPECIAL l~EFER1~NCF~ '1'0' 'J'IIK
11.11.tI... Hajah Muda [P] OCCUHRENCE OF GOLD AND COAlJ.
'l UBU I' [,1>]
8n:,-T h:we the honour to present my report on
mv visit tn Sllrawak, whellce I returned on the 4th,
a6ctiom; or l'iYl~r uwl SI~1IUsb II!!\'t! III~PII In't~s(lntcd to lhe o(Decembet' ult.
~ Dr. Hos~ (1'out lh'jHU";- !"iYc.:rILntl 1\Kpil. hlkc, and by F.
h.4iII., from Bintl11u. Amongst t,hem Kl'e H.number of species ~. 'l.'he ,primary, object of my mission can be
eollE'ct,ion nnd some npparelltly new to scicnco. eXpla.inetl in u. few words. 'It has for some time
t-xpt.d nUtt'IY.IIPW Spt'e:i"N of Borllt'IUI fish hK\'C ;yet to be
. ~ig'llit\cK fI~\\' to the eol1e~tion.
..
THE SAltA WAK GAZg'l"l'E,
~--_.._._...
taown to those interested in gold mining
'IIiBated Malay States that certain gold
Su-awak are being worked by Messrs. the
_pany, Ltd., at a handsome profit, and
of tbe fact that the 01'8,a,s far as can be
m!\nagers' returns, is lIO richer than
nised in the gold mines of Pahang and
ilan. '1'he first quarter of last year I
f.D preparing a preliminary report on the
of the Federated Malay States; and so
iy impressed was I with what I had seen
.red advisable to ask the Govel'lllnent to
..y visiting Sarawak with a view t.o dis-
Thy mines in the one country should be
discouraging condition while those in the
making big profits out of equally poor
~. A point that made me extremely curions
che Sarawak mines was that J. had heard
,..logical conditions were vcry similar to
-
ing in the Federated Malay 8tates.
.my say at once, is certltinly the case,
UIe ore worked differs in impoJ:tr~nt points
found here, important in that they admit
, cheaper method of working rather thltll
mark a type of stone entirely llifferellt
a.'!aatmay be expected in our gold Jield.
~ondary object that I had in view was
iIlyself as to the n,ode of occurrence of
wak, in order to be able to gange more
the possibilities of payable coal existing
ted Malay States.
er, I may say that the geologicrt\ data
ill Sarawak, apart frol11those directly con-
. - the mineral deposIts, are of immense
'Q::ein my work in the Native States. 'I'his,
IS a subject with wbich I shall den] more
"*'" annual report.
[Cmain points, whicb I disregarded as IIOt
munediate moment, could not be decidecl
.Y stay in Sarawak. As regards the more
. - data in search of which I went, I am able
t.he results have exceeded my expecta-
I am hopeful-though by no means
f being able to apply the knowledge I
to the advantage of tbe milling inclustry
A descriptiollof the minero.l deposits
ttvawak and my conclusions will bo fonnel
,bs /31 onwards.
'\::b is my pleasant duty to reco1'<1mygratitude
-mstance and hospitality received at the
Inlthe Gove1'llment of Samwak and Messrs.
Company, Ltd. I wonid especil\lly men-
names of Mr. H. B. Crocker, Acting
of Sadong, who conducted me over practi-
whole of his district. al1e1of Mr. J. S.
.od Bau, whose assifltallcc ill my geological
of great value.
.£a spite of the enormous SI7.('of the ishmcl,
r of BOl'l1eo is by no llleans a closed book,
.almost entirely, to the efforls of the Dntch
: '.notably R. D. M. Verbeck and G. A. P.
In Sarawak, the most valuable work
been the determination of fossil ren1ltin<;
R. B. Newton1; but in the field geology
nothing has been done; 0. marked con-
the energy with which the zoology of the
has been worked out by English scientists.
papers on Sarawak that I need mention
n. D. and R. Holland; on E:Ol1\eTcrtiary ForurncniCcrn
collected. by Prol. Molellf?raal and \.he I"t. Mr. A. H.
~ their compnriRon with sImilar f01'1118from 8nmf\tl'R.
.. )1ag. of Nat. His~. Ser. 7, Vol. iii. p. 245, 18UU. Also
&. B..,on (\ Jurassic Lnmellibrn.llch and some other flRsodn.tec1
thf' Sarawnk Hive\" IJimestones of J1orJl(~o;with a sl{etch
ic Fauna of that rsland. Geol. Mag. p. 407, IBU7.
--
MAY ;3, ID05.
_. __u .__
beyond those a.lreac1yq lIoted are by the late Mr.. A.
H. Everett and Herr F. Groder1.
8. In order to give a.s clear o.n idea as possible
cf tbe geology of the districts I ha.ve visited it i~
necessary first to rcview the lateHt conclusions that
have been arrivecl Itt by the Dutch geologists. For
this purpose Prof. Molengraaf's "Geological Ex-
plol'lttions in Centml Borneo, 18\)8-04," is IllOst
valuable, not only beca.use it embodies the most
recent observations, but also beca-use the portion of
Borneo described is not far distant from Ulu Sl~ra.-
wak ancl DIu Sadong, ltl\(1 may therefore be pre-
slimed to be not reillotely connected geologically
with the l~reas I have examined ~. An earlier work
is Dr. Posewitz' "Geology of Borneo"." As It
digest of the views of numerous geologists a.nd
mining engineem this volume is extremely useful.
U. - In tbe summary of his observations in Cen-
trrtl Bomeo, l\folengra[l,f first mentions certain
Archman crystalline scbists.1. A doubt as to their
being Archooan is admitted by the :1\1thor, but this
view has been a.dopted on his maps.
10. ':I'he sediments cOllsidered by lvIoleng1'attf to
be the olde.,t ill Borneo are comprised iu his" old
slate fOl'l\latioIl5" characterised by "phyllitic clay-
slate," altel'lH1.ting with beds of sandstone, grey-
wacke, greyw.wke s]ate and quartzite. It is con-
sidered to be the' o]dest formation ill Bomeoll,
because it is more elisturhed, and hecause of the
petrological char:\cter. '1'he :\ge is unknown; but
It is probable that a portion of the same formation
in Suma.tnt is Mesozoi0.
11. '1'he'''Danau formatio1l7," f;o-cltllcd because
of its development ill the Great JJltke District, is !
',,1
placed next in ItscenCling order. It consists of
.'
various igneous rocks, qnart7,ite, chert., ja.sper,
homstone, elay-slate, o.nd sandstone. HadioJaria
arc ahun(hnt in the ja.sper and homstone, and ltrC
occasionally fonnel in the chert anel in tuffs. Dr.
Hincle finds tha.t these radioltll ia dfnote, in [1.11 pro-
bability, a .Tumssic age8, but addl; that it is possible
thl1t they I~re IJower Cretaceous. In the hilly
district of BoenglUl It few beds or very fiat lenses of
limestoneO appeal' interca.lated bet,ween the folded
beds of the Danan formation.
12. '1'0 the Cretaceons10 belong cerLnill ]lIa.rl~,
sandstones, greywacke o.nd arkose. Orbitolinil Con-
caVil, :Llttn. chamcteristic of the Cenolllo,nialJ,
determines the age of these beels. 011 the Hivcr .j
Seberoewang Molengraaf fonnd imperfect remains
of echinoderms, mnmonites, anel shells (1\Iollllsca '1).
13. Under the" Eogene fOrIlJationll" Mulen-
graaf lIJentions certain bonlders of grit containing
Nummulites I1nd OrbitoidcR. ~t'hcse i\ll'. H. 13.
Newton determines as Oligocene.12
14. Uneler the" 'J'crtiary Sandstone fOl:Juat,ion"
is placed It serieR of salJds~one and 'lua.l't7.itic ;;and-
stolJe with intercala.ted clatstone, coal, and clay-
stone with fossils. In South Borneo (Hiu.lll Kiwa
.'
and Kanan) Verbeek bas descl'i bed '1'ertiary beds
which he di-:ides into three stages, alpha, bcta, awl
gamma, alpha being sltndstone , with coal, beta marl,
~. ---_._--
~ Everett, A. H., Notes on the dist.ribl1tion oll1selulll1in-
cml>~in Sal'l\wRk. Jour. Str. Brsuch R.oy. Asilltic Soc.. July,
IBiS, p. lB; and Grodcr, F., DaB Alltin1OD1'orkommen in
Distrikte Serll\vak !till Nord Borneo. Qllecksilbcl'\'or]<OlJ1mcn I
in Sal'l\wak. Verhl\uelJl1ugen del' kaiscrlich.liOniglichcn gen.
logischen llcichsanstalt in Wieu, IHi6, Nos. II and ,I.
· Moleugrnal, G. A. F., GeologicalExplomtiollsin Cen!'r".! I
BOl'l1eo, with an appendix on Fossil Radiol..."i... 01 Cent",,1
Borneo by Dr. G. ,J. Hinde. Londou, Keg...n P!I1111\ud Co.,
1902.
o Poscwit7., '1'., Homeo: its Geology Itnd ]\fineml ReSOIlt'cnB.
'l'l'Itllsll\tion b.y F. H. Hl\teh. Edwl\\'d Stnnford, Lo,,,lon, Jtm~.
~ 01" cit. p. 407. 5 01'. cit. p. 410
· Optcit. p. 4HJ. 7 Op. cit. p. oil<!.
01'. cit. p. 50 Appe!ldixi. · 01" cit. p. 410.
'0 Op. cit. p. 421' 11 Op. eit. p. 4:!1I.
12 n. H. N',wton ,\11<1R. Hollnnd, Ol!. cit. p. 2:;1.
J
. 'l'Hg SARAWAK GAZET'l'E,
"-'---'--'-'-~---'." ...--...
MAY H, HI05.
.,

geuerically.
4_._ 4...._._ "._.0___'.'. ...~..____..._____

'rhis type may be either pale blue-grey

100

1imestolle. III alpha lerd i1l1prelisiulis

I:.od together with some other fOlisils, Ol'pale-hrown in colotH'. It is very clearly exposed
,::arena Borneensis; beta is charneterizf!d on the Sarawak Hiver between Bidi Rid Bau, and
Pengaronensis; while gam1llll iK rich 11.1sllIWill.'the Club at the latter place. A micro-
and also contains corals, echill(ld(~I'IIIS,
~:!:as,and gRsteropods.
Kcopi.. ('xMninu.tion of specimens fr01l1the SRrawak
':e. 1I10st unfortl1llRtely, Molengl'aaf k,s ltin.1.' proves the presence vf fommenifera, some re-
~I giving any petrological detail ill ili" f...;ahle to the JlfiliolidaJ, others rC'sembling Textula-
W'COllllt of the igneous rock of Ceutral ria, and also strllctures referable to conds and
:I1<.,tso useful a guide as that of the sedi- sponges. '.L'he other type is characterised by the
: RIH1moreover, the absence of these preponderance of corals l\nd bryozoa over othel'
'<lIC <loubtful ahout the precise signi- forllls ; ana, as far as I can gather, it was from this
~l11e of the terlllS elllploy~d. In the
t Jlts. gmni te lIll(l associated tonalite occllr. limestone that the specimens of Hetel'opol'l/, Stylina,
,. all<lmuscovite occur in A. modification and the sponge Corynella were eollected by Mr. A.
.Ie; and f~nlhdusitH, biotite, actinolite, H. Everett; specimens which led Mr. Newton to
u.d Illuscovite are fou\lll ill the schists ascribe !L M,esozoic age to the rock.2 :Mr. N ewtoll
~C,'t with sedimentary stmta. Both the rdso Lleseribes in the SI~ll1epaper:! It limellibranch,
,..,.;1 tOlHtiih! IHe sOlnetillJeS gneissic. which, the author thinlo;, probably came fW11I the
~ 3re fOillid ill the 8emitau Hillli ; while
District t\1l,l the Hoellgan Hilb; tour-
Upper 8arawilk limestone likewise. 'J'his is Alec-
lit£>, tonalite, 1L11gite tona.lite, and tour- ll'IJonia amol', D'Orb, 1\species restricted, in Bumpe,
'te are found. 'l'he agr' of the gmni- to the Middle Oolite. On the combined evi(lence of
the toualites is unknol'. nIL:; a whole, this shell and the other fossils Mr. N ewtoll refers
they are certainly youngpr tlmn the all tlw IipecilI1erJsof limestone to the i\1iddle Oolite:!
tion. .
'This second type, therefore, will be referred to in
he, gabbl'O alld lwrite, aro IIlentioned.
tltis report as the Middle Oolite limestone.
".]..:>tile al1(l serpentine were found on the
JewnK nnd in the Hlttaug Lupin' district '2iJ. 'J'he distribution of the fossils in the Middle
jn!;t ()\'f~r thH Dutch border. '['hey are Oolite limestone is by no lIJeans uniform. Locl\lly
"U.II thc DanlUI f,n'lIIation. they are so abundant as to constitute uearly the
,,<:iated with the 1)auau fOl'lllutioli are
.'UCh all include(ll1nd(~1 the term diabase.
whole llH1.IiS of the rock. In other places they occur
spOl'IH1ieally,or along certain lines only.
,,"111)"1')'I~Ul1porphyriw In'f~also InentiolieLl.
'..bnic rocl,s are abuudaut ill Ceutml Bor- 24. 'l.'his lVJiddle Oolite limestone is abl1JH1antin
figure largely in the ~'liiller i\Its. where the vicinity of Bltu, Bidi and Jambnsan, :londI1.lsoin
.'. i 'l'ertiary age, and Ine RITIIngeLl along a the Samwak Hive\' above Bau penlmlen. It varies
,fr:s..:ture corresponding to other lines of in colou\', but a deep hlue is common. '['he micro-
,,'hich govern the pn::;ellt relief of Cen-
scope i:;hews that it is crowded with Illinute org:lon-
,,}I. '['hey comprise amphibole andesite,
file dacite, amphibole porphyrite, hyper- isms, funong which may be recognized calcareolls
_,~ite, cllsta,tite andt'site. augite [1,ndehite algae 1111<1 fontlllenifem. At SlI San Shien I found
; rhyolitic pitcbstone, Llltcite obsidian, !t Ilulnber of echinoid spines rcs!!lnbling elosely
",ite, Inica dacite and tuffs. Other vol- those of Cidan:s glalldifel'((.
are the north slopes of the Schwanl'r 26. At Hettoo, in Ulu Sadong, I collected lillle-
,~ _put of the basin of the RRiuba HiveI'.
Q. :UTiving ill Knehing (Reptember 2Uth) [ stone specimens of 1\ pale-brown colour, and like
,-~ up the S:m~wak H.ivel: to the gold mines most of the Upper Sarawak limestone, veined with
.,ed Ridi, where I obtftine<l a general ideu. of calcite. Rections prepared from one of !'hese speci-
1'e of the gold field. On the 12th October mens i:;hew that the rock is largely made np of snH\1l
'. from Knching for Sadong, where I visited oolitic grains. Obscnre microscopic organisms are
ament COltl mines, and ItlSOwent up the present, but, a.lthough in the field I saw fossils that
,;Sadong, Sinltmjan and K1't1ng, with MI'.
On November :1th I went to Santubong might be either crinoid sterns 01' echinoid spines, it
~ counect, as far as possible, the geologie:d must be confessed thl~t the palaeontological evidence
!)f the eonl and goJ(l districts; Itlld OIl No- for correlating this limestone with that oC Upper
,14&.hI went again to the gold mines, wnere Sarawak might be stronger.
-~,.ftinnti1 the'27th, thus cOlllpleting rny work.
2(i. I. have said tha~ provisionally two types of
Tile rocks entering into the structure of tbe limestone can be recognize(1. It is possible tht\t
Ine limestone, sometimes with chert, nlarl,
.uh thin sandstolle bl~llds, and thick salld- the limestone with chert forllls a third disti 1ct type,
marldllg a cel'tain horizon; but as )'et I have no
,Ih grit l\IId eonglomerate, which are closely
with the shale. 111tIle coal distriet of proof of it; indeed, at Bau, it seems to be dosely
associated with the Middle Oolite limestone.
shale, sandstone, grit a11l1 conglomerate '27. '['he ehert, which is almlogol1s to the flint of
[;. _hile ill Ulu Sadong, slmle, salH1stono and the English clndk, occurs in two forms: at Didi,
I:.e are agttill met witll. In the coa.l field where it is well exposed in the big cave in Mt. 1(1\-
rocks occur; fwd lip the Sin;unjall and
pm, as beds of detached nodules; at Ban as con-
ni,"ers in Sadong they were ,dso met with. tinl10us deposits reaching two inches or more in
Limestolle occurs in Upper Sa.rawak as the thickness. '1'be Bidi ehert contains some rf1.diolaria
8\ extremity of It long line of limestone ont- alld foramenifera; that at Bau is a m!\..ssof orgftll-
'Ccstel1l1ingthroughout the whole of Ha.ro.\vak. iSIJJS,amongst which 1\ foramenifer resembling Tex-
',;ual1y, at allY rate, two well ma.rke<l types of
may be recognised in this district. One of tularia is the best preservcd. HRdiolaria and sponge
ti chamcterized by the abundance of calcite spicules ments.
.ue probl\bly represel1ted by calcite replace-
.. large fusiforlll gasteropoLl, unfortunately -., ~._~ , ".-"-
to collect, owillg to the compact nature of , 01" cit. p. 441. " Geo\. Mug. p. 4Hi, 1897. "I" 41<1.
Ii, and, it is feftred, impossible to identify ,i 01" cit. p. 4]5.
 THE SAltA 'oNAi\. ,GAL::;E'l"l'E, MAY H, HI05.
.__ " .._ n

!\ are elosel)' Itssocin.tec1 wi tlJ 1.110 :,14. 011 till! H,tmwH.k HiveI' hd\\"~':11 Bidi :1.\1(1
rpper Rn.rawak, in fa.ct I eoncluded BlIsall there i1\'e seveml sections or sh:de and slwd-
r:asses into the other imperc:eptibly. stone: and at low tj(1e. all tlll~ \\'ay to Kuching
I\io of argillaceous matter varies COII- shales are visi ble at intervals Oil ei ther hank.
: I1l1lcss a shaley snucture i>istrongly H5, 'i'he nH)lIntaiu
!\Iat:tn.~. consists, mass,
ill
WIly by the resistance of I.hi;; com- great parl at ILI1'yrate, of Hlmle, s:mdst.onc, anll n.
,~'gble residnc to weathering thai; tIle
cingllished fl'OlII the other in the field.
little conglonHJratn. At one spot saw IL thill smLIH r
of fossil wnoll. 'rhe SCl'1eshigh up dw lIlolllltain
! exposed in ~everal loc:alities, hut has heen ll.lt.pl'cd 1,0 sOllie I'"tl'ut hy igneous intru-
bere at Su San Hhien, IHtrt of the sions.
the weathercd roc), sheil's allllll-
:Hi. Oil 1I1I~ tmd: froll! I\.lwlling to L'cndillg.
~i)s. At'rai Parit, also 011 the ]hu ngaill, Lsaw vngutable remains in shalo.
~y of marl has been tlLken fmnl n H7. 'J.'h.~isul:tte,l SantubolJg Muuntain, like i\1a-
''''"1!'5t this tlelJl'is Honw I't"naills "I' ;1111-
£.-Ulltl. t.n,lIg, i;; IIlIltIe up of slnde. san,htoill', and eonglo-
I/Icrat.e, with SOIJlO ignl101ls rocks. So also n.re thu
'")11 the 'J'lLi PiI.rit lIJ:nl Pl'ores (.f) bc) hills 1.111 the sOllt,h side of tIll! ](lIal". when~ thel'l~ tn'()
'Jrganisllls, sOllie of which, pl'Ohahly ';(HlIe very g()()(1 :>ectiow; of intcllsely hal'd pllr!,lu
'f! heeu repln.cerl hy I)lULl'tl.. TIll: ~11 Illl(trtr.it,e with s('colllliLI'Y hiotite. "I'pl'es(~nting the:
..~k conttLins rccogniy.:\.ble elLlCal'('olls shale anll sandstoue altered by dynaillie IIIeta III01.'-
ifem, coml lLlIll sponge structlll'CfL phisJU allt! iglleoll~ illt\'1lsions. ltivl'l' sectious, Le-
11near the Han penlm.lall sl)(,\\'s Vi- tweell 8alltuuoug and i\latallg slHm' the cOl1l1try
:"/01111ria. there also to he (',oJuposec1 of siluil.n I'()('ks. At H~LlJ-
iru..aon1illtHY ruck tlm1. IllUst h.: 111011- tubollg 1 obt:tilled c\'itlelH:e of fos,.,il \'j'g(:tatioll ill
':. a coarse eale:\J.'colls eOIlI-(JOI\Il'I'ltt(~ ox. the sIIILI(~
at Lhe he1Ldof tIll: 1\llIeh Co.':-, wnter sup-
:~Oll of an anticlillc UII d)(' ril-(ill h:Lllk ply; whiln at two poillts I fOlllltl Inrgl' pi,,':es or
'.\ Hiver hl1tween B:tll alH1 Bicli. It i~ fossil \\'ood ill ':OtLIse l'onglo,onl'lLLt'.
"colour, alld the IIlatrix appc:!.l';, to he :!K. IIJ tlte Sa,long distl'i.:L (.1"'1'1' is all '~IIOI'lUOUK
us. I SttW one or two IlIa$fWS of corn.]. deve)0L>IIWIJt of ,.,h:de alld Hltll,l,.,tOIll<. C"llglollleI'ILI;e,
,Juhmt pebhles are of dlel't :tllt! SlLIII!- hown\'ur. :O.PI"~;HS to he hilt pood.\' I'I'I"'f~seIlLecl. A
me dn.rk pebh)c~ ,.,freI'H~scP wit,h aei,!. lit.tle was f')l111l1 at Ow coal JniIJl'~.
'1f'I"2Ul\rkahle compollellt of this cOlIl-(lo- ;'I\J. '1'111: hill ill which the ~a,lolll-( ,"'al semll~ is
~er, is eOIL!. ill roul1,lerl (>l'hhll's "oat,e,l being \\'orkl~,l is l'olujiosed of .\'eJlol\' 01' white saud-
~l'1th c:Llcito. StOIIt~. IOf)sely eeillel:tetl, with the .:oll~lollIl'mte jns!;
; the linwstollo is intillHLl.ely assoeia.tl',1 IIlI.'lItio!ll"l. :111,1gJ't.y shale with ahlllld,tlli !,In.lIt re-
d,~. it is also illJp'Js~ihle to dra\o\' :1 lilll' uJaius,llI.t, it is 1.0 he regretted. ill a slIl1il<i()lltly goo(l
Blarls alld cCl'tain overlyillg slIlLl,' 'Llld ,.,tatl' 1)1' "l'usl'l'I':Ltion 1'01' i,lelltifieati"lI. SOllie or the
11'11<1
agn.in. it is'ilnpnssibil', .011 the a:,ail- s:tIH1sto:il' also ,:olltains plant 1'I'IIl:tiIlS.
"" and II'IH'II dllt\ :tlln\\'''.IH~e hn.s 1.1'1'11 .10. I ip th~. Saclong riv(:I', :Ibo\',. ({(.dollg. the eoal
'~-..I :tltel'at,ioll. tn sPp:l.ratc' iIlI' [1Pl'(~I' IlII'aSIlI',: ...hall: alld Siliidstolll: :11'1'1111'\ \\ il,h ill several
~::f" alld sltll(1s10l,C fl'f)nl thai. or :\1:\.l.an).:, scd-ioll,.,: alld 1111 1I. gravel hanl, 11t':l1' 'I':tI)(~kallg I
. ,,\ :-iadullg. fOllnd a qllalltity of f;oft shall' \'t'I',I'ri,'h ill planl
t-,'pel' Sn.l'n.wak tIlt) most stl'ikillg: fe:Ltlll:e l'!:lIln.illi:, ;\t'l'al>':)\:tllg also s:llld"'\"IH' ;IIHI Rlm)e
tlw pl'cscnee nf nLlliolal'ia, he:LUtifnll.\' :L1't' e'\1)(J~e(1. Htill higlwr III' stl'l'alii. hetweell
.in ..hale incll1sions in the iglleolls rod ILt 'l'ahekallg and Hettoo, fnrtlwl' I<X\lm;II1't~S nf shale
~1<->U, B:tll, and in the ill,lnmte,l shale at aud sIU111RtOlJt>.with occasional traec,., of fl)SRil
with tho SILIIW)'t>ek. ~nw. Imd tll"sl' vegel;a.liOIl in either. OCClll'; \I'hil,' IlI'n.I'I:1' I tettoo 0110
~ fmglllcnt aml the i/ltlumto,l 1'111I.10 :doll'~ lil'st. pn.Sf<es It IUIlIJ}wr or islet,., rOl'lIlt'd 01 cO:l,rse
.. w co'ntaill 1'l1l1ioltLI.'ia,I should hav,~ bee:! conglollwmte. allcl1'llell, ill the >illwll stl'U;LIIJ cOluing
'nit tlmt they might possihly he silieificd frou) tilt, Dyal, village, eUCOIIlJtl'rs a. IIlass of lime-
.le of till! I'esnl t of :L lIIicl'Llseopic COIII- stone. Iwir1elltlv an . extellsil.1n of 11)(' hig' IilllCstollr)
. tJ.e two rocks, anrl ill spite of lilY inter. hill on tll(~ Idf;lmnk. Between Ihis linll'slolle fl.n,1
<!! the section exposed elOf;(~ by. Hut at the U.vak village shale II.IHl s:lllds!OI\(' are n.gaill
, n there is :Llarge exposure of slmh) ill exposed. III the shale I SltW SOli 1(' ohselll'(' casts of
()l'ganl~lJIs.
;$t1l1dl1. septal'ia,1I nodule, which, 011 Leiug
es nlso to he full of mrliflhritL. Fnrther, 41. The igneolls rocks of U 1'1":1' a,IIll Lower
prepared frolll altered sl!:Lle collected at S:tl'lLwak lIIay he broadly grolll'od IlIld(:1' two heads,
- I Imve fOllnd r1istinct I'elllains of radio- whose IlIutll:d I'ClfLtiolls it lilts b"('11 illlpo:>slhie to
'~,p same fOl'II1, and n\llHerO\1S snlwl'ical :nrin' at with ecnainty. VlIlIel' 1.1,,:lil'~t. hea.d are
'-'~:\l't7. which I believe to he casts nf thc IllllIlCl'OnS dykes, aud perhai)H sills, lIearly a1ways
8111S.
C()ntaillil1~ porphyritic cl'yst~ls, \"hile 1111(101'
the
ales al'e well exposerl at Hidi, especiall.\' in second are mllci, larger mass!"s of m'eJl aJld fi IIn
,"'I1g Mines, IIcal' one of which, No. tI., J grained holocrystallie rocks seell a.t :->ijnnj'tng (OIl<)
"'\Ce of fossil vegetatioll. At Ball L fOlllld fir tl", hill!'; n.t Halltllhong), i\of:LtH.llg.alld I\,t 'I'lL Faw
s in the shales beyonll those lIoted, but Simko a snmll hill :ullong the !'('PI"'I' gnnlell 11<:1\1'
Busau.
"ng, where the sal1dstolle is largely Ile-
I fOlllld 0.similal' trace of vugetatiulJ, On -12. ft is l)()sRible that there 111:1..'
I", lava Haws
between Bl1.un.nd Busan plant l'eIlHI.ins,in ItIJlong the Upper igneolls Hamwak
roeh referable
sandv and well-ileii.ned seams, can bl'lseen to t;hose descn bed by Molengmatr \s!',' a.bove). Per-
ions: III a pepper gl1.rden Ileal' Bllsall I sonally, howe\'pL'. I have seell no cOII\'in(,ing evi,lenco
outcrop of salldstolle very rich in the sanw of tlwil' OCCllrl'IHlce; but, without sl'eilll-( t.he exposures
It hetween Pua){ Itlld Ja1l1hl1~l\lI J fOllnd IL ill the 'id.l. 110 olle could distillgllish het.ween the
or sH,ndstone o.lso contlLinill~ them. All dyl,e rocks ftlld certaill andesites alill dacites. 'l'hat
!'1tremaillS reselllble those Itt Sadollg.1
------ they were originally cOllnectecl with aurleRitic JaVlt
;till~ thi~ I h.Wf) !leanl fr()I)I Mr. P"wll.\ I.h"t I~hcd fiOWRt,lmt existed a.t a higher ICl'd it/lIl ha YO beell
("()nl ha,..; IH-O'!IJf0l1l1(1with tht'. goltl nrl' :l.t,GI'P.Yt~ annulled away, is extl'emely pl'obaLII'.
- ':ju.,,' ~~('or1.(r-;eu.JJI, higher up tlic'Tilil: 1~ 10 lOW11'-. n.

- --------- - -- ---
 'l'HE SARA\VAK GAZET'fE! MAY H, 1905. 102
_._n _ ~ u o._ " ._-..---
dyke rocl\8 mry only slightly IIlIwllg I "hypersthene porphyrites" .(the term "porphyrite"
!oJJd it lUay ue that their most mill' ked ! having no referellce to nge or alteration) I because
that betweell I
II.glassy and II.CI',\">;t/l,lIille this describes the relations of the rocks ill the field;
due to weathering. On the otlll'l" hllllll : 11\11I alii perfectl) relLd)' to admit thn.t 1\[1'. Howo,
J dyke rock Illay owe its origin r,lI !lIOn, tlw ~fll1l1lger of Hidi, has quite as goou groullds for
lIg 011 the edge of t.he i!ltrnderl \11;1t('ria i. 'uullillg IhemluJdesites. Authorities of equI\1 weight
"F ofthe most pInt those clyke rocl\s \\"IIii a (:lIlIlcj I": quoted for either nOlllelwlntnre; ILI1dill the
.\~ hase are so much deCOllJpOsecl that iI j,..; I"i"',i .1£ this fact T think it is hest to leave the rocks
. ! that the Ilature of the fcrl'Olllaglicsil~11 t() be called whatever lIIay appeal' 1110<;tsuitable to
~n bc recognized with ecrtainty. ;bulgillg, in(li vidnal opinions.
, fnmJ the composition of thu m;sociated !iO. Igneous l'O~liS were found in the Sadong
i:. k.e rock, they were i II all probability hom- district :Lt J'llIlllll anel Propok, un the gimunjall
...",'1 hyperstllClH!. '1'}1Oglassy typc is very Hivm', I\nc1 on Olll1ong Mcrhau. ..Tlll1ging [ro!l1 their
; !l(lntits of an accuratc cletcl'1l1inatillll of COll1positioll gold 111!\)'IICCIll'in any of these localities,
~tllent minerals. Goml exn!llples oc:cur I~t !unl the 1'ropok l'Ouks present other poiuts of interest.
Huli; 'raiton; betwean Ban alld .1a.ibol1g; '1'he first of tllO specil1lens c:011ected there is n line
~.t to Ban on the Bnsan path. fll all thes~ gmillccl diabase"~ idclItical with a rock foul1d !Lt
(hp roek is hillcl, 11l1clhas tlte appmll'!lJlce Pllnda. Anotll"I' is 1\ cORrseJ'diabase with colollr-
..s, 'lil', I'orl'hyritic crystals of a c.:!ear felspal' less augite; whil(~ a t,lIiI'll , unfortllllntely IlOt seeu ill
r.1allt. al1l1 freque!ltly a lllll'k Inilleml Cllll be situ, is mfemble to the variolitic <liabases describecl
111a h:\l'('\ specimell. Un(ler the microscope by ~le8srfl. C()It~ IIIIc1Grcgory.l 1 hope to give a
_(lm:188 is seen to IJe an isotropic dass, full fllller (ll-'scription of these roclis elsewhere.
Ie douhly refmcting I1Jicropiths' u.n~l c(l:mlly iiJ.. Olle I'l'Ublcnl ill Bnmwak of great illlpOl'tallee
'-'f)'stals of !lmgl1etite. 'i'he fcbpal' is II [1'0111a }>l\I'ely scielltific poiut of view I Imtl to It~al'e
il' with high extinction IIlIglcs; while the IIlIsoh-ell. IIILllIelv, the l'eln.ti ve horizolls of the
.. lesian8 ll1'e hypersthelle ;Ilid hOl'1lblende in !\rgillaceous alld ~relll\c~o\1S rocks in Upper Sarawak,
d lwiSill s, fll the BUl1kok rock hiotite GCCt11'S !Lt 1\11\tang, lit. Salltllbong' !Llltl ill the Sndollg <listriet.
Ro fltl' 8S call be judged from the strike and petl'o-
.\11 interestillg J'ock OeClirs nel1\' GUl10ng logicnl feltt1l1'es, I couhl see 110reason for seplll'ating
L rli. It is Idl1lOst white for the nlUst part, the heels expnsed in the Hadonl,( coal miues from
,;.ajIlS dark strcnks of IIlnterial. lmrclcl' thall those at Snnt\1bollg ILn<1Matallg, but the only ren.lIy
~4 ..I' tll!' )'()('k. \\"llieh giv" it II p('clilial' n:linhle (~\'id(;)lce ill the ease of loen.lities sitllatcclltt
'''oCt' UII \\'(mtheJ'illg, 'l.'It() C'xposllres, ill d(~lIs(~ s\1eh a distanc:e fro!l1 olle another-nhollt fifty IIlilcs
. ...n, IlOt v"l'y sntisfactoJ'Y, all(l I call1lot 1m t,hnt of IIrgllllic rell tai liS, il:! illsufliciellt. 'rhe
. ..Is exact IIILtl11'e;but judgillg from the slides rl'ert.iary liulestoue of V erbcek. funnel nssociated
.u t\\'o specimens, which shew ill one a fillc with the cOld IlIcasures elsewhere, is here ILbsent, as
. ~I);;aic, witll .\'ellow gaJ'net, wollastonite, and far as is kUOWII, th~: plaut I'IJlllllillS are uudetcrllliu-
!~.ite associate(l alollg ('<H-Lainlines, al1d in ahle. alld 110 specimells of Nllmlllulites or Orbitvides
a quartz alnl felspaJ' lll",;aie with plagioclase ha\'e heen fouuo in 11I1Y of the rocks in question.
sts, wollastol1ite, ILnd perhaps scal'olite, T 011 tbe other lmnd the radioltLril\ founel in the altered
that it Illarks tbe junctiml het\\'C!ell all flha1e at S!Lutnhllllg l:il11110t bn distillgnisherl fr01l1
"Hek IUll1 all illlpllrC! limestolle. tlh~se il1 the Upper Samwllk rocks, all Df which benr
1'he igneous rocks at 1IIatiUlg, cOlllprised ill a grcater resemblallce to Cl'l/osl'hvc/'a thal1 to :LIIY
1(1group. IIl'e, judging fr01I1 their petl'ologielll oth~,r gel1ufl; but II correlatiol1 uf mcks so fal' apart,
'ristics, ill aJl probltbility bugt'J' IIIIISS!1t althollgh pctt'ologieally similar, ou tIll' el'idel1cc of
..ted with rne1is such as those just (lcscrih(~ll. olle clnestiOlHlble gelll1s of a dass witll Sl) wide
the specimens col1ected it IlIigbt be ItssUlllc(1 a l'al1ge ill tillJe e0l1h1 han11y he helel to he sOlllHl.
Ibcl'C llJ'e two distinct types at Matang, The RllIllc bellring pllLllt I'cmllil1s at Salltlloollg aud
..~he1\l~ gabbl'O (l1orite) luu1 (flltlrtz diorite; but il1 Uppet' Samwak is closely Hssociatc(1 with the
1:5reasol1 to believe that both have consolidatec1 shale with 1'Ildiolarin~. It will be rememhere:l that
die same JllagllHL, sinee some slides she\\' II l\lolen~nll\f's Dn.nan fOl'1Ilation, which is nch in
with cIml'ltcteristics interl1lediatl! betwecn the mdiolarin, including abundant examples of CCIII).~-
_\t SijelljlLng quartz (liorite, precisely the 1'1/(Jera, is stated by Dr. Hinde to be probably
~ that ILtl\[tLtltl1g,is found; aUf1there arc also ,Jurassic, or possibly Lower Cretaceous. [11 Upper.
. liS containing hypersthene. A. (:areful search SILl'lLWllk1\'[1'. Newton hn.s referred the Limestone
, resnlt in the hypel'sthclw gahbro hcinl,( specilllens to the l\lic101e Oolite,
,..erell_ 'i'he specimens from 'l'a I.'a\\" Rlmk Itre beds ullderlie both the marl :l11eltIll! shale Ilnd sanel-
'l'he limestone

diurite slightly weathered. stolle.

'l'he quartz dioritC' contain" hiotite. green 5'1. ']'he physicltl feMmes of the gola field of
1.own hOl'llblenclu, II bltlgioclase felHLHlrwith U ppel' Ha\'(lwak heal' a strong reS~l11blance to those
extillctjon angles, :~lIela little ()llartz, The of the limestollc districts of the Federated Malay
hene gabbro cOlltains fL silllilar plagioclase HttttBS, T,iHlestune hills rise abruptly from the
Irregular massefl of the rhombic PYJ'Oxelle. valley of the Sitrawak river, and further, we get
011 Matang 1 collected spfcimens of It very siJllilar low rolling shnle ILnd sandstone hills. As
:1fine gmilleu rock <:losely IIs50ciatml with the regards geologicaf features, I am not ill a position
diorite anelhypersthene gabbro, which proved to say yet whether we have rocks of .1ul'Ilssic age or
,asemble the dykes of Upper Samwl1.k, Olle \lot, unless the Rhmtie be t,aken as the lowest pa.rt
ell, however, has the grullnd III(U;~cOl11posed of the .Jura.ssic: but it is now ~ert:tin that in part of
tdspar lathes shewillg Itow strnctnre. At Slwtu- Ulu Pahang t,he limestone is below the l\lyophoria
I found on the beach, on the south siele of the sllndstone. If due allown.nce is made loi' t.he
. boulderl:! of coarse grainell ophitic diabase in dift'erence i\l degree of metamorphism. the petro-
all the pyroxene has IIBell l\ltel'lJd to feLted , Cole, G. A. ,J.,l\nd J. W. Grcgol')', on thc y,U'iolitic Hocks.
. amphibole. of Mont Ge,,,,,'l'c, Qnart. JonI'. Geol. Soc., xlvi, limO, p. 2U5,
\Vith rcgard to tho llOJIlOnclatlll'c uf the I\nd Grexol',I",.J. W., on the Vilriolitic Diabasc of tho l<'ichLel.
Ha.rawa.l<dyke rocks, it entirely uepellds 011 /{obil'ge,QUI\\'t.JOIII'.,Oeo!. Soc., xlvii.. IH91,p. .15.
· It iHpossible that the mdioll\l'hll'ep,'esf!nt the l'eUlUlUltof
a.nangement of the igneous rocl,8 is followed. the limestone lanna still stru/{gling agt\iust the I\lto'l'ml con.
myself, I 11.111 inclined to think of them as ditiOtl~.

-- ------
..

'rHE SAHAW AK GA~Err'l'I~, MAY 3, 1905.

n_.' .,______.________... ." -.-----

'ties ill either country are very RLriking. over, two hiBs compaRed of dyke rock have a general
yet found allY igneous rocks identical trend in that direction.
of Sarawak, but the "grecnstoneR" :J8. At Mataug and Hautu bong the dips in shale
~.u cloi>ely, and Randstone :ue nlncb more rcgnlrtr tilltn in Upper
EUJd ali>u Lalw LIlt) i>11I1lE:r,',le
~ as the dykes in thc Upper Hm'awal, Sarawak, ItIJd, but for one well marked !ille ltt H:I,n-
tllbong, not so greatly inclined. AlolIg this line
-::ominating feature of the Upper Sara- the shale A.ndsl1nclstolle are cOllvcrted into a compact
~,~ is the valley of the 8araWltk Hiver, purple ballele<l (lllA.l't7.itc with biotite, and trend
close to the Dutch border, flowR N. E. very regularly N .K-S.'\V. On the Salltnhong
~ \Y. side of the big limestone hills of Monlltaill 1 Sl1W[1 gooll example of a dyke, Rimi]ar
whose S. Eo boundary Illay be sE1idto to those in Upper Sara.wlLk, tl'elJding N.-S.
Range, composed, I am il1fonned, of 5\). One 1I10re point concerning the Rtrnctnre o[
conglomerate. '1'0 the N. VV. of the the country I Jnust Illclltion hefore leaving the
is another long range of hillfl, the subject, namely, the pussibility of their being au
, " aiso, I am told, composed of snndstone ullconfol'luity between the limestone 111111the shale,
l1>"'rnte. 'I'hc N .B.-S.vV. trend ofthe How which, J fOIllItI, waRheld to be the case hy gcutle-
Cap southern hnlf of the BUl1go Hange, meu living in Upper Hamwak. rutting asil1e the
t t.hese hillR are il1timately cOlJltected n1[1.rIRfor the ]>reRcut. two nmsolls were addnce<l for "i
",.)
tion of the \'alley. The 11or th C)1']1 considel'illg tlmt an uIH:onfoJ:]uity exists. The lirst
,~l1go HH.nge turns eastwan]. Wits tlHtt uuderneath the more or lesR weathereil
shales the Rllrface of tile limestone is carved iuto
, ;c tbe excep1.ioll of the '1'egora mercury
~',e country in Upper Sarawltk that 1 pinnaeleR. This means t.lmt the pinnacles were

_
,_ bounded by the HivcrR SCH'aWltkand
thanks to the assistance ftfforded mc
,'I"awle, Howe, Geikie, and others, 1 wai>
formed before the shalt~R were deposited.
moverneutfl that have
have :dTccted t.he older linJestone
Now, the
(listurbecl the shales must
also, :uIIl all the
vaillable data concerning the st.ructure piunaeles I saw were vtH.ticl1.l. It iR, 1 think, muc:b
.;' which, it iR to be regrctted, canlJot IUOl'e relLsonable to suppose that the pilll\aclcs were
,i e in a simple din.gram. AR it iR I formed not only after tbe clepositiou of the Rlmlc, but
after tbey Imd been so den udell aR OIl]Y to Ica\'e tt
:JUrto explailJ as shortly as pcssible.
mncstone 11J:St,I alii indehtecl to :r-.rr. thill \\'eatbcn:d cap, than Losuppose that having been
ihewing 111e mallY exposnreR lJear Bidi fonned before the deposItion of t,Ii() sbnle, they bave
~ding conltl be plaillly secn. The eRcapell being move(l out of the vertic::tl. '1'0 suppose
'eel me to distingnisb betwp.en bedding that they were origin:tlly tiltecl ill every direction and
,..III other lin]estonc sectionR, not .always have beell pushed into their present positioll .would
r. From ~7 exposures, Jargl') alld lIe illlpossibk. 'rhe utileI' reason WIL;;tb.Lt the simleR
IHe nJOrc disturbed j;hall the limestonc. 'l'his I do
'iug the sections 011the Sn.rawak Hi vel',
':tr-t tbe limestone hedR have beell sub- not deny; bnt I alJl obliged to ra,ise ltn ohjcction 'to
,T55-eientpressure to canRC them to he the illlplied il1ea that olle causc mni;L I'I'ol1uee the
SltJlW I'e!;ult ullder Iliff,'rent conditions. The wost
nndulating ftnticlinefl aud sYllclincR,
rational expl:tuatioll of the diiTcrencI' in llips ill
IjIIttr~tlein dip, but occasionally, as at Bau, the liuleHtone alld in tho Rhale appears to Ille to he
. nclinatioll. 'rhe dip referred to is 80°. that the elLJ:th JUOVeJllellLS affectcllroeks that Wl~l'e
d10e Sl1rawl1k Hiver sections it. is IJO°.
iuclill:1.tion is between '.'w0am! 80". ],] lIot of tlw saule eOl1sif;t.nUC\', an,l furtlH'l' that the
Hi\'er the ttntielinal folds are hen.uti- supel'ineulubent maRs of sh;de [111L1other rocks, IlOw
much of which hILs b()ell denwled aw:w we C[tnllot
..tIel it is seen tbere (;IJf1.tthe gasleropocl
:ii$;\Iways below a coral lilnestone, whieh tell,oxerted IL suflicient vertical I'I'()s~ure on the
present be referred to Mr. Newton's linle3!<me to partially counteract thn stronger lateral
preRsurc.
'/ie. }<'mther, one of these) river sections
ibe calcareous conglomerate mentioued liO. '1'hero is, !wwever, a possible reason for
suspeeting
iunnecliatelv Etbove the r.liddle Oolite a.l1 lllll,:ollforwity in the fact that I'ecog-
UMl below we~thercd Rhales whieh may lIisahlo marls (10 not Edways :tppeal' between the
IillJeRt0uc :1.Ild the Rhale, notably ltt Kl'okong, Bidi.
I)' been calcareons. In other sectious
marl can be seen apparently eOllform-Conlclit be provecl that origiually the warl j'ol'lucd a
above the limestone. well defined hOl'i7.on over the whole of tlw Upper
'l'he nHLjority of
Sarawal, liu]()stoJle, theu the Rell'WJl<:e
-Dns taken give a stl'i!\e of N.li;.-t>.vV. of sll1tlo Oll
,_.howe\'er, Sa.m Tziam, Bau. a general lillleRtone would Jlecessarily reg uire:1n uncunformity
,'V.-S.E. can be seen over an tHea of as all explanation. But t.hese orlgilll1.1 conditionR
t cannot ho !1Sf.Hlllled Oil the evidence to lJn.lId ; aut1
moreover, when olle tltl,es into cOlIsjllenttioll the
sbale alJd sandstone :Lre luuell nlore
extl'CWC d ifticulty, if IIOt illlpoRsi bility, of diRti nguish-
,!:at) the limestone, as shewn by the steep- iug between weathered shale and some weltthel'ed
, dips. 'l'he strike, however, iR generally llHtl'I, allll the illiprob:tbility of the depoRitioll of
, or n.pproaehing that direction.
calcareous lIla.tter decreltsiug at an equal mte allrl
-ng, however, is not the only disturbance f;illluituneously over so large an 1LJ.'eIL[1,:,;thltt rqwr-
ob~erva.ble in Upper Sarawak. There sented by the lilncstone ilistriet of Upper Sn.~'aw[1,1\.
I evidence of faultiug in the strike of the I think that. tbeir presence pointR nlO)'() to a gradual
Taiton, close under till) perpemlicular pa~sage frr,HlIlimestone to shale than tJ all UllCOIl-
cliffs; and in the Ja.ibong valley, where it fOl'lJlity. But tbe most valuable evidellee in f;Uprort
&om the bedding of the limestonc hills of an ullcollfol'lliity is thc extraorclillary calcareolls
n.nd sandstone in the valley has been conglomerate in the Hl1rn.wak l{iver. .It conton.ins
In both these cases the line of 'Iis- coal, salHlstonc, a.nd ebert, wbieh JJlllst all hiwe
~ut north A.ndsouth. and the (lown- been dori ved fl'om rocks older tllltll the Rhale,
bave been over 300 It: sandstone, and conglomerate of Upper Hara,,;ak,
igneous dykes cut both the limestone unless a portion of tbe series haR thinllecl Ollt to.
a.nd s!1.ndstone. '1.'here are not sum- nothillg in this particular spot, which wotdc1 meali
s to deduce any general direction for that while Micldle Oolite limcstolle was beit1~
:rotUecertainly trend N.R-S.'\\'. l\Iore- deposited ill olle pl:1ee, sandstone alltl coal wcr'e
J

--- --- --
 THE SAHAWAK GAZETTE, MAY 3, HJ05. 101
__h ..._....____..._

ionned ill another. The chert is idell ti:u I alill soil, in which are float boulders of the breccia
.bat in the limestone. I do not attempt to al\o the limestone, the latter generally crowded with
hcre the significance of this calcareous COII- the Mill.lIe Oolite fossils, Hecent undergl'ound
te; it, together with othcr datil i h.\.I'c opt-'l'ILLillllS
have proved tbe existence of the open.
,place me ill 11.position Inore dimclI It thllll WOI'k01'1'!\'nd the are rmming parallel to it at a depth
. which Molengrnaf foulld himself ill Clllllle<:- of \1:1ft, from surface. .
..ith the Bogene boulders of Centrul Bon;"". I (i7, ,:Iose to the openwork, and trending at
~£INEnAL DEl'OHI'l'S. ri,:l.i angles to it so as to form the stem of a '1', is
COAL. U rey's Ridge, where a lot of stone has been won
1'roln the surface. Hen]gar was abullllant. No work
Tile coal seam being workecl at Haclong varieK was being ilolle whell I saw it, Imd as far as I coul<l
'-rnhh' ill thiclmess; Imt lltlll told tlwt~' !)" is gllthm' only float boulders of the saille black breccia,
.\~-Sth~ average. Its genoml strike IS 'I';.-\\'. wcre t.11,en.
,:''(I is 1 in 4 or 1ao sonthwanl Oil the Ilorth sille fiR. At Ham 'rzinlll a horizolltal bed of breccia in
, bill, bnt it hecolllcs tiattl,)r Oil the south. rt sitn was worked fo!' some time in limestone country;
b)' se\'tmd small fanlls, two o!' which were seen and 1 saw mlLsses of black lIlud beillg tllken ant of a
, ..~, 11, both trending N.\Y.-S.K and throwillg big crevice with limestone 011 the foot, and dyke
~:111 for a mattcr of t.WO 01' tl,ree fnet. On rock (JlI the hRllging wall.
f .lIlIe plan the following falllls an, nll\rke,l: GD. :\t Su Sail Hhien there have heell extensive
~.X.W.-S.S.K, Inuie \\'.S.\\'.,' throw ~' !i"; (:J) worl,ings. SOlfle of these l1.ppeared to be similar to
"-:00", hadillg'250o, throw 2'; C.))'vV.N.W.-T-;.S.K, the 'J.'ai Parit operations, the saUlc brecciated stone
'" R.S.\V., throw:J' (i"; (-I):\.'\V..H,K, IUHling being pre<;ent; but two of them require special notice.
. tbrow (\'. The JllawLgcr is ai' Lhe opillioll 'l'he first is dose to the l\hna.ger's how;e ;1,ndcOlJsists
. . crc limy be a fold eallsillg tile :;,).LIII to l1ip of It large working fnee 011the side of It small hill.
!'" ..l~('pl'y on the east. At the base of the seetion 011the lIoL'th is ~l dark
.. 'rhe nlass of the cual \\'orkecl is Ol'liill'lry limestone followerl by the decomposed marls with
bitnm;no\1f; coal, light ill weight IIIHI easily easts of orgfLlJisms. Above this marl is a f'Lult tren-
:,.<1:<1. ] II sOllle pans it cOllbtins a cOllsidemble ding lIeally N .-8. ILlidhading E.. willch appears to
Jt of calcite. '],he nssociatt'd shRle cOllttLills
cut off the 1l1~l.rl
from II dellse black shale, the lower
.. C,",ill sllIall (IURlltities locally; hut; I (lid lIot see part of whieh, howewer, nH1Y possibly represent
\t'Jlbilll~rable amount. ill th(~ coa\. [S,l\\' s(~\'el'itl decalcifie(l tmnsition beels from llIari to shale. '!'he
d) rr"g\l\ents of a d,!()l' 1>ro\\'n coa\. o\'(~cnts through the centre of this blnck shl1.le. It
'I'he SIL,lollg coal is largely used 011 tho gold is of the usual brecciated type where exposed in the
.,.. J{ Upper fhu-awllk Both there 'alld Oil the open. Auove the Sllld~ aud apparently parallel to
I1I1(:Sthemselv,~s I ha\'e heal'll ILgood report of the hedding a sill of the typical igneolls rock oceurs,
: hmns well alld does not leave Illuch ash.
l1.bout; ]5 ft. in thickness. Above this agaill
-Illy object,ions to it raised \\'ere that it gives IL weathereli shale is seell extellding upwI1rds to the
". ,.moke and hreaks \1p so Sill all in the tires tlmt surfaee. A level was put into the hill on tIle south
" ,r.s have to be specially Il1T:llIgccl. side of the face following the iullctioll of the shale
But for the r,;light IIJillcmlizl1.tion by pyrites, alill sill; and it was here that the speeilllens of shale
;j;,;otlealld smH1SL)JJ0 Ilssociated with the conI sllt~1\' wi th radiolaria were found.
~i:.i!
...;1ISof al t.erati 01I.
GOLI). 70. The other 8u San Shien working consists of
ILseries of pits fm1l1 which all extraordInary pyritic
'l'llC gold deposits of Upper Hamwal, lllaY IH~ ore has heell tl1.l(Cn. Himilar ore ha:; been found at
in three g1"U\1pS, those at Bftll, thm;e~ at
1IIlIHl Bidi, and those at .1nlllbusan.
anotlwr locality all the Ban ground,
The gol(l worl,ings ILtDau are scatterml over 71. are hilS been found at nnmerous other places
<t' ;trelL of low-I ing lallel, ovcrlool,ed hy Ban
011the Ball area, uut since it call all he plac;ed ullder
!"t"ilJ, iL fille eXII.lIlpl(' of a limestone hill. At
olle of the types describerl there is 110IIf~edto lIotice
it further.
%.me of nlY visit the nlost illlportant worl, WILS
.",:.o1one at 'I,'ai Pari t /llJd iIJ IL big open work 7'2. At '.l'aiton SOllie ore IllLsliltely beelJ llisc;over-
Lhe mili, the latter locality giving a very good ed which, while tl'ltversing limestone countrv itself,
./11of are in situ, '1'0 ilescribe in detail this ore also contains a hll'g~ percentl1.ge of el1lcltreous. matter
"~J be both long and t('(lious; allO 1 doubt very with ealcite crystals-, and is Hallb!Cl by masses of
: whether the dl!scriptiull wou Id gi \'e a good larj.!er crystals, 'rhe mass of the (JI'~ is black or
uf ti,e rmdit.y. 'l'lw deposit. may be s\1lJl1lled grey, Illld the crystals of white calcite set in it pro-
11'.." few words by saying that it is a dark hreccia duce .L very fine effect. Mud, clrLy, and soil have
l1.,o,entinga mass of shale, salldstone, and lillie- been workeli for some time at 'l'aiton ; also, I 11.111
" all jumbled np to,[(ether in ILn extraordinary informed, a black ureccia of the. ordinary type.
r, celliented by siliet~'JlIs nlatter, and further 7:-1. Close to 'l'aiton, at Bl1.tu Inche oeman, 11.
:ted by dyke roek which ilia)' be brecci!\,ted 11.lso. bhwk breech, is being worked ill a hll'ge limestone
trend of the deposit is N.R-S.'\V. On the S.K crevice trending N,N.'\V,-S,S,E, The are contains
IOU1\try is a dellse pale grey limestone; on the N. a cOllsidemble' quantity of rcalgn.l'. Dyke rock
;.be €\'idence is not \"ery clear on account of the oc;cnrs at Tl1iton.
Ilposed condition of the ground, hut from WhlLt 74. At Bidi all the workings lie on !\,nalTOWbelt
" l think the countr,)' is probably limestone ILiso. of country trending N. K-S. IvV" which, however,
the south-west end of the open cut, where most is not necessarily the directiotJ of the Ore bodies
was being dOlle, are Inasses of dark coloured themselves.
~ with huge float bonlclers of limestone and of 75. 'fhe solid ore from all the Bidi workings is 11
~h o!'e. 'l'he limestolle is distinctly w!\,ter worn ll1inemlized dark breccia. 'rhe principal work is
~me elistllnce frolJl the ~lJ1'face. 'J\o the S. E. of heing ca.rried on in the Bunlwk mine, I1nd 11t Kro-
, opell cut another pamJlel hody of are has been kong, some way to the N. E, of the settlCluent.
d. At ,!'ai Parit masses of very tough black 70. At Bunkok It trinch has been cut R-\V.
in, with a siliceous Cell\ellt, are worl,ed, ILildalso across the are, giving a good section of the ground.
t mottled, and deep red ~--
-+ and yellow, surface clltYs On the east ilj II mass of limestone; then black
',. See MOlenl:l'lu.!.op. cit. pp. 423.425,lIne!this report, mineralized shale for 15 ft" aud then the are, On
[lh 14, gil"ill!-(Yerucck's stages, I the west is more limestone with clay between the-
 THE SAn.-\.\VAK GAZETTE, ;\trAY 3, 1905.
-.
Aoles. At Bunkok !tlso there is It mass of <lytiC
which I~ppen.rsto be part of I~UK-\V. intrusion.
'ii, 1'he "Beyond Bunlwk" deposit is remark-
. for being extremoly rich iu l~r8euic I~<;realgar
. the native metal. "rhe j uUCtiOllof the ore witb
timestoue can be very clearly secn here. It is
ed by the occurrence of pinl, calcite traversed
RDo.lIveim of ore. Mr. Howe informed me that
flepth the <lark ore died out Itnd glwe place t,o a I
. veiu of the pink calcite containing a little ILr-
,~ and gold. Mr. Howe ILlso informcd me tlmt
ore certainly extend" along the flu1'face in either
iou. but is \lot worth working. ------------
_ At Krolwng all the bh\Ck hreccil\ appears to H4. Mr../. S. Geilde killdly gave me the follow-
; brdly mineralized at all; but that this is not ing analysis of It s!~ll1pleoC the pyritic ore at Su 81m
case really is shewn by the high assays obtaine<l. Shiel], Bau. Antimony happened to hI; !tb~cnt in
, all the workings that I saw It thin cap of weather- this sample, but it is known to occm' in thc ore.
~ale overlies the limestone. Most of the ore l~rolll assays it is £oUlHl thn.t gold \'l\rieR frolll 15
cd has beeu from float boulders an<l elay
dwt.-l t O~. This Slt11!pllJ cOlltains 1.2oz. silver pCI:
tOil.
between the limestone pinnacles. ' S. ;,11.7f) Co. .:10
:\1-;. :!O.:J2 ~i 0., .H4
',~. The most remarkable thing about Kl'Okong I
).'e. '!.7.H(j
~t as yet no dyke rock has beeu discovered.
it is either hidden in jungle, or is a short "my
CII.
Pb. -uo
.(),l .J]
Oxygell and
loss f
inr the smCace. I do not hesitate to think is ex- /'/1. ),U2 !1!UiJ
Iy probable. It is Curther worth noting that
1Ild Chinese workings have been found Itt 1\1'0- H!i. '.I'he 0111Ilwl'cury JIIine at Tcgorll.. where cill-
. this almost certainly being cllle to tllp. fltct lIo.bar WitS wOl'kell 11)' the 1I01'IIeo COIllpn.IIY for
several years with good rCfmlts, iR 0.11 ext:rcmcly
there is no visible g,)I(1.
interesting phee, bllt 1 call not stop here t,) describe
ji('. In all the cases so Cl\rquoted tlw blaek brec- it a.t length. '.I.'ho country is highly tilte(] "hale :Llld
CIOusistsof fragments of either i>hale or ~ilicitiea sandstolle. ::-.iodvl,e rock is 1\110\\'11. 'rile ore if; I.t
and sandstone, sometimes also )ilI\estonc, blo.ck shlLie ILnll ~(I,lIdstone breccia. :\[r. 1'ItIv1eill-
ted by silica, and sometimes calcite. forll1lJll me that no tmce of gold was evcr I'011lid
there; ItlflOthat It Rill1ilar brccci" was fOIlIH1,tlittle
At Jalllbusall a elifferellt type of ore occurs. to tlw south at Glt(ling, but coutainillg rea.lgltl' in-
country is limestone, but the stone has quite 0. J;teac1 of cinuabar. Cinnabar, howover, was founel
ot appearance. Instead of the compact black I~S"eyes" ill a (lyke roe!< hard by. At .tnother 10-
breccia there is 110IIln.Sf!of calcite containing ca.lity in the lIeighbollrhood, every ],Janning of allu-
villm gave both gold i~lIel cinnahar. 1tl1n~ also the
angular pieces of pale brown lilllestollc, Itnd cinnahar was fonna ill situ in (lykes. CiJlJmbar, the
n-ed hy ballel~ of siliceous UHtttCl',prohl\bly dc- same gentlelllan tola lI1e, has ncver heen seen at
from solutioll. Visible gold occms splLrsely Bau. hut lilts beeu found llear BURall [Lull at I'lw.l<.
these bands. Apl\rt from the limestone c1ILrk Barytes WItSmentioned n.s occlll'ring n.tTeg-ora. An
, IJlIovingthe appel\rallce of brecciated frn.g- importallt poillt concernillg 'regora iR the fact that
the strings of cinnabar in thfl breccia wel'l")COllsta,lIt-
also occur. but they are most probably frag- Iy Cound to be Caultec1,while Mr. H. n. Evel'l~tl;in-
of the siliceous bands broken up after their formed me that in elepth the whole hrcecia had the
tioll by subsequent ll10vements in thr. loele a.ppea1'lLnceof heing cut off by ft fault.
One body oC ore at Ja,mbusl\lI has beell e(j. 'rhe following list of minerals fOllna iu Upper
Hamwak IIIftVbe of interest. I have no Ilollbt tha.t
at a depth of 120 ft. ; alld judging Crom Ull-
were olle abje to devote sutlicient time to the subject
und opero.tions it would appellI' that it has the the number could be increased hy scveml spccies.
of a curved sheet.
Gold, II'c<)n.nd oL\",rwi"c I BillllllCilllitc (loydrol1s I\uti-
lie. I have collected several notes on the assay Silvo,- I JIIOlIl\tC 01 lCfldl
I'rollstite· JIImcsollite("II)phidcof
~rIof various types oCore over the Upper Dal'l1.wak Cinnn.I>I\L' Itntimou,\' nlullcn.u)
Cfllolllel " Galcnl\
field. but the best idea of the ILIl10untof gold N "ti,'c n.rscnic Certlssitc '
'buted over the country can be gained Crom the Heall(Oor Blellllc
'ng returns. 1'hus at Ba.u, for the firflt 11I~lfof Ol'pinu.mt Pyrites nnd irnn oxidc1-;
.
the average a.ssay was 5. 2 d wt. per ton; while Mispielwl
Nnti\'f! !Ultill1on.\,
Stiunilc
Co.lcop.\'L'ile and <lecoll1po-
~ition procluct"
Mn.ln.chite
·
November. 1898, to 31st Jnly. 1904. 448,319
SlLr~,wn.kitc' (1111\."ue 1\11. A7.l1ritc "
bave been treated at the same mine, giving lilllon.y chlori(le; 1111. Mflll::(l\ncsc oxi,le"
oz. fine gold, whioh figures give an average ecrtl\ill) Bn.rytes In
Sonl\rmouitc Vil\molH1, 011 the S. E. of
of :J.88 dwt. of fine gold extracted pel' ton.! At Actinlony o('hre~" llllllJ.{OBange
tIle ore is slightly higher grade. Vn.lentinite ·
'l'hrough the courtesy of Mr. \V. H. Hamilton '1'0 thc "uove )jot 111lL.\,
now hc "dde,l the illll'nl'l> coal fonnu
n.t Grey's Ridge, Ban.
able to give the following analyses of Bidi stone.
I This percentl\:;:e of As. is low £01'"Dc)'onl] Bnnkok" orc,
yield of gold is above the average. 'rhe high
· :F.h'creU, A. R., op. cit. p. }9.
utages of a.rsenic give great trouhle in working; 3 Frenzcl, A.. Mincrn.logische~ ltU~ ,10111ost-itHli"chen Al'O)hi.
i\ is Itlso interesting to note the small amount pelllIin. Mitth. "on 'l'schcrlltl\.k, lA77. Ill.
.1 r. 0 Frenzc), A., op. cil.
.phur.

.
nese figuresare given with the permissiol1of Mr. Po.wle.
· E,'erctt. A. H., op. cit. p. 23.

10 Qlloled h~' Mr. Pllwlc.

p. 21.
J
--- --- -- - - ---
 rfHE SAnA W AK G:\7,ET"J'E. l\TAY 3, 1905. ]06,

~I"CYminemllil(e cotton wool if; I:c.asinn:dlv the. fact thnt no dyi(e rock has yet been found at
in the gold field, 'l'he only spec nen 1. saw KI'OI«)ng or 'l'egol'll., for failure to find it does not
i;:;.the Knching Museum, T am to d it is pl'O- 1l1e,1~1I it is not there 01"neal" at hand, and it 18not
., a "Rriety of stibnite, possi bit- to arrive at IIn accurate estimate of the
The easie~t (ncthol! of O!;t"iiii..~ ,. ";';::1-1 cxtl'!:IIW distance at which a breccia may be affected
ive idea of the orp, worked in Upper ~;lm\\':lk hy 1',III:llmtions from igneo:1s masses,
1 Further,
~\Jd helow the mill, eithel' at Jlau 1'1' Hilli, ! SI'pill!.' I,hat goldnp to 1 dwt, per ton is ofteu fonlld
t. watch the tJ'ueks cOluilllf ill 1'1'0111 tlll' ..;,ti..IIS I ill 1,"(' dyke rock, mill tlmt cinnfJ,h:~r has been foun(l
. and I am incJined to d~ubt whether, apa.1. In the 'dyke rock Rt <Jadillg, I believe, all the
lbe evidence of the mill, the fOl'ln of trllclis, strength of evidellce adduced in other countries,
ti..JeChillese coolies, ltl1YOIW would COIIII(,I:I r.lw tlw.t the gold alld cinnabar, and may be the other
t.s \\'ith gold minin'g. One set of trucks IIlincrals, were derived fro III the dyke rock, with
_ ladell with loose yellow soil; IUIOtllc<I'with which they were entu.lIgled at the time of irruptioll.
,j;<"~1CsoillHixcc1 with hllllJ!H of tlJ(~ .lark !)J'()ccia, III fact, the folding, the irruption of the c1ykes, ItlHl
,~. which at I~casual glallce docs IIOt pl'escut ItlJ)' the faultiug, IInd the minemlization of the breccia,
. ,r. of partieular iuwrest.. Another string of nmy be ta.ken to be results of the same movements
t.. arrives fnJl of mottled elay, sitch as occurs ilt tl)(~ em'th's crust. '1'hat the nction which took
nly on the sllrfaee of tIle ;tr,~iJlf1.c(,,,uH rlll:](S place in the faltlts during the minerali::ation of the
FCIlemtcd Malay ::itate>:;; all()thl~r Jill::; Inore breccia was of a vigorous uatl1l'tJ is, I thillk, shewn
:s ll1ixed with Ilark mllll, which, to lJIl<otc,tIle to he probable by the small veinlets of ore tra\'ersing
.,t!;C1'of Bi(li, haH the "collsistellcy or tmin-oiL" the limestone, and possibly also by the fine state of
~~ fire follo\\'0.1 by nlOl'!) trllcks J'lllIging elivision of the golll, I will not stop to discnss the
'~ ill la\'O'c bloeks IlIIIl other::; wlJicll :I.'/pcar to f01'ln in which the minerals anived, 'l'here is l~bnll-
beell Hned by the coolies with I~ny rubhish dltnt literfttn\'() on the gellesis of orc c1cposits, but it
happelled to hI, hall(ly, l~\'ell if r "'~ takes eaullot he trtJaten satisf1tctnrily cxcept at great
'tiles of thf' ol'e ont of tllP trllck:-; as they pasH lellgth,
eX8mil,Ies them with a lmlltl len:=;, signH of !J2, vVith regal'll to the ,;tate of the golll in the.
fGlrzatJon wlllr;uely he Ilu.;covered, m:e, Ilowevel', I will mentioll onc interesting inci-
.. lLwillg hean infol'llled that all till' soft Hllil, el(.~III; 1.1mt occlll'rec1 whil!J [ WI\H f~t BI~lI, One
.alld nllld, conmins gold, it does not: semn UIl- mornililf I~Chinaman brouO'ht ill from Slml '['Zjl~11\
- a;,able to expect n, cyallitlatio/J phn! ~. It' ,::l:~- some blaek IlIIHl contnil1ing specks of visihle gold,
,"t; but OIlC'S astolJislllnclit at the ImtllJ'U nf the A portion (if the sample WI~~panned in cleftn WI\tcr,
.. not allowl~d to ;limillish when It 10;101.\1111 LIHtL bnt, to the surprise of evmyone, uot e\'cn It colour
OIJreCCil~ is subjecte(l to tl~c salnl~ I." .,t il'.,'llt. In of gollll'elJ)llillcl1. Anltssay Hhcwcd the llIud to be
i.llC best result,s .arc o!JtallJed bv fdlll.''' dH' Yllts I'UlJllillg high, and at first it \vas thonght there Illust
"', A Inlxtnre of ni'~ccra l~l~d the S?ft.. nHttel'mls ha,ve been some undetectetl
I oil 011 tlw water. How-
u1cr with a httle lune. 1 he breccIa IS lIot even ever, 1t \\'1~Sellscovereel Jf~ter tll1\t each of the specks ,
-,d dowll to t!w consistenc,\' of sand;, ii, is put waH I'c!dly 1\ spongy llIass of gold. in an extremely ,
tbe \'ats at Bldl as roatlilldld, thl~t IS, ~-Illeh fiue ~hlte of division, so fine that the individlJ(~l ,I
s; while at Ihu it is reducell to hldf inch particles had not bE-en J:trge enoug'll to overcomc
~~)Cnts, the snrf:\ce tension of the watl~I', '[ ,~1lIinclined to
It is hopell thM tite pyritic ore of :-ill ::-)an think tlmt these spongy n1f~sses werc the skeletons
will he \\'orkel1 in the llef\r future by a ';!lwl- of slllall but highly alll'ifm'olls pyrit,es I:r,vstrds which
process, 'l'lw arsenical ores at Bidi itrC IIO\\' lHtil become oxidizetl, .
~, experimented on, with a "il:w to findil1~ the na, Although ill the l11lLnlll~r of worliing BILIIand
method of extraetlJ)g tI,Je gl~ld. Jt IS 11>1,1'(11)'Bidi I:;tand unique in the I<:ast, yet there I~I'Uother
nry to SI~Y that the IlIgh per('.l)ntage at this glJltl OCCIll'l'enCCS ill the MaI1~'y "\rcl.ipeln.gn which
ile poison iH a :ieriolls, c1tuwback. , wseillble those ill Upper Sal.'f\Wllk. "'01' litemture
"... Now Itfter SUllllllll1g up !tll the, eVIdence 011 this subject I. fun indebted to ~II', C, G. \Vlun-
e: ued in the various workings ill Upper Sr.r"',wak, ford 1,ock, 111,)' welco!ne cOlllpallic'lI dlll'iug part of
~e no doubt that the dark hreecm IS :', f:tult- IllY visit to 81\l'!twf1.k, who lu\s kinllly lent Ille Mr,
"a, ~'esulting fl'Ol11,a system of .faults extellc1!ng 'l'ruscott's paper 011 the occlll'rence and miuing of
a wide arel\, and In all probabIlity of t1.lesanlc "old in the Dutch East ludies l,
as the ~llU!tS seen at ~'aitol~ Hill .Taibong: 'I'his 1'hus, for instance, at BedjalJg TJehong, in 8l\1l1atm,
"breccIa III fact, d,enved fl'!?111the shales IUlcl the gold, which is enclosed in a rep.£, is very finely
ably 11.1a1'1savel'l'y1I1~ the Illne~t()lll\, nlOl'ks a divid(.)c1, has a black shale brect:ia associated, and
~of disturbance ~lllCh lletel'nuned the p,rcsent is ill cOllntry called "porphyrite or alterell i1.tltlesite."
. ~CI\I ,featmes of Upper Samwak by so Lhl~lI~ It is worked by co 111 bined arnldgmnation and cya-
raultnlg the rocks as to place, ltt Bau l~nc1BInI, nidation. Sinlih\I' ore occurs in silllilar country at
"!It.E-,S,\V, tract of shale. between l,uud lllnestone 1,eh011O' Roeht, 11el\r Hedjang TJebollg, ana the Sltmc
&, an arl'ftngetl1ellt wlneh detel'1lIUlel! tl-:l<cOllrse pl'oces; is employed, In south-east Borneo patches
,~ su~'hce dl'ftl11age over ~he softer sbalr.. thereby of alluvial gohl are mentioned, deriveLl from 1\ rock
"ng It to, be Ilenl~lleci q~l1cldy, and leavIng steep which is pJ:Obably altered andesite, \Vriting of tbe
lone chffs on eltlil!r side. rhe ore at ,To.l11bll- gola in North Celebes, Mr, '1'mscott says; "Speak-
Dlay be reren'ed to. the Sal,lle, s.ystelll of t,aults, ing genel'l~lly, then, the whole known OCCU\'l'ence of
,absence of t~le darl( breccia ~)elng expl~,lna.ble gold in North Celebes is l~Ssecolldary deposition or
tbe assumptIOn that at the tUlle of ~heforlUa- impregnation followillg fnwtures which occur chiefly
of the, faults the shale was at a hl,~l1"'L'level in an altered andesite or porphyrite rock."
relatIve to the pl'eseut
. land surface, thlln ( ,
' .l1e
r t ' (1 a t '",,.,'L
l' e <71 " a Tnllst
" '.
t
f'",\UIts IIIIOt, ,)4, It 18 ulterestll1g to ' lIote also . that :MI', rrlls-
,'II'h ele,
, , '
'
' ' ' ' cott l1escrl b es t IJe fonna t 1011° f all Iron matte f rom
us Iyeab f I a t er (a1 t e tl litll tl' 1e 11 J, 0,cc 1 '" hv Ilt
' '''
, '

muc I1 I a t'er Call110t I>e Ie I t e1'l1lI n e(1 (JI I tIle eVI

'

, ,-
' 11.11are
, ,
at Soema, Iata, C,e Ie. b es, w IlIC}1 appl'Oac Jles t h e
It may be rcmarked, howevcr, that po,;,;ibly' PYl'ltlCera at Su Sail 8111en,Bl\u,
'. represent the last e/Teets of the Hall1Cearth ' , - :-
mel'lts which "Rve rise to the hrecciu., ' 111111 II1Ko 1I.1!1eb~e<1.to MI'. Lock 101' a CII,ttl!lg cOllcel'lJlIlg
, n , , . . , I
the mcl'cul'Y lJJlIlC III Utah, whcl'c an ore 8111111111'
to thnt of
~l. '1'I,le IllInerahzed brecc1[\, IS l!}t~m,ately . con- Upper So.mwI\k is wOl'kcd hy .1 similar pmeess-Eng. alld Mill,
:ed wIth the dyke rock I say thlS m spite of Jour.,2i1rc1
Dec.,189\).

J
 ~1
".
":1

'rIlE SAHAWAK GAZE'l"rE,

- --- -
~L\Y 3, 1905. i
;.. for the slight differencein the illtruded pected below where the WI\lIs or the I'II,nlt('."me
l'IiIItksand in the degree of metn.morphism, together. It is even possible tlmt more shale beds'
1 in which the Paha.ng and Negri Sem- occur below the limestone.
',_. deposits occur n.gree closely with that of 98. It remains but to mention the quest,ion of the
,,'ak in petrological features. \Ve have possibility of paYl\hlp con.l occurring in the Feuerated
both light and dark, in either awa; I1na Malay States, and I will confine myself to the follow-
tbem 0. series of shales and sandstone. iug generR.l stn,tement. In Bomeo the cO!d occurs
however, a difference in age between in I'Ockswhich, wherever ade<]lH\lchiologicld evidence
ricts, the limestone being Carboniferous has beel! found, have been determilled n.s 'fertiary.
.
and Jurassic, in part n.t le!\st, in Upper
Tbe only fossils found in the sn.nnstoliB
No 'l'ertiary roc],s lHe yr.t known in the Federn.ted
J.\:!I\},\YHtates, Moreover. at Sltdollg, whew I saw
point to SoRhretic age, while those oC the coal 11l00\RIU'CS, the slmle 1\11«salldstone Itrc
tr.nwa.k cannot be older than the Mid(lle I\hi,olutely 11Imlterct1 1\1111hn.vl: only 1\slight dip;
, "'itb regard to the age of our gold deposits, while jlH'Iging 1'1'011I the alllOunt oCIlyn!\lnicI1JlIWtlt-
!t~hing known so far to pro"e tlH\t their morphislll that ]m8 been ilJdlw,)t! over mOBt of the
:.;0 be ascribed to a period distinct from Fedemted M!\II\Y StlLtes, I alii inclined to t10nbt
orhich the Upper Sarawak fault-breccias whether any considemhle coni deposit could 1!I\Ve
)fore th!\1l this I do not wish to say until survived as 1\ c:01lJmerr.ilt]ItSSI!t,unlm;s I\S grl1phit;e.
data concerning the mutual relations
RI1imentR.ry rocks or the Archipelago )!lwe, etc..
.JOHN H. HClaVI';NC>H.
Ie, however. it is possible to point to (;eoln{Ji,~t,F. M. S.
.;!arities, there is no doubt that the ore '1'0
: Ic1Unow in the :Federn.ted II'Iaiay Stl\tes
'81c.siderably from the Sarawak ore, both in 'j'lte Uesidfmt-Genel'lll,
of the matrix and in the coarser COIl- [t'edel'llleclMalay 8l(/lc,~,
;~ gold. As to the probability of finding
working ore as this finely mineralized
6recciR. in the States, I do not cln.im to --
",., deny 01' assert it; but T CR.n 1m)' tlmt 1
.co established reasoll militR.til1g against Notice.
ity of its occurrence. As I said n.t the THE ~tWretflry to the Santwak H,lwes regrets
ent of this report, I 1\11Ihopeful but not to inforlll thm;c gentlemen who subseribed for
and it is lilY intentioll to see whether nlY
,
Borneo grimn~ for HIO:,) that he is 1IIHtule to
justified by searching perf-otlally Corel'i-
:.;.e existence of such vn.luablc StOIlI!. I ao procU1'C' the sallie as owing to the prolonge(l
'~ ~~ ~.'.'i!lb8 c1~j~ct~d by S'J!11e d!~~t the Ill'ought in tllA North \Vh(~rAt,llf~pOlliAS fire
-2'"Siamese would imve beoll sme to filld it bred the herds have all been taken into the
but I would point out that in t\amwl\k interior in search of past1ll'e, awl that slwh
_

.,qe workings were confine« to those out- pOllies as nrc \\'itbin r('.~\chare 1;0poor from
.l1ft visible gold occurred. I~or the rest, tbe sallie eanse that thE:Y wonld he flllit,e
c:,,,uiiling ore, they left it I\lone, not being IIseles!:: fOl'mc:ing plll'poses.
~ any gold in it. So, I maintain, there
, a:r.mlerous deposits oCsimi]ar cyaniding ore ,TOHN K .-\. (,1,;WH;,
ulltouched by anyone; n.nd 1 would lIolI til'ltl'!) 8ccrefctl'!},
.. that white miners might easily pass by , Saramal.: Ba.ce,~.
ising materio.l as unworthy of sl\lllpling.
!!ere is oue more point I would mention
to the Upper Sarawal, fault-breccias-
luuation I\nd the possibility of worl,ing
,jqJt.b. Now, there cn.n be littl!:! doubt tlH\t .t~llJ'iI.
fault fissures extend far beyond the 120
ON another page will he found ILIl interest-
one I~tleast has been I?roved (J am busan.)
t.hl~t similar fOllnatlOns occur high up ing report on the Geology of 81tl'itWak by Mr.
tone hills (the average height of the ,r. B. Serivenor 01 the FederatrHl :\1abtV Stn,tes
perhaps 600 ft.), and we must admit that Geological Department. "
',. equal chance of their being encountered ---
t.he valley. \Vhether the fissures will ON tlw ~lHl the p. H. ](akfL retlll'lwll fl'()11l
:["\Id ore in depth, however, depends, I 13aml1l. She urought no E11I'opean pa!>snllgers.
~ t.he distributIOn of the dyke rock; and ---
tbat actually contiguous, the stone in the
ON the arll the s. s. Alice [jr)/'m,il/e sailetl
'8IIIeC1not n~ce.~sarily be .~uri.~ero.us, fo!' o!le
~" l'et'leuuy e\teu lUbI.l11UU,",IUU U1 ~J.Jt:i fur Tii; Ii ~)(ln;;.. ---
in the parent igneous rock or in the
';:ADot.berthing to be taken iuto consideration ON the 4th the p. s. Xaka was (lespateheu.
Sarawa.k lodes is that the preseut ore has to Singapore to be docked. Mr. Se1'\'ice went
;ya.ffected by surface enrichment, Rnd that. over to superintend her doeking and waR
rove unprofitR.ble to work it below that accompanied hy Mrs. Service.
the ditl1culties of deep working in a
~untry have already beeu experienced I\t The sallie (lay the s. s. ]il/chillY sftilcd for
Ja.lUbusau. \-Vith regard to the con- Singapore, with passengers-ilIr. O. F. Hicketts,
er the sha.le breccia in depth, that depends 1\11'.,J. H. BalJingal, Mr. Chan Kee Soon, and
'_ t.be amount of movement, that took pll\ce Mrs. Gregg Il,nd children.
fiaa)~. The masses of breccin. must be
ixopinch out in accoruance with the general Mr. Hieketts has gone )WllWon H IlIon\;hs
hure lodes, hut more shl\le breccia, or a furlough. fl'hel'e was a small crowI1 on hoanl to
, breccia, nH\Y with equal ren.son he ex- see him ofTana wish him a !;oocl time.

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