Import and Export of Electrical Energy

By:- NK BHATI Yadav Measurements , Udaipur.

A specifically designed programme for Da Afghanistan Breshna Sherkat (DABS) Afghanistan

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Areas Covered Under this Module

Power flow principles Import and export of power Metering point and energy flow Power flow quadrants and power factor Reactive and apparent energy flow Various energy registers in energy measurement

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Power Flow

Electricity

Power System

Power System

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Measurement Reference

Utility A A B

Utility B

Current transformer connection polarity

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EHV BUS

HV BUS

P1 P2

P2

P1

Power flow to Voltage bus is taken positive (import) Current transformer connection polarity (p2 to bus side)

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Example of small tie line

Bus 2
1.00 PU 204 MW 102 MVR 1.00 PU

Load with green Arrows indicating Amount of MW flow

-14 MW 4 MVR 14 MW -4 MVR 1.00 PU 102 MW 51 MVR 150 MW AGC ON 37 MVR AVR ON

-20 MW 4 MVR

20 MW -4 MVR

Bus 1

106 MW 0 MVR 100 MW

150 MW AGC ON -34 MW 116 MVR AVR ON 10 MVR 34 MW -10 MVR

Note the power balance at each bus

Home Area

Bus 3

Used to control output of generator

Direction of arrow is used to indicate direction of real power (MW) flow

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Power Flow Quadrants: IEC62053-23

V Import Active Power

Q4
Q1
PF: lagging/ Inductive

PF: Leading /capacitive

Export Reactive Power

Q3
Import Reactive Power

PF: lagging /Inductive

Export Active Power

Q2
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PF: Leading / capacitive

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Power Components
V 00

900 2700 I Quadrature component

In phase component 1800

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Power Flow Quadrants

Voltage vector Quadrant 1 kW Import kVAr (Inductive) Import kW + kVAr + kW kVAr + kW export kVAr (capacitive) Import Quadrant 2 -

Quadrant 4 kW Import kVAr (capacitive) Export kW kVAr kW + -

kVAr kW export kVAr (Inductive) export Quadrant 3

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Energy Flow conditions- case 1

B Gen

Gen

Load Load

Q1: meter B

KW +, KVAr +
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Energy Flow conditions- case 2

B Gen

Gen

Load Load

Q2: meter B KW -, KVAr +

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Energy Flow conditions- case 3

B Gen

Gen

Load Load

Q3: meter B KW -, KVAr copyright YMPL Udaipur 12

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Energy Flow conditions- case 4

B Gen

Gen

Load Load

Q4: meter B KW +, KVAr copyright YMPL Udaipur 13

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Wheeling of Energy
A B

Gen

Gen

Load C Load

Gen
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Energy Registers

Active energy register

Active Import Active Export

Reactive Energy register

Reactive import Reactive export

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Energy Registers

Apparent energy register

Apparent Import Apparent Export Pythagoras Sum with Reactive energy

Lag only lag+lead

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Metering errors

CT/ PT ratio errors CT/PT phase error Connected burden, rating, connections errors Meter errors

Class 0.5 or Class 0.2 meter

Dynamic compensation of external errors

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In electric power transmission, wheeling is a term used to describe either of the following:

the act of transporting electric power (megawatts or megavoltamperes) over transmission lines, or; the act of providing the service of transporting electric power over transmission lines.

Tie line : A connection between systems, such as electrical power

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Any Question?

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THANK YOU!

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