University for Peace

Universidad para la Paz

Master of Arts in International Law and Settlement of Disputes UPEACE Programme in South Asia, the Horn of Africa and the Middle East (UPSAM)

Conflict Resolution Mohammed Ahmed Musa

Advisor Amr Abdalla July, 2009

This curriculum is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, International Law and Settlement of Disputes

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Acknowledgments
First of all, my thanks to the GOD who gave me the strength and made things work for me to complete my studies at the University for Peace. I would like to take this opportunity to say a special word of thanks to the Netherlands Government who supports the programme at UPEACE and is carried out as an important programme in Africa. My appreciation also goes to my supervisor, Dr. Amr Abdalla, for all his support; I am very grateful and wish you the best in your life. A special word of thanks to Thomas Klompmaker for his kind assistance that I received when I was sick. Special word of thanks also to Prof. Victoria Fontan and the wonderful academic section for UPSAM programme. Thank you very much.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Permission for Use of the Curriculum ...................................................................... ii Declaration of Academic Honesty ............................................................................ iii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................... iv

Conflict Resolution
A. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 9 B. Course Description ............................................................................................... 10 C. The Main Goals .................................................................................................... 10 D. General Objectives ............................................................................................... 11 E. Contents ............................................................................................................... 11 F. Learning Outcomes .............................................................................................. 14 G. Methodology ........................................................................................................ 15 H. Evaluation ............................................................................................................ 17

Administrative Chapter
1. Specific Course Title ............................................................................................. 18 2. Course Code .......................................................................................................... 18 3. Prerequisites .......................................................................................................... 18 4. Course Length and the Number of Sessions ........................................................ 18 5. Instructor ............................................................................................................... 18 6. Course Meeting Times and Place ......................................................................... 18 7. Intended Participants ............................................................................................ 18 8. Types of Issues Addressed .................................................................................... 18 9. Relation to the Larger Issue of Peace and Conflict Studies .................................. 19 10. Where does the Course fit in the General Programme of Study? ........................ 19 11. Assessment ........................................................................................................... 19

Teachers Manual
Part One Session One: The Definitions of Conflict and Dispute
Contents .................................................................................................................... 20 Objectives of the Session ........................................................................................... 20 The Outcomes of the Session .................................................................................... 20 Teaching Methods .................................................................................................... 20 Evaluation of the Session .......................................................................................... 21 Required Readings ................................................................................................... 21 Recommended Readings .......................................................................................... 21

Session Two: The Definition of Conflict Resolution

Contents .................................................................................................................... 22 Objectives of the Session ........................................................................................... 22 The Outcomes of the Session .................................................................................... 22 Teaching Methods .................................................................................................... 22 Evaluation of the Session .......................................................................................... 22 Required Readings ................................................................................................... 23 Recommended Readings .......................................................................................... 23

Session Three: Understanding Conflict Analysis

Contents .................................................................................................................... 24 Objectives of the Session ........................................................................................... 24 The Outcomes of the Session .................................................................................... 24 Teaching Methods .................................................................................................... 24 Evaluation of the Session .......................................................................................... 24 Required Readings ................................................................................................... 25 Recommended Readings .......................................................................................... 25

Session Four: Armed Conflict and Peace Agreements

Contents .................................................................................................................... 26 Objectives of the Session ........................................................................................... 26 The Outcomes of the Session .................................................................................... 26 Teaching Methods .................................................................................................... 26 Evaluation of the Session .......................................................................................... 26 Required Readings ................................................................................................... 26 Recommended Readings .......................................................................................... 27

Session Five: Conflict Resolution within States

Contents .................................................................................................................... 28 Objectives of the Session ........................................................................................... 28 The Outcomes of the Session .................................................................................... 28 Teaching Methods .................................................................................................... 28 Evaluation of the Session .......................................................................................... 28 Required Readings ................................................................................................... 29 Recommended Readings .......................................................................................... 29

Session Six: Group Presentations

Objectives of the Session ........................................................................................... 30 The Outcomes of the Session .................................................................................... 30 Teaching Methods .................................................................................................... 30 Evaluation of the Presentations ................................................................................ 30 vi

Required Readings ................................................................................................... 30

Part Two Session Seven: Negotiation Process

Contents .................................................................................................................... 31 Objectives of the Session ........................................................................................... 31 The Outcomes of the Session .................................................................................... 31 Teaching Methods .................................................................................................... 32 Evaluation of the Session .......................................................................................... 32 Required Readings ................................................................................................... 32 Recommended Readings .......................................................................................... 32

Session Eight: Mediation Process

Contents .................................................................................................................... 33 Objectives of the Session ........................................................................................... 33 The Outcomes of the Session .................................................................................... 33 Teaching Methods .................................................................................................... 33 Evaluation of the Session .......................................................................................... 34 Required Readings ................................................................................................... 34 Recommended Readings .......................................................................................... 34

Session Nine: The Role of Civil Society in International Conflict

Objectives of the Session ........................................................................................... 35 The Outcomes of the Session .................................................................................... 35 Teaching Methods .................................................................................................... 35 Evaluation of the Session .......................................................................................... 35 Required Readings ................................................................................................... 35 Recommended Readings .......................................................................................... 35

Session Ten: The Role of the UN in Conflict Resolution

Contents .................................................................................................................... 36 Objectives of the Session ........................................................................................... 36 The Outcomes of the Session .................................................................................... 36 Teaching Methods .................................................................................................... 36 Evaluation of the Session .......................................................................................... 36 Required Readings ................................................................................................... 36 Recommended Readings .......................................................................................... 37

Session Eleven: The Sudanese Traditional Method in Conflict Resolution

Contents .................................................................................................................... 38 Abstract ...................................................................................................................... 38 vii

Objectives of the Session ........................................................................................... 39 The Outcomes of the Session .................................................................................... 39 Teaching Methods .................................................................................................... 40 Evaluation of the Session .......................................................................................... 40 Required Readings ................................................................................................... 40 Recommended Readings .......................................................................................... 40

Session Twelve: Group Presentations: Analyzing the Darfur Conflicts Escalation and Resolution Process
Contents .................................................................................................................... 41 Objectives of the Session ........................................................................................... 41 The Outcomes of the Session .................................................................................... 41 Teaching Methods .................................................................................................... 41 Evaluation of the Session .......................................................................................... 41 Required Readings ................................................................................................... 42

Bibliography .......................................................................................................... 43

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General Chapter
A. Introduction This course is developed for a Masters program. It offers a general overview on the topic of Conflict and Dispute Resolution. It highlights the way that we, as human beings, are used to resolving our conflicts on international, national and local levels, acting as individuals or representatives of our groups or countries. The course will concentrate on the legal methods of settling conflicts, such as negotiation, mediation, communication, etc. The course will offer the students introductory skills in negotiation, conflict management and resolution. The course has two parts; in the first part, the students will learn the definitions of conflict, dispute and conflict analysis. By the end of this part, the students will study conflict and its analysis. The second part will be mediation, concentrating on third party interventions to resolve conflict. In the second part, we will focus on conflict resolution and its process, focusing on the roles of negotiation and mediation in conflict resolution. By understanding the design and management methods of negotiation mediation practice, students will be able to bring their improved negotiation skills to bear and support others in negotiating and resolving conflicts peacefully. Sudanese history involves long civil wars. Since the countrys independence from Great Britain in 1956, it has been involved in a long civil war between the South and the North, which ended in 2005 when the parties signed a comprehensive peace agreement in Nairobi, Kenya.1 This agreement ended one of the longest civil wars in Africa. Not surprisingly, a second civil war broke out in the Western region of Sudan, Darfur in 2003.2 Since that time, the Darfur conflict is still going on and has become a challenge yet to be resolved. Many efforts have been made to resolve this ongoing conflict, but usually they failed to do so. In such a situation, the education of conflict resolution is a prime concern, not only in the educational institutions, but also in all policy levels, like government institutions and civil society. In this context, education of conflict resolution becomes a peacebuilding tool in Sudan in general and the Darfur region in particular. Adding a cultural component, this course will also include an introduction to the traditional Sudanese methods of resolving conflicts, depending on their cultural and social

Available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naivasha_Agreement Darfur Conflict, Available at http://www.crimesofwar.org/onnews/news-darfur.html

interactions, specifically the role of native administration in internal conflict resolution in Sudan. Finally, the course will conclude with a session drawing a planning strategy that resolves the Darfur conflict peacefully by the Sudanese themselves.

B. Course Description: This course is an introductory skill-building course in conflict resolution. The first part of the course focuses on the definition of the conflict, its types and analysis, and by the end of the first part, students are required to participate in a simulation in analyzing the Darfur conflict. The second part focuses on the role that negotiation and mediation can play in conflict resolution. Students will learn how to improve their own negotiation skills which will help them to skillfully handle conflict situations and be able to analyze the conflict and diffuse the situation. This introduction will help participants to understand how difficult and fragile the negotiation process is and how conflict can form. The course defines and explains the role of mediators who are involved as a third party to assist the parties when they have failed to reach an agreement. By the end of this part, students will do another group simulation about negotiation and mediation in the Darfur conflict. After doing this simulation, students will be able to apply their negotiation skills to assist others in the mediation process and resolve conflicts peacefully. The cultural component of Sudanese in resolving conflict is a very important part in this course. The students will study the Sudanese cultural component at the end of the course, focusing on the role of native administrations in resolving conflict in the Sudanese context in general and the Darfur region in particular. They will be able to compare the local approaches with the modern conflict resolution approaches in the context of Sudan.

C. The Main Goals The main goal of this course is to provide conceptual knowledge about conflict, conflict resolution, and conflict management. This course will equip students with necessary tools and techniques on how to resolve international, regional and national conflicts, particularly in Sudan.

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D. General Objectives: General objectives of this course will cover the following aspects: To introduce conflict, its major causes and consequences to the students. To develop the students skills on how to address conflict from an interpersonal level to an international level. To furnish the students capacity and capability to understand a conflicting situation in an international and a national perspective. Provide analytical tools and methods of conflict resolution to students so that they take leading roles in their future policy field. To establish that conflict originates in the mind of man. Therefore, the responsibility rests on people to resolve conflict and establish peace. To build a generation who are aware of the conflict and its long-standing direct and underlying causes in the context of Sudan. To develop a course curriculum and resourceful individuals for future expansion of the study of conflict and conflict resolution.

E. Contents:

Session Title Session (1) The Definitions of Conflict and Dispute

Content 1. Understanding

Readings 1. Burton, John, W. (1993). Conflict Resolution as a Political Philosophy. Manchester University of Press. 2. Deutsch, Morton (1973). Introduction to the of Resolution of Conflict. New Haven. CY: Yale University. (pages 3-19). 3. Burr, Millard, J and Collins, Robert, O. 2006. Darfur: the Long Road to Disaster. Markus Weiner publishers. Princeton.

conflict and peace. 2. Definition

conflict. 3. Definition

disputes. 3. How do conflicts occur?

Session (2) Defining Conflict

1. What is conflict resolution?

1. Tidwell, Alan. (1998) Conflict Resolved?: A Critical Assessment of Conflict Resolution.

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Resolution and Peace Agreement

2. What are peace agreements? 3. Limits of conflict resolution. 2.

London, (pages 31-58). Wallensteen, Peter (2002), Understanding

Conflict Resolution, War, Peace and the Global System. London. (pages 8-9). 1. Abdalla, Amr et al. (2002) .C.RSIPABIO.A Conflict analysis Model. 2. Jeong Ho-Won (2000). Peace and Conflict

Session (3) Understanding Conflict Analysis

1. The concept of conflict. 2 Conflict mapping.

Studies: An introduction. London. Ashgate publishing Limited (pages 31-37). Session (4) Armed Conflict and Peace Agreements 1. Identifying armed conflict. 2. Peace agreements. 1. Gaya Best, Shedrack. (2006). Introduction to Peace and Conflict Studies. Ibadan, Nigeria. 2. Webel, Charles and Galtung, Johan. (2008). Hand Book of Peace and Conflict Studies. USA and Canada. (page 35).

Session (5) Conflict Resolution within States

1. The role of the state. 2. Peace agreements in civil war in

1. Mial, Hugh. Ramsbotham, Oliver and Woodhouse Tom (1999). Contemporary Conflict

Resolution. USA. Blackwell Publishing Inc. (pages from 1-5). 2. Mayer, Bernard (2000). The Dynamics of Conflict Resolution: A Practitioners Guide. San Francisco: Jossey- Bass. (Chapters 7-8).

internal conflict.

Session (6) Analyzing the Darfur Conflict

Student Presentations

1. Marlowe, Jen. Darfur Diaries: Stories of Survival. New York. (pages 2-10). 2. A Journey to Darfur. (DVD). American TV Network.

Part(2) Session (7) Negotiation Process

1.

Definition

of

1. Gaya Best, Shedrack (2006). Introduction to Peace and Conflict Studies in West Africa. Ibadan, Nigeria. (Chapters 6, pages 93-113). 2. Burton, John. (1990). Conflict Resolution and 12

negotiation. 2. Negotiation: the big picture.

Prevention. London: Macmillan.

Session(8) Mediation Process

1. Definition of mediation. 2. Ten stages mediation model review.

1. Moore, C. (2003). The Mediation Process. 3rd ed., San Francisco. Jossey- Bass. 2. Thompson, L. (2004) The Mind and Heart of the Negotiator. 3rd ed. NJ: Prentice Hall.

Session(9) The Role of Civil Society in Internal Conflict Resolution

1. Civil society and internal conflict. 2. Internal conflict resolution.

1. Mingst, Karen. (2007).The United Nations in the 21st Century. Boulder. Westview Press. (pages 2-15). 2. Wanis St. John, Anthony; Kew, Darren. Conference Papers. International Studies

Association, 2007 Annual Meeting. p1, 0p; (AN 26958262). Session (10) The Role of UN in Conflict Resolution 1. UN Charter. 2. UN in peace agreements. 1. White, N., D. (1993). Keeping the Peace: The United Nations and the Maintenance of International Peace and Security. Manchester University Press. (pages 215-256). 2. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, UN Hand Book, An Annual Guide 2006-2007. (pages 68-76). Session (11) The Sudanese Traditional Method in Conflict Resolution 1. The role of native administrative in Sudan. 1. Zartman, W., I. (1985). Ripe for Resolution Conflict and Intervention in Africa. New York: Oxford University Press. 2. Swart, G. and Solomon, H. (2003). The Islamic Fundamentalist State of Sudan. Conflict Trends, 2. 3. Nasong'o, Shadrack Wanjala. Murunga, Godwin,

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Rapando. Report by, African & Asian Studies, 2005 Vol. 4 Issue . pp. 51-82, 32p, 1 chart; DOI: 10.1163/1569209054547328; (AN

17740750). Session(12) Final Group Presentation: Analyzing the Darfur Conflicts Escalation and Resolution Process. 1.Dauglas, Hamilton. Johnson (2003). The Root Causes of Sudans Civil Wars. .James Currey Publishers. 2. Dallaire, Romo. Looking at Darfur, Seeing Rwanda. New York Times, 10/ 4/2004. p.25,1p;(AN 29259134). 3. Gore, Wani, Paul. et al. (2004). Eight grassroots conflicts in Sudan. UNICEF. Khartoum Sudan. 4. Burr, Millard, J. and Collins, Robert, O. (2006) Darfur: The Long Road to Disaster. Markus Weiner Publishers. Princeton.

F. Learning Outcomes: The following learning outcomes should be achieved from the course: Generation build up. Understanding the spirit and culture of peace. Development of applied critical thinking skills. Ability to analyze conflict using a variation of conflict mapping methodology. Conflict-free and peaceful society. Basic education in conflict resolution. Understanding conflict resolution in international, national and regional levels and peace agreements. Application of theories, concepts and models to various national, regional, social and cultural contexts.

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G. Methodology: The course will be use lectures with effective participation from students. The majority of activities of the course will concentrate on simulations, and therefore, full attendance in the class is required. Also, some videos concerning conflict resolution will be used as a method of teaching. Generally, the methods of teaching in this course include the following:3

1.1 Lecture The lectures will be given according to the University of Zalingeis lecture-based method in the class room. Students will also enjoy the opportunity to contribute in discussions, according to their own experiences.

1.2. Discussion After two lecture classes, one discussion class consisting of 60 minutes will be conducted. In each discussion class, different methods to increase the skills of the students and make them confident to face future challenges will be introduced.

1.3. Group Discussion Group discussion will be an important method to increase their capacity of speaking in public forums. Some sessions will be devoted to the major aspects of gender, peace, conflict and security, which will be researched, prepared and presented by the students through PowerPoint presentations in groups of three or four students.

1.4. Debate and Simulation The second part of this course depends on simulations regarding the negotiation and mediation process. Debates and simulations over the conflicting issues will also be introduced so that students can understand the way of addressing issues regarding conflict resolution. The major aim of this debate and simulation is making students aware of how to come into consensus regarding conflicting issues.

UNICEF (2008), Learning to live together: an intercultural and interfaith programme for ethics education. (pp. 19-24)

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1.5. Media Journal Analysis Students will be assigned media journals to analyze and illustrate some issues related to conflict resolution.

1.6. Movies and Video Watching. Movies and videos will be introduced to the students so that they can understand some techniques related to conflict resolution.

1.7. Student Interviews and Report. Interviews provide an opportunity for students to learn and personalize issues and aspects of local history directly. Those interviewed could be community members, activists, leaders or eyewitnesses to conflict resolution or peace building.

1.8. Field Class A visit will be carried out to institutions or organizations dealing with conflict resolution and peace-building. Students are asked to write a report as a reflection of the visit. The purpose and the place of the visit should be explained in advance.

1.9. Visual Aids Visual aids can include posters, photographs, slides, videos and films. Learning aids can be from internet resources such as You Tube, which is necessary to engage discussion and student participation.

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H. Evaluation A. Criteria: Besides acquiring skills and knowledge, there will be a change in students attitudes and behavior. The course will build in the students the spirit and culture of peace, not war. This the most important part and the purpose of this course which will achieved by the end of the course. B. Tools: The evaluation and grading of this course will include the following: 1. Affective participation. 2. Semester final examination. 3. Term papers/ home assignments. 4. Class attendance.

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Administrative Chapter
1. Specific Course Title: Conflict Resolution 2. Course Code: PACS4 201 3. Prerequisites This is a very technical course. Therefore, students who have minimum knowledge in political science, international relations, history, and sociology will fit in this course. 4. Course Length and the Number of Sessions. According to the Zalingei University system, this course will be taught for three weeks. The course consists of 12 sessions. 5. Instructor: Mohammed Ahmed Musa Center for Peace and Development Studies University of Zalingei, Sudan, West Darfur State BA in Education; University of Alfashir in, Sudan. MA in International Law and Settlement of Disputes; University for Peace, Costa Rica. 6. Course Meeting Time and Place The main campus is the University of Zalingei. The meeting time will be identified by the Director of the Centre for Peace and Development Studies, University of Zalingei. 7. Intended participants This course is intended for students in the High Diploma Degree Programme in Peace and Conflict Students at the University of Zalingei, Centre for Peace and Development Studies. The required number of participants in the course is from 25 to 30 to allow for maximum interaction during group discussions and other interactive teaching-learning models. 8. Types of Issues Addressed:
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Conflict: definition, causes and consequences. Conflict resolution: definition, methods and techniques. Conflict management. Conflict transformation. Negation process. Mediation process.
PACS-Peace and Conflict Studies

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9. Relation to the Larger Issue of Peace and Conflict Studies The content of the course is related to conflict, conflict resolution and peace building in the international, national and regional contexts. The contents of the course will develop

students who will work in the future to resolve conflict and establish peace. Therefore, this course is widely related to the issue of peace and conflict studies. 10. Where Does the Course Fit in the General Programme of Study? This course fits in the Centre for Peace and Development Studies in the University of Zalingei, Darfur, Sudan. 11. Assessment Participation in class, simulations and discussions: 30% Group discussion: 20% Exam: 50% Total: 100%

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Teachers Manual
According to the course description, this course is divided into two parts. Part One: Part one has six sessions:

Session: No. 01: The Definitions of Conflict and Dispute

Contents: Understanding conflict and peace How conflict occurs Definition of conflict Definition of disputes

Objectives of the Session This session will address the definitions of the terms peace, conflict and disputes. It draws the distinction between conflict and dispute as explained by John Burton and other scholars. At the end of the session, students will understand the distinction between the terms.

The Outcomes of the Session By the end of the session, students will understand the concepts of peace, conflict and disputes. Also, they will be able to make a distinction between them. Furthermore, students will understand different kinds of conflict.

Teaching Methods: This session will be taught by lecture. However, discussion is also needed in the session. Therefore, students are allowed to give their own definitions of peace, conflict and disputes, according to their understanding of the terms.

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Evaluation of the Session To evaluate this session, the teacher should ask the students some questions which relate to this session. This procedure will help the teacher to understand the students and evaluate the session. The questions include the following: 1. Define the term peace. What do we mean by negative peace and positive peace? 2. What is conflict? 3. What is dispute? 4. Do you think that there are distinctions between conflict and dispute?

Required Readings: 1. Gaya Best, Shedrack. Introduction to Peace and Conflict Studies in West Africa. 2. Deutsch, Morton.(2000) Introduction to The Handbook of Conflict Resolution. In The Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. (pages 2-9). 3. Burton, W., John. Conflict Resolution as a Political Philosophy. In Conflict Resolution Theory and Practice: Integration and Application. (1993) .Manchester and New York. Manchester University Press.. 4. Deutsch, Morton. Introduction to the Resolution of Conflict. In The Resolution of Conflict: Constructive and Destructive Processes. (1973) New Haven, CT: Yale University Press,. Pages: 3-19.

Recommended Readings: 1. Fisher, S. (2000).Working with Conflict: Skills and Strategies For Action. London. Zed Book publications. (pp.17-22). 2. de Reuck, A. (1984). The logic of conflict: its origin, development and resolution. In Banks, M. (Ed., pp. 97-111). Conflict in world society: a new perspective on international relations. New York: St. Martins Press.

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Session: No. 02: The Definition of Conflict Resolution

Contents: What is conflict resolution? What is a peace agreement? Limits of conflict resolution.

Objectives of the Session: This session concentrates on the definition of conflict resolution and the linkage between conflict resolution and peace agreements. During this analysis of peace, conflict and peace agreements, students will able to draw a clear distinction and understanding of conflict resolution.

The Outcomes of the Session At the end of this session, students should understand the meaning of conflict resolution. Also, they should know the distinction between conflict resolution, prevention, peace agreements and conflict management and the limits of conflict resolution. Furthermore, students should know the definition of the term on national and international levels.

Teaching Methods The session will begin with lectures; the teacher will define conflict resolution in international, national and regional levels. During this session the teacher should facilitate student discussion. For this discussion, the teacher should ask students to define the terms so as to cover the whole session by making a summary of the students points.

Evaluation of the Session The evaluation of this session will be through the students discussion and views. Some reflection questions are also required to evaluate this session. The questions include: 1. Define conflict resolution. 2. What is the difference between conflict resolution and a peace agreement? 3. What are the limits of conflict resolution?

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Required Readings: 1. Wallensteen, Peter. 2002. Understanding Conflict Resolution, War, Peace and the Global System. Sage Publications. London. EC2A 4PU. (pages 8 and 9). 2. Burton, W., John. 1996. Conflict Resolution. The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Md, and London. (pages 7-12)

Recommended Readings: 1. Tidwell, C., Alan. (1998). Conflict Resolved?: A Critical Assessment of Conflict Resolution. London. Continuum Publications. (pages 31-85). 2. The Conflict Resolution Information Source from http:/www.crinfo.org/index.jsp. 3. Thomas, Kenneth. 1976. Conflict and Conflict Management. In the Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, ed. M. D. Dunnette, (pp. 120-125).

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Session: No. 03: Understanding Conflict Analysis

Contents: The concept of conflict. Conflict analysis and mapping.

Objectives of the Session This session focuses on conflict analysis. The main objectives of this session include the following points which are the most important issues to analyze conflict. These objectives are: 1. Identifying the parties of the conflict/ the local parties of the conflict. 2. Identifying the root source of the conflict. 3. Identifying the causes of the conflict. 4. Identifying the interests of the parties; which help to resolve the conflict? Above all, examples from the real conflict situations are used to illustrate some of the dry theoretical concepts.

The Outcomes of the Session: At the end of the session students will be able to analyse conflict by using the appropriate model they learned to the relevant conflict situation.

Teaching Methods In addition to the lecture, the teacher should distribute or draw a map used to analyse the conflict, which will help students to easily understand how to analyse conflict. The map will identify the parties, roots, causes and interests of the conflicting parties. In the methods for example, students have ten minutes as preparation to use the case of Darfur to analyse the above points.

Evaluation of the Session: To evaluate this session, students should have homework to analyse a specific conflict (local or international) and write a paper of about 500 words in the case that they have chosen. This can give further understanding to conflict analysis.

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Required Readings: 1. Abdallah, Amr et al. (2002).C.R SIPABIO.A Conflict Analysis Model 2. Jeong, Ho-Won. (2000). Peace and Conflict Studies: An Introduction. London. Ashgate publishing Limited. (pp.31-37).

Recommended Readings: 1. Ramsbotham, Oliver. Woodhouse, Tom and Mial, Hugh. (2005). Contemporary Conflict Resolutions. 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, United Kingdom. 2. Lederach, P., John. Preparing for Peace: Conflict Transformation Across Culture. (pages 57 and 58).

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Session: No. 04: Armed Conflict and Peace Agreements

Contents: The concept of conflict. Identifying armed conflict. Peace agreements.

Objectives of the Session The specific objectives of this session are to make students understand what armed conflict is. Also, to make students understand the cause of the conflict as well as the difference between interstate and intrastate armed conflict and how can they reach agreements.

The Outcomes of this Session By the end of the session, students will be able to understand armed conflict within the state and the ability to understand peace agreements as well.

Teaching Methods The teacher can use lectures in this session, but students are required to actively participate during the lecture. Group discussion also will be used in this session.

Evaluation of the Session Student discussion and views in the session will be the evaluation of this session.

Required Readings: 1. Gaya Best, Shedrack. (2006). Introduction to Peace and Conflict Studies. Ibadan, Nigeria. 2. Gore, Wani Paul, et al. (2004). Eight grassroots conflicts in Sudan. UNICEF. Khartoum, Sudan. 3. Understanding Civil Wars. Africa. Vol.1. (2005). Evidence and Analysis. Edited by Paul, Collier and Nicholas Sambanis. World Bank Publishers. 4. Jeong, Ho-Won. (2000). Peace and Conflict Studies: An Introduction. London. Ash gate publishing Limited. (pp. 31-37).

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Recommended Readings: Websites: 1. UPEACE Research Center from www.upeace,org/resources/index.cfm. 2. Webel, Charles and Galtung, Johan (2008). Handbook of Peace and Conflict Studies. USA and Canada. (page 35). 3. International Conflict Research from http:/ www.incore.ulst.ac.uk/

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Session: No. 05: Conflict Resolution within States

Contents: The role of the state. Peace agreements in civil war in internal state.

Objectives of the Session The objective of this session is to make students have a further understanding of the concept of conflict resolution and peace agreements within state. The ultimate goal of this session is to equip the students to be able to resolve conflicts and build peace.

The Outcomes of the Session By the end of the session, the students have to understand the concept of conflict resolution and the role of the state in peace agreements in internal civil war.

Teaching Methods Basically, the teacher can introduce some knowledge to the students on the topic so that they can understand the topic. Then the teacher should open a debate and discussion between the students. Another method can be used here; the teacher can introduce some group work so that the students can share their experiences in this topic, specifically in civil war and peace agreements.

Evaluation of the Session Some questions are required to evaluate the students at the end of this session. The following are the reflection questions: 1. What is civil war? 2. What is the role of the state in civil war? 3. Do you think that a peace agreement is a challenge to interstate conflict? Why?

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Required Readings: 1. Miall, Hugh. Ramsbotham Oliver. Woodhouse, Tom. (1999). Contemporary Conflict Resolution. USA. Blackwell Publishing Inc. (pages from 1-5). 2. Mayer, Bernard. (2000). The Dynamics of Conflict Resolution: A Practitioners Guide. San Francisco. Jossey-Bass. ( Chapter 7-8). 3. Burton, W., John (1996). Conflict Resolution. London. (pages from 2-12).

Recommended Readings: 4. The Conflict Resolution International Sources from http:/www.crinfo.org/index.jsp 5. Conflict Transformation by Peaceful Means, available at www.transcend.org/

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Session: No. 06: Group Presentation

Objectives of the Session This session is about group presentations. After studying conflict analysis in the previous sessions, students are required to do group presentations, so as to deeply understand the conflict and the methodology of its analysis. The topic of the presentation will be: Analysis to the Darfur conflict: the factors, causes, roots, parties of the conflict.

The Outcomes of the Session This first presentation is important because it will help and encourage the students to participate orally in the class. It will build confidence in the students that could contribute to overcoming future challenges.

Teaching Methods In this presentation, students should use the PowerPoint presentation. Students will be divided into groups to do the presentation. Each group will consist of four students.

Evaluation of the Presentations It is important for the teacher to take some notes during the presentation to evaluate the students. At the end of the presentation, the teacher should add some comments regarding the information which was introduced in the presentation. The presentation should provide and build confidence of students, which is necessary as a part of the education. Also, the students should know that the presentation will be added to the final grade of the course. Required Readings: Students are required to prepare for the presentation with the internet and their personal experiences to the conflict. Also students are required to look at these readings: 1. Marlowe, Jen. Darfur Diaries: Stories of Survival. New York. (pages from 2-10). 2. Burr, Millard, J. and Collins, Robert, O. (2006). Darfur: The Long Road to Disaster. Markus Weiner publishers. Princeton. 3. Burr, Millard, J. and Collins, Robert, O. Darfur: The Long Road to Disaster. Markus Weiner Publishers. Princeton. (pp.233). 4. A Journey to Darfur. (DVD). American TV Network. 30

Part Two: Part two has six sessions: The Role of Negotiation and Mediation in Conflict Resolution Abstract: This topic is divided into two sessions; the first session will focus on negotiation and its process. It concentrates on simulations of two or three difference types of conflicts that involve negotiation between the parties. The second session will trace the process of mediation which involves the third party.

Session: No. 07: Negotiation Process

Contents: Definition of negotiation. Negotiation: the big picture. Student simulation. Negotiation tips forum.

Objectives of the Session This is the most important part in this course. The aim of the course is to help students to negotiate and mediate conflict. This session will focus on the understanding of the definition of negotiation, and then students will be required to participate in two simulations in this session involving different types of conflict. Here the teacher can choose family conflict to start the simulation. The main objectives of this session are to help students to be able to bring their improved negotiation skills and assist others to negotiate and resolve conflicts peacefully.

The Outcomes of the Session By the end of the session, students will understand the negotiation process and also they will be able to negotiate and resolve conflict peacefully. Students will understand that sometimes negotiate may not be the best method in resolving conflict; this means they will need to think of other methods to resolve the problem, and that will come in the next session.

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Teaching Methods In the first thirty minutes the teacher starts to define the concept of negotiation to the students. Following this, the students will be asked to define the concept according to their experiences and understanding. Discussion is important in the session. After that, the students will participate in the simulation, identified by the teacher. By participating in this simulation students will be able to understand how they negotiate and reach a solution and they will understand how negotiation can fall apart. In the tips forum, the students are asked to post or write the tips of negotiation according to their understanding.

Evaluation of the Session The teacher can evaluate this session through students simulation and the negotiation tips forum.

Required Readings: 1. Gaya Best, Shedrack. (2006). Introduction to Peace and Conflict Studies in West Africa. Ibadan, Nigeria. Chapter 6, (pages 93-113). 2. Burton, John (1990). Conflict Resolution and Prevention. London: Macmillan. 3. Lederach, John Paul (1997): Building Peace: sustainable Reconciliation in divided societies. .Washington DC. United States Institute of Peace.

Recommended Readings: 1. Otite O. (1990) On Conflict, their Resolution, Transformation and Management in Otite O. and Albert O. (Eds) Community Conflict in Nigeria. Ibadan: Spectrum Books.

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Session: No. 08: The Mediation Process

Contents: Definition of mediation. An overview on the ten-stage mediation model (using diagram).

Objectives of the Session The objective of the session is to help students use the mediation process in conflict. This session will focus on the understanding of the definition of mediation, and then students are required to participate in two simulations in this session including different types of conflict. Here, the teacher can choose family conflict to start the simulation. The main objectives of this session are to provide students with the ability to demonstrate their improved mediation process and skills in reality and to provide others with some information on how and when they can mediate, so as to resolve conflicts peacefully.

The Outcomes of the Session Through this session students skills and knowledge about the modern approach of mediation, its techniques, and the mediation process will be improved. This group of students will be able to apply the mediation process in their personal lives and to a national context. This will, of course, help to build a peaceful society.

Teaching Methods In the first thirty minutes the teacher starts to define the concept of negotiation to the students. Following the lecture the students will be asked to define the concept according to their experiences and understanding. Discussion is important in the session. After that, the students will participate in the simulation identified by the teacher. By doing this simulation, students will be able to understand how they negotiate and reach a solution and they will understand how negotiation can fall apart. In the tips forum, the students are asked to post or write tips about the mediation process according to their understanding.

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Evaluation of the Session The instructor can evaluate this session through the students simulation in mediation and participation in the class.

Required Readings: 1. Moore, W., Christopher. (2003). The Mediation Process, 3rd ed.. San Fran. Jossey- Bass. ( p 9). 2. Thompson, L., Leigh. (2004). The Mind and Heart of the Negotiator, 3rd ed. NJ. Prentice Hall.

Recommended Readings: 1. Fisher, R., Ury, W. and Patton, B. (1991). Getting to Yes, 2nd ed. NY. Penguin.

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Session: No. 09: The Role of Civil Society in International Conflict Resolution
Objectives of the Session The objective of the session is to understand and evaluate the role of civil society in the conflict resolution process from international to national contexts.

The Outcomes of the Session Students will be encouraged to develop part of their professional life by evaluating different pivotal roles of civil society in conflict resolution. They will become a group of scholars to change and remodel society through the acquired knowledge.

Teaching Methods This session is lecture-based. However, different case studies will be used to provide insight about the topic to the students. Simulation can be used to find out policy formulation for conflict resolution in Sudan.

Evaluation of the Session Serious engagement in class, quality participation in class discussion, capability to participate in discussion class, and ability to explore policies in simulation will be used as evaluation methods.

Required Readings: 1. Mingst, A., Karen. The United Nations in the 21st Century. Boulder. Westview Press. (pages 2-15). 2. Wanis St. John, Anthony. Kew, Darren. Conference Papers- International Studies Association, 2007 Annual Meeting, p1, 0p; ( AN 26958262).

Recommended Readings: 1. Wanis St. John, Anthony. Kew, Darren, Report By: The Missing Link: Civil Society Roles in Peacebuilding Conference Papers -- International Studies Association, 2006 Annual Meeting, p1-18, 0p, 1 chart; ( AN 27207373).

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Session: No. 10: The Role of the UN in Conflict Resolution

Contents: UN in peace agreements. UN Charter.

Objectives of the Session To provide students with a basic knowledge about the UN and its function in conflict resolution and to evaluate the role of the UN in peacekeeping missions, the successes and failures, with some examples of UN peacekeepers.

The Outcomes of the Session Through this session, students will be more interested in the UN and the structure and function of the UN in peacekeeping, peace-building and conflict resolution in different parts of the world.

Teaching Methods This session is lecture-based with group discussion.

Evaluation of the Session The students pre-knowledge about the UN, mastery of asserting questions in the class, active participation in the class discussion, quality of participation and respect to the other students about their views and thoughts will be considered for evaluation.

Required Readings: 1. United Nations Charter. Available at http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/ 2. Mingst, A. Karen. (2007). The UN in the 21st Century. Boulder. Westview Press. 3. United Nations Peace keeping Operations: AD HOC Missions, permanent engagement. New York, NY. United Nations University Press.

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Recommended Readings: 1. White, D., N. (1993). Keeping the Peace: The United Nations and the Maintenance of International Peace and Security. Manchester University Press. (pages 215-256). 2. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, UN Hand Book, An Annual Guide 2006-2007, pages (68-76).

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Session: No. 11: The Sudanese Traditional Method in Conflict Resolution

Contents: The role of the native administration in Sudan. The achievements of applying Sudanese traditional methods in Sudan civil war agreements.

Abstract: Brief History of the Native Administration in Sudan/ Darfur and its Role in Civil War Agreements. Sudans history of violent conflicts and political instability involves many factors. Moreover, conflicts in Sudan are connected to many interrelated issues. The main factors are: resources and ethnic, cultural, demographic, and geographical factors. An International Development Research Centre report titled Resource Scarcity and Conflict Management in the Horn of Africa refers to the importance of resource management in conflicts relating to [] population movement, pressure on resources, and political/security threats. There is an acknowledgement that any strategy for conflict management and maintenance of a long-lasting peace should take into account resource scarcity and the access to and management of natural resources.5 This session will aim to identify the same conditions analyzed in the report, [] the ways of interaction between resource scarcity/degradation and violent conflicts, and outline alternative resource management policies that can prevent further eruption of conflicts in the country [ As well as] the conditions under which competition over scarce and depleted resources develop into conflicts; develop guidelines for post-conflict reconstruction that would minimize the possibilities of the transformation of competition into conflicts; study methods of resource allocation among groups in conflict-prone areas and examine the traditional methods of inter-group conflict resolution; analyze how state control of allocation and management of resources makes the state both the object of

Suliman, Mohamed. 2003. Resource Scarcity and Conflict Management in the Horn of Africa. The International Development Research Centre. From http://idrc.org/en/ev-83042-201_000994-1IDRC_ADM_INFO.html

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conflict and a principal means by which it is waged; and launch a regional network of researchers, community leaders, and policymakers to exchange ideas on resource scarcity, conflict management, and conflict prevention.6 Authorities of the native administration (for example, Magdoum, Shartaye, Nazir, Omda, etc.), have been playing important roles in resolving many conflicts in Sudan, specifically Darfur. Examples of these include, the conflict between Rizeigat and Maalia in the 1960s, Mahria and Banihalba in the 1970s and the Guimir and Fallata in the 1980s. These conflicts however, were over resources and were fought in a limited scope. The native administrative had the ability to control and resolve all these conflicts peacefully, around the Darfurian community representatives of tribes, societies and groups. The role the native administration played was not only in the Darfur region, but also in the whole part of Sudan. Therefore, this session will highlight the role of the native administration in resolving conflict in Sudan in general, and Darfur in particular.

Objectives of the Session This final session highlights strategies that can peacefully resolve the Darfur conflict with the involvement of the Sudanese people. The session will focus on the traditional Sudanese methods usually used in resolving conflicts between individuals as well as groups of insurgencies. By examining these methods, the students can successfully be achieved through the role of native administration. assess which aspect may

The Outcomes of the Session Students will become aware of traditional methods of the conflict resolution process which are generally used in the Sudanese society. They will be able to understand the role of native leaders and their role (negative and positive) in peace agreements. They will also be able to compare the local approaches with the modern conflict resolution approaches in the context of Sudan. Furthermore, students will be able to figure out the reason why the role of the native administration has disappeared and did not have any positive role in the ongoing conflict.

Suliman, Mohamed. 2003. Resource Scarcity and Conflict Management in the Horn of Africa. The International Development Research Centre. From http://idrc.org/en/ev-83042-201_000994-1IDRC_ADM_INFO.html

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Teaching Methods In this session, students are required to actively participate and discuss how to resolve the problem in order to develop recommendations for a solution. Students will be divided into groups to participate in a simulation involving the role of the native administration as a traditional method, particularly in Darfur.

Evaluation of the Session The evaluation of the session will consider the student simulation and participation in this session, as well as the presented information, plan and strategies to resolve the conflict.

Required Readings: 1. A Report by: Nasong'o, Wanjala Shadrack. Murunga, Rapando, Godwin. African & Asian Studies. 2005, Vol. 4 Issue 1/2, p51-82, 32p, 1 chart; DOI: 10.1163/1569209054547328; (AN 17740750). 2. Zartman, I., William. (1985). Ripe for Resolution Conflict and Intervention in Africa. New York. Oxford University Press.

Recommended Readings: 1. Swart, G. and Solomon, H. (2003). The Islamic Fundamentalist State of Sudan. Conflict Trends, 2.

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Session: No. 12: Group Presentations: Analyzing the Darfur Conflicts Escalation and Resolution Process
Objectives of the Session This is the final session in the course. During this session students are required make presentations which cover the whole course. This session will engage the students to focus, first, on conflict formation and escalation in Darfur, Sudan with both underlying and directs causes. Secondly, this presentation session will engage students to highlight the negotiation process from the very beginning of conflict and the current situation. This presentation will demand the students to give their opinion about future challenges and options for establishing and maintaining sustainable peace in Sudan.

The Outcomes of the Session: This additional presentation will provide students with further information on how to analyse conflicts and their resolution. Students will become aware of knowledge and skills in giving presentations using PowerPoint and how to deliver the information.

Teaching Methods Group presentation using PowerPoint is one method IN this session. By the end of the presentation, the teacher will give comments on each group presentation and the information which they introduced in the class. Finally, the teacher can ask the students to write a paper of about 1500 words of a brief summary and analysis of the conflict.

Evaluation of the Session The evaluation will be through the presentation and the students written paper. Above all, students should know that the presentation will be added to the final grade of the course.

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Required Readings (Before the Presentation): 1. Burr, Millard, J. and Collins, O., Robert. (2006). Darfur: The Long Road to Disaster. Markus Weiner publishers. Princeton.. 2. Dallaire, Romo. Report: Looking at Darfur, seeing Rwanda. New York Times, 10/ 4/2004, p25, 1p; (AN 29259134). 3. Marlowe, Jen. Darfur Diaries: Stories of Survival. New York. 4. Douglas, Johnson, Hamilton. (2003). The Root Causes of Sudanese Civil Wars. James Currey Publishers. 5. Gore, Paul et al. (2004). Eight grassroots conflicts in Sudan 2004. UNICEF, Khartoum Sudan. 6. A Journey to Darfur, (DVD). American TV Network.

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Bibliography:
Abdallah, Amr et al. (2002).C.R SIPABIO.A Conflict Analysis Model Burton, John. (1990). Conflict Resolution and Prevention. London. Macmillan Burton, W., John. (1993). Conflict Resolution as a Political Philosophy. In Conflict Resolution Theory and Practice: Integration and Application. Manchester and New York. Manchester University Press. Burton, W., John. (1996). Conflict Resolution. The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Md and London. (pages 2-12). Dallaire, Romo. Report: Looking at Darfur, seeing Rwanda. New York Times, 10/ 4/2004, p25, 1p; (AN 29259134) Deutsch, Morton. Introduction to the Handbook of Conflict Resolution. In The Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice. 2000. San Francisco. Jossey-Bass Publishers. Pages (2-9). Deutsch, Morton. Introduction to the Resolution of Conflict. In The Resolution of Conflict: Constructive and Destructive Processes. 1973. New Haven, CT. Yale University Press. Pages: 3-19. Fisher, S.(2000). Working with Conflict: Skills and Strategies for Action. London. Zed Book publications. (pp.17-22). Fisher, R., Ury, W. and Patton, B. (1991). Getting to Yes, 2nd ed. NY: Penguin. Gaya Best, Shedrack. (2006). Introduction to peace and conflict studies in West Africa. Ibadan, Spectrum Books Limited. (pp.61-72 and Chapter 6, pages 93-113). Gore, Wani, Paul et al. Eight grassroots conflicts in Sudan 2004. UNICEF Khartoum Sudan. Jeong, Ho-Won. (2000). Peace and Conflict Studies: An Introduction. London. Ashgate Publishing Limited. (pp. 31-37). Johnson, Hamilton, Douglas. (2003). The Root Causes of Sudanese Civil Wars. James Currey Publishers. Lederach, Paul, John. (1997). Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies Washington DC. United States Institute of Peace. Lederach, P., John. Preparing for Peace: Conflict Transformation Across Cultures. (pages 57 and 58). Marlowe, Jen. Darfur Diaries: Stories of Survival. New York. (pages 2-10). 43

Mayer, Bernard. (2000). The Dynamics of Conflict Resolution: A Practitioners Guide: San Francisco. Jossey-Bass. (Chapters 7-8). Mial, Hugh. Ramsbotham, Oliver. Woodhouse, Tom. (1999). Contemporary Conflict Resolution. USA. Blackwell Publishing Inc. (pages from1-5). Mingst, Karen. (2007).The United Nations in the 21st Century. Boulder. Westview Press. (pages 2-15). Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, UN Handbook: An Annual Guide 2006-2007. (pages 6876). Moore, C. (2003). The Mediation Process. 3rd ed. San Fran: Jossey- Bass. (page 9). Nasong'o, Shadrack Wanjala; Murunga, Rapando, Godwin. A Report By, African & Asian Studies, 2005, Vol. 4 Issue 1/2, p51-82, 32p, 1 chart; DOI: 10.1163/1569209054547328; (AN 17740750). Otite O. (1990). On Conflict, their Resolution, Transformation and Management. In Otite O. and Albert O. (eds). Community Conflict in Nigeria. Ibadan: Spectrum Books. Ramsbotham, Oliver. Woodhouse, Tom and Miall, Hugh. (2005). Contemporary Conflict Resolution, 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, United Kingdom. de Reuck, A. (1984). The Logic of Conflict: Its Origin, Development and Resolution. In Banks, M. (ed., pp. 97-111). Conflict in world society: a new perspective on international relations. New York: St. Martins Press. Suliman, Mohamed. (2003). Resource Scarcity and Conflict Management in the Horn of Africa. The International Development Research Centre. From http://idrc.org/en/ev-83042201_000994-1-IDRC_ADM_INFO.html Swart, G. and Solomon, H. (2003). The Islamic Fundamentalist State of Sudan. Conflict Trends, 2. Thomas, Kenneth. (1976). Conflict and Conflict Management. In Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. (pages 120-125). Thompson, L. (2004) The Mind and Heart of the Negotiator, 3rd ed. NJ: Prentice Hall. Tidwell, C., Alan. (1998). Conflict resolved?: A Critical Assessment of Conflict Resolution: London. Continuum Publications. (pages 31-85) Understanding Civil Wars. (2005) Africa.Vol.1 Evidence and Analysis. Edited by Paul, Collier and Nicholas Sambanis World Bank Publishers. 44

United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: AD HOC Missions, permanent engagement. UN University Press. New York, NY. United Nations University press. Wallensteen, Peter. (2002). Understanding Conflict Resolution: War, Peace and the Global System. Sage Publications. London. EC2A 4PU. (pages 8 and9). Wanis, St. John, Anthony; Kew, Darren. Conference Papers -- International Studies Association, 2007 Annual Meeting, p1, 0p; ( AN 26958262). Wanis, St. John, Anthony; Kew, Darren. (2006).The missing link: Civil Society Roles in Peace building. Conference Papers -- International Studies Association. Annual Meeting, (p118, 0p, 1 chart; AN 27207373). Webel, Charles and Galtung, Johan. (2008). Hand Book of Peace and Conflict Studies. USA and Canada. (page 35). White, D., N. (1993). Keeping the Peace: Maintenance of International Peace and Security. Manchester University Press. (pages 215-256).. Zartman, W.,I. (1985). Ripe for Resolution Conflict and Intervention in Africa. New York: Oxford University Press.

Videos A Journey to Darfur. (DVD). American TV Network.

Websites Accord: The African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes. Available at: www.accord.org.za/web/home.htm. Centre for Conflict Resolution. Available at: http://ccrweb.ccr.uct.ac.za/ Conflict Transformation by Peaceful Means. Available at: www.transcend.org/ International Conflict Research. Available at: http:/ www.incore.ulst.ac.uk/ Safer Africa. Available at: www.saferafrica.com The Conflict Resolution Information Source Available at: http:/www.crinfo.org/index.jsp. United Nations Charter. Available at: http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter UPEACE Research Center. Available at: www.upeace,org/resources/index.cfm.

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