Propagation Models

Okumura-Hata method ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Introduction

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The Okumura-Hata radio wave propagation prediction is based upon empirical information obtained from measurements in Japan (Okumura, 1965). The Hata formula is a mathematical fit for the Okumura graphical measurement data. The method is based on determining the free-space loss between transmitter and receiver, adding the urban loss, and then adding or subtracting numerous correction factors. The Okumura-Hata model corresponds reasonably well with measurements, especially in urban and suburban areas. However in rural areas (irregular terrain) this is not the case. Therefore correction factors are used. The following types are used: rolling hills, isolated mountains, general slopes (up or down), and mixed land-water paths.

Methodology

The Okumara-Hata formula

Figure1: Antenna and average heights used for the Okumura-Hata formula

Limitation

The Okumara-Hata formula is limited to a certain range of input parameters and is applicable only over quasi-smooth terrain (height variations <= 20 m) and no obstacles are assumed to be close to the BS antenna. The parameters in the Okumura-Hata formula are supposed to be valid for the most common cases of propagation.
General expression

The general expression is: L=a0+a4*(logf)-a2*(loghb)-a*(hm)+[a1a3*(loghb)]*logd-Lc The default values for the parameters are a0=69.55, a1=44.90 etc. These values are taken as a starting point.
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Propagation Models

Parameter adjustment

To verify these model parameters, the calculated results need to be checked by measurements. A comparison between results given by the formula with those obtained from the original curves are negligible (mostly 1 dB). The test values are used to adjust the model parameters for a specific area. The area (sector) for which the model is tuned is then called the reference area (sector).
The Okumara-Hata formula for frequencies of 900/1800

The mean value (median) for the path loss L can be found by the standard path loss formulas according to Hata (See also GSM Rec. 03.30): 1. 900 MHz L=69.55+26.16*(logf)-13.82*(loghb)a*(hm)+[44.96.55*(loghb)]*(logd)-Lc 1800 MHz L=46.3+33.9*(logf)-13.82*(loghb)a*(hm)+[44.96.55*(loghb)]*(logd)-Lc

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The used formula factors are listed in the table below: Okumura-Hata
Factor L f hb hm a (h m) path loss (dB) frequency (MHz) base antenna height (m) mobile antenna height (m) = (1.1*log(f)-0.7)*h m(1.56*log(f)-0.8) mobile antenna height correction distance BTS-MS (km) correction factor for various land usage/clutter categories added to the Hata formula 1-20 km see table clutter classes 150-1500 (2000) MHz 30-200 m antennas above roof level 1-10 m Range

d Lc

Clutter class

The radio wave propagation in built-up areas is influenced considerably by the nature of the urban environment. Examples are: size of the buildings width of the roads parks and open areas

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The most relevant area types are divided in clutter classes. These clutter classes are listed below. clutter classes
Clutter class W O1 O2 F1 water open, no obstructions open, few obstructions wood, low density with small trees or bushes wood, mostly higher and more densely packed trees low density suburban leafy suburban dense suburban low density urban dense urban L c(dB) 29 24 19 19

F2

S1 S2 S3 U1 U2 Adjusting clutter classes

11 5 8 3 0

For the urban class definitions the value of the clutter correction factor can vary. It depends on how the individual clutter types are classified. Therefore it is necessary to calibrate the clutter correction factor for each city. Calculate using the Okumara-Hata model: 1. The distance for a path loss of 138 dB over a leafy suburban environment with f=900 MHz, a base station antenna height of 30 m and a MS antenna height of 1.5 m. The path loss as in the previous case but with a distance of 5 km.

Exercise

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Propagation Models

Walfisch-Ikegami method ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Introduction

The Walfisch-Ikegami model is more recent than the Okumura-Hata model. It is based upon the deterministic models of Walfisch, Ikegami, and Bertoni. The effects of individual buildings and many propagation paths are taken into account: the influence of frequency the effect of street orientation base antennas below roof top level
Walfisch-Ikegami prediction

Figure 2 :

Propagation types

Two types of radio wave propagations are distinguished: LOS (line of sight) NLOS (non line of sight)

NLOS propagation is usual in mobile telephony, in particular in urban areas.

Median path loss in NLOS conditions

The Walfisch-Ikegami statistical propagation loss prediction model for BTS antennas positioned above the roof line (i.e. hb> 0) consists of three components. This results in the total median path loss L (dB) for NLOS: L = LFS+LMSD+LRSDS or L = LFS if LMSD+LRSDS 0

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Each of these components are described as follows FS (freespace): LFS=32.4+20*logd+20*logf MSD (multi screen diffraction): LMSD=-18*log(1+hb)+50+18*logd+0.7*((f/925)-1)-9*logb RSDS (roof to street diffraction and scatter): LRSDS=-16.910*logw+10*logf+20*loghm+Lst where Lst is the orientation factor which is dependent on the street orientation with respect to the direct radio path orientation. The options are: Lst=-10+0.354, for 0o < 35o Lst=2.5+0.075, for 35o < 55o Lst=4.0+0.114, for 55o < 90o

Walfisch-Ikegami
Factor f d w b h b hb h m hm L st L FS L MSD L RSDS frequency (MHz) distance BTS-MS (km) average street width (m) avg. sum of one building and one street width (m) BTS antenna height over building height (m) BTS antenna height (m) building height over MS antenna height (m) MS antenna height (m) path loss as a function of the street orientation (dB) path loss in free space (dB) path loss with multi screen diffraction (dB) path loss with roof to street diffraction and scatter(dB) 1-3 m 4-50 m Range 800-2000 MHz 0.02-5 km,

Median path loss in LOS conditions

The median path loss with free LOS (Street canyon) for BTS antennas positioned below the roof line (i.e. hb< 0) is as follows: L=42.6+26*logd+20*logf for d0.020 km
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Comparison of two models

The Walfisch-Ikegami is preferably used for microcells because it takes into account the effects of diffraction (by e.g. buildings) and scattering. The Okumura-Hata model is based on quasi-smooth terrain with no obstacles and therefore it is best applicable for macrocells.

Exercise

Calculate (using the Walfisch-Ikegami model) the path loss: 1. in NLOS conditions over a distance of 3 km, f=900 MHz, base station antenna height of 31.5 m, mobile station antenna height of 1.5 m, building height of 21.5 m, street width of 30 m, width of building 20 m. The street orientation is on the average 15o with respect to the radio path. in LOS conditions over a distance of 3 km and f=900 MHz.

2.

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