JOURNAL OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS, VOLUME 4, ISSUE 2, SEPTEMBER 2010 1

Performance Diversity Techniques for Wireless Communication System

Mohammed Aboud Kadhim and Dr.Widad Ismail
AbstractDiversity is an influential communication receiver technique that provides wireless link enhancement at a relatively low cost.
Diversity techniques are used in wireless communications systems to principally to develop performance over a fading radio channel. In such a system, the receiver is provided with multiple copies of the same information signal which are transmitted over two or more real or practical communication channels. Thus the basic idea of diversity is repetition or redundancy of information. The demands for greater capacity and lower transmitted power have historically motivated research .in this paper describe the different receive diversity and compare between them in BPSK modulation and Rayleigh fading channel Index TermsDiversity, MRC, SC, EGC, MIMO, BER, SNR

1. INTRODUCTION

HE Diversity Techniques has an increasingly significant role to play in wireless communications systems for a host of applications. Examples include digital cellular networks and mobile radio, wireless LANs and wireless local loops, digital audio and television broadcasting systems, and indoor wireless and personal communication Systems. Indeed, accommodating the dramatic growth in require for such services and meeting increasingly challenging performance specifications will require that complicated signal processing algorithms be an integral part of next-generation systems. In wireless applications, fading due to multipath propagation strictly impacts system performance. Though, the effects of fading can be substantially mitigated during the use of diversity techniques in such systems via accurately designed signal processing algorithms at both the transmitters and receivers. Practical, high-performance systems require that temporal diversity is efficient when the fading is time selective, this form of diversity can be exploited depends on delay constraints in the system relation to the coherence time of the fading process, which, in turn, is a function of, e.g., vehicle speeds in mobile applications. These constraints are often quite stringent for two-way voice communication but can, in principle, be significantly milder for broadcast applications. Error

Mohammed Aboud Kadhim School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Seri Ampangan, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Seberang Perai Selatan, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. Dr.Widad Ismail School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Seri Ampangan, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Seberang Perai Selatan, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.

correction coding [1] shared with interleaving, or precoding techniques of the type described in [2] [3], are examples of ways in which temporal diversity can be powerfully exploited. Spectral diversity is effective when the fading is frequency selective, i.e., varies as a function of frequency. This form of diversity can be exploited when the available bandwidth for transmission is large enough that individual multipath components can begin to be resolved. Examples of systems that take benefit of frequency diversity are direct-sequence or frequencyhopped spread-spectrum communication systems, which are designed to use wideband transmission formats. Yet in situations where the fading channel is nonselective, i.e., neither times selective nor frequency selective, or when system constraints prevent the use of these forms of temporal or spectral diversity, spatial diversity can be used to provide substantial development in system performance. Spatial diversity involves the use of multiple antennas sufficiently well-separated at the receiver and/or the transmitter that the individual transmission paths experience successfully independent fading. The extent to which this form of diversity can be exploited depends on issues such as cost and physical size constraints. The use of multiple antennas at the receiver, which is mentioned to as receive diversity, is rather easily exploited. Classical electrical communication systems from a century ago previously featured rudimentary forms of diversity, where operators manually selected the receiver with the best quality. Automatic selection of the strongest among various receivers was discussed as early as 1930 [4]. This of course led to the suggestion of receive antenna combining, initially for microwave links [5][6]. MRC (Maximum Ratio Combining), by far the greatest omnipotent combining scheme, was first proposed in 1954 [7]. The manufacturing, however, remained largely ambivalent about multiple antennas at mobile devices. After all featured in early AMPS trials in the 1970s, and in defiance of repeated

2010 JOT http://sites.google.com/site/journaloftelecommunications/

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preferable studies (e.g., [8]), until newly its adoption had been resisted. Multiple base station antennas instantly to permit for uplink receive diversity. It is less clear, on the other hand, how to accomplish diversity in the downlink using only multiple transmit antennas. In Rayleigh fading, transmitting each symbol from every antenna at the same time is equivalent to using a single transmit antenna [9]. Suboptimal forms were formulated that convert the spatial selectivity across the transmit antennas into effective time or frequency selectivity. In these forms, multiple copies of each symbol are transmitted from the various antennas, each subject to either a phase shift [10] or a time delay [11]. From the standpoint of the receiver, then, the effective channel that the signal has passed through displays advance time or frequency selectivity and thus a diversity benefit can be reaped via coding and interleaving. More purified transmit diversity techniques did not advance until the 1990s. explored in [12], these techniques burgeoned into OSTBC (orthogonal space-time block codes) [13] and, hence, onto space-time codes at large. Albeit first suggested for single-antenna receivers, OSTBCs can also be used in MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) communication, i.e., when both transmitter and receiver have a multiplicity of antennas. This permits for additional diversity, and thus credibility, but no increases in the number of information symbols per MIMO symbol. Concurrently with space-time coding, the principles of spatial multiplexing were also formulated in the 1990s [14].The principle in spatial multiplexing is to transmit different symbols from each antenna and have the receiver separate these symbols by taking benefit of the fact that, due to spatial selectivity, each transmit antenna has a different spatial signature at the receiver. This does permit for an increased number of information symbols per MIMO symbol; depending on the particular transmission technique used, dependability benefits may or may not be reaped. Altogether, the powerful thrust promised by MIMO is lastly bringing multi antenna devices to the marketplace. Indeed, MIMO is an integral feature of emerging wireless systems such as 3GPP LTE (Long-Term Evolution) [15], 3GPP2 Ultra Mobile Broadband, and IEEE 802.16 WIMAX [16]. In this paper that practical bandwidth-efficient techniques for exploiting transmit and receive diversity can be explained and that they dramatically improve system performance. In particular, we explained a class of highly efficient linear signal processing algorithms for exploiting transmit diversity on nonselective fading channels without incurring bandwidth expansion. Additionally, these algorithms can be powerfully shared with other forms of diversity and error-correction coding to more develop system performance.

the receiver diversity system. Since the path between the mobile and base is assumed to be reciprocal, diversity systems implemented in a mobile will work similarly to those in a base station. There are two general types of diversity schemes [17].

Fig.1. Type of Diversity

2.1 Macroscopic diversity scheme:

The Macroscopic diversity system is used for combining two or further long-term lognormal signals, which are obtained via separately fading paths received from two or further different antennas at different base-station sites. The local denote strength varies because of variations of terrain between the mobile transmitter and the base station receiver. If only one antenna site is used, the traveling mobile unit may not be capable to transmit a signal to the base station at certain environmental locations because of terrain variations such as hills or mountains. as a result, two separated antenna sites can be used to receive two signals and to combine them to reduce long-term fading. The selective combining technique is suggested in the macroscopic diversity scheme since other methods need coherent combining that is not easy to accomplish when the receivers are some distance apart. Macroscopic diversity is often used in short-wave systems to decrease the effects of fading from the ionosphere. Cellular and PCS system achieve the same effect by handoffs to nearby cell sites when the signal strength becomes weak [18].

2.2 Microscopic diversity scheme:

The Microscopic diversity system is used for combining two or further short-term Rayleigh signals, which are obtained via separately fading paths received from two or further different antennas but only at one receiving co site. One time the diversity branches are created, any of the combining methods can be used. In mobile wireless communications, multipath fading can cause constructive and destructive interference. A well-liked method to mitigate the effects of multipath fading is diversity, a procedure of obtaining multiple independent signal branches during many dimensions together with time, frequency, polarization, angle, filed , multipath and space the methods by which microscopic diversity can be achieved generally fall into one of the following categories or a mixture of them [19, 20-24].

2. Type of Diversity
In this section, we observe the type of diversity as shown in Figure 1 that can be used to provide the inputs to the diversity combiner. The majority diversity systems are implemented in the receiver in its place of the transmitter since no extra transmitter power is needed to implement

2.2.1 Time Diversity:

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Time diversity reception techniques are mostly applicable to the transmission of digital data over a fading channel. In time diversity, the same data are sent over the channel at time intervals of the order of the reciprocal of the baseband fade rate .

2.2.2 Frequency Diversity:

Frequency diversity is implemented by transmitting information on further than one carrier frequency. The rationale behind this technique is that frequencies separated by further than the coherence bandwidth of the channel will be uncorrelated and will thus not knowledge the same fades. in theory, if the channels are uncorrelated, the probability of simultaneous fading will be product of the individual fading probabilities.

Field diversity exploits the fact that the electric and magnetic field components at any point are uncorrelated. 2.2.7 Multipath Diversity Multipath diversity is obtained by resolving multipath components at different delays by using direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) signaling along with a RAKE receiver.

2.3 Basic Diversity Combining Methods:

The collection of independently fading signal branches can then be combined in a variety of ways to get better the received SNR. Since the chance of having two deep fades from two uncorrelated signals at any instant is rare, combining them can reduce the effect of the fades. The three most prevalent space diversity-combining techniques are SC, EGC, and MRC. MRC co-phases the signal branches, weights them according to their respective SNRs, and then takes their sum. MRC is the mainly complex combining technique, but also yields the highest SNR. The study of all of these diversity techniques is presented here.

2.2.3 Polarization Diversity:

Signals transmitted in also horizontal or vertical electric fields are uncorrelated at both the mobile and Base station receivers. The horizontal and vertical polarization components, Ex and Ey, transmitted by two polarized antennas at the base station and received by two polarized antennas at the mobile unit, can provide two uncorrelated fading signal.

2.3.1 Selection diversity:

Selection diversity is the simplest of all the diversity schemes. It is based on the probability that the received signals are larger than a threshold an ideal selection combiner chooses the signal with the highest immediate SNR of all the branches, so the output SNR is identical to that of the best incoming signal and makes it available to the receiver at all times. Multiple branches will get better the probability of having a better SNR at the receiver [25].

2.2.4 Angle Diversity:

When the operating frequency is larger than 10 GHz, the scattering of the signals from transmitter to receiver generates received signals from different directions that are uncorrelated with each other. Thus, two or more directional antennas can be pointed in different directions at the receiving site and give signals for a combiner. This system is more successful at the mobile unit than at the base station since the scattering is from local buildings and vegetation and is more pronounced at street level than at the height of base station antennas.

2.3.2 Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC)

Maximum Ratio Combining combines the information from all received branches for a multiple antenna system in order to increase the SNR. We implement different gains to each antenna to improve the signal to noise ratio for the combined signals. We use the different proportional constant factors and gain is almost equal to the route mean square of the signal level. Maximum Ratio Combining can provide the diversity gain and array gain but it does not help in spatial multiplexing scenario [25].

2.2.5 Space Diversity:

Space Diversity, also identified as antenna diversity, is one of the most popular forms of diversity used in wireless systems. Conventional wireless systems consist of a high base station antenna and a mobile antenna close to the ground. The existence of a direct path between the transmitter and the receiver is not guaranteed and the possibility of a number of scatterers in the vicinity of the mobile suggests a Rayleigh fading signal. Two antennas separated physically by a short distance d can provide two signals with low correlation between their fades. The separation d in general varies with antenna height h and with frequency. The higher the frequency, the closer the two antennas can be to each other. Naturally a separation of a few wavelengths is sufficient to get uncorrelated signals.

2.3.3 Equal Gain Combining:

EGC diversity receiver is of practical interest because of its reduced complexity relative to optimum maximal ratio combining scheme while achieving near-optimal performance [25]. It is the sum of all the signals received in order to increase the available SNR at the receiver. The gain of all of the branches is set to a particular value that does not Change which is in contrast to MRC.

3. Simulation &Result:
Various diversity techniques were simulated in MATLAB. These included Selection Combining (SC), Equal Gain Combining (EGC), and Maximum Ratio Combining

2.2.6 Field Diversity

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(MRC). The results were used to plot outage probability for multipath fading channels. The results were compared theoretical result. The generality and computational efficiency of the simulations make them a powerful means for testing theoretical and simulation results. When applied to multipath communication channel on the dual antenna systems. Also, simulations carried out for varying number of antenna elements show that the performance of the antenna system improves as the number of antenna elements increase. However even in this case MRC shows the best performance i.e. the BER improves with the increase in the SNR. Hence it can be finally concluded that EGC receiver performance is superior to selection diversity performance while it is only slightly inferior as compared to MRC. EGC is often used in practice because of its reduced complexity relative to the optimum MRC scheme. This is because the latter requires the information of the fading amplitude in each signal branch while the former requires no such knowledge.
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16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 theory sim 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Number of receive antenna 16 18 20

Fig.4. Effective SNR with Maximal Ratio Combining in Rayleigh fading channel
nRx=1 (theory) nRx=1 (sim) nRx=2 (theory) nRx=2 (sim)

SNR gain, dB

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Fig.2. Effective SNR with Selection Diversity in Rayleigh fading channel

nRx=1 (theory) nRx=1 (sim) nRx=2 (theory) nRx=2 (sim)

Fig.5. BER plot for BPSK in Rayleigh channel with Maximal Ratio Combining
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Fig.3. BER plot for BPSK in Rayleigh channel with Selection Diversity

Fig.6. Effective SNR with equal gain combining in Rayleigh fading channel

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10

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Fig.7. BER plot Receive Diversity with Equal Gain Combining

4. Conclusion
In this paper, various diversity and diversity combining techniques are discussed in detail. The various types of diversity are used to provide the inputs to the diversity combiner. Now, since there are a variety of ways in which the independently fading signal branches can be combined, hence, the three most prevalent space diversitycombining techniques used are the Maximal Ratio Combining, Equal Gain Combining, and Selection Combining. These combining techniques are discussed and analyzed in detail In future these diversity techniques can further be applied to the more realistic frequency-selective fading channel models. Moreover, the work can also be extended to other combining techniques like Optimum Combining and Adaptive Combining.

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[25] Howard Bonds III, System Performance in Fading Channel Environments, M.S.E.E,May 2003

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank the School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, USM, and the USM RU (Research University) grant Secretariat, RU fund: 814038 for sponsoring this work.

Mohammed Aboud Kadhim received a BEng in Electronic and Electrical Engineering from the Technology University, Baghdad, Iraq in July 1996, and a Master of Science from the Technology University, Baghdad, Iraq in 2002. He is currently a pursuing his PhD degree at the School of Electrical and Electronic, University Sains Malaysia.

Widad Ismail graduated from University of Huddersfield, UK in 1999 and earned First Class Honors in Electronics and Communications Engineering and she received her PhD in Electronics Engineering from University of Birmingham, UK in 2004. She is currently a Senior Lecturer at the School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, USM in Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia. She has contributed extensively in research and in the areas of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Active Integrated Antennas (AIA), RF systems and Wireless Systems Design. She has initiated Auto-ID Laboratory (AIDL), Malaysia in 2008 as a research and commercialize oriented centre where the main objective is to become a hub for research and commercialization activities. These research works have produced 8 filed patents, 4 international awards, 3 commercial products & more than 50 publications including international journal papers, conference/seminars and other publications. She is also a member of IEEE and Wireless World Research Forum (WWRF).