1. DNA and proteins 2.

Gene factor of heredity that controls a feature Allele a specific form of a gene Genome all of the genetic material of an organism 3. Gene mutation a change in the base pairs of a gene 4. When T is substituted in for A in a particular nucleotide, a different structure is created. This results in a different function one that cannot properly transmit oxygen. 5. Meiosis forms haploids because it takes one chromosome from each pair of the diploid cell. 6. Homologous chromosomes two chromosomes from two parents that look the same and have the same genes. 7. Meiosis consists of 2 phases, meiosis I and meiosis II, each divided in to its own phases. In prophase I, homologous chromosomes are paired and they are later split in anaphase I. This pairing results in crossing over, which is when the pairs exchange genetic material, resulting in more genetic variation. Each of the two phases splits the cell or cells going through it in two, resulting in two cells at the end of meiosis I and four haploid cells and the end of meiosis II. 8. If the homologous chromosomes do not separate during anaphase I through a process known as disjuncture, that chromosome grouping will not be a pair, it may have too many or too few chromosomes. Down syndrome, for example, is trisomy 21, which is when chromosome group 21 has 3 chromosomes instead of 2 as a result of the homologous pair not splitting during anaphase I. 9. Chromosomes are arranged in pairs based on their size and structure in karyotyping. 10. Each of these two tests allows for karyotyping and serve to test for increased risk of genetic mutations. Chorionic villus sampling involves taking a sample of the fetal tissue during the 11th or 12th week of pregnancy, while amniocentesis involves drawing from fetal fluid during the 16th week. Both result in a karyotype that matches that of the unborn baby. 11. The disorder in this karyotype is Edwards syndrome, which is typically fatal. 11. Prophase in tetrads, crossing over occurs Metaphase lined up along center of cell, spindle fiber pulls them Anaphase pulled to opposite sides, separated Telophase spindle fibers disappear, back in nucleus 12. The two chromosomes in a tetrad cross over, and the X shaped region in which this occurs is the chiasmata. 13. The cell gets variety both from the possibility of having a different chromosome pulled away from metaphase and through crossing over. 14. "Allele pairs separate independently of each other during the formation of gametes." 15. Allele pairs separate during meiosis, which is also when gametes form. 18. Crossing over chromatids give up pieces of their DNA, which result in them giving each other alleles. 19. Linkage group - A group of gene loci known to be linked, which is a chromosome. 20. If one parent is homozygous dominant and the other is recessive, the first generation can only be heterozygous, while the second generation will follow the 9:3:3:1 pattern. 22. Polygenic inheritance - More than one particular gene codes for the inheritance of a specific trait. 23.