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mks units
The first principle of any exact science is measurement. In mechanics there are three fundamental quantities which are subject to measurement:
1. Intervals in space: i.e., lengths. 2. Quantities of inertia, or mass, possessed by various bodies. 3. Intervals in time.

Any other type of measurement in mechanics can be reduced to some combination of measurements of these three quantities. Each of the three fundamental quantities--length, mass, and time--is measured with respect to some convenient standard. The system of units currently used by all scientists, and most engineers, is called the mks system--after the first initials of the names of the units of length, mass, and time, respectively, in this system: i.e., the meter, the kilogram, and the second. The mks unit of length is the meter (symbol m), which was formerly the distance between two scratches on a platinum-iridium alloy bar kept at the International Bureau of Metric Standard in Svres, France, but is now defined as the distance occupied by wavelengths of light of the orangered spectral line of the isotope Krypton 86 in vacuum. The mks unit of mass is the kilogram (symbol kg), which is defined as the mass of a platinum-iridium alloy cylinder kept at the International Bureau of Metric Standard in Svres, France. The mks unit of time is the second (symbol s), which was formerly defined in terms of the Earth's rotation, but is now defined as the time for

oscillations associated with the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the isotope Cesium 133. In addition to the three fundamental quantities, classical mechanics also deals with derived quantities, such as velocity, acceleration, momentum, angular momentum, etc. Each of these derived quantities can be reduced to some particular combination of length, mass, and time. The mks units of these derived quantities are, therefore, the corresponding combinations of the mks units of length, mass, and time. For instance, a velocity can be reduced to a length divided by a time. Hence, the mks units of velocity are meters per second:
(1)

Here,

stands for a velocity,

for a length, and

for a time, whereas the

operator represents the units, or dimensions, of the quantity contained within the brackets. Momentum can be reduced to a mass times a velocity. Hence, the mks units of momentum are kilogram-meters per second:
(2)

Here, stands for a momentum, and for a mass. In this manner, the mks units of all derived quantities appearing in classical dynamics can easily be obtained.

Standard prefixes
mks units are specifically designed to conveniently describe those motions which occur in everyday life. Unfortunately, mks units tend to become rather unwieldy when dealing with motions on very small scales (e.g., the motions of molecules) or very large scales (e.g., the motion of stars in the Galaxy). In order to help cope with this problem, a set of standard prefixes has been devised, which allow the mks units of length, mass, and time to be modified so

as to deal more easily with very small and very large quantities: these prefixes are specified in Tab. 1. Thus, a kilometer (km) represents m, a nanometer (nm) represents m, and a femtosecond (fs) represents s. The standard prefixes can also be used to modify the units of derived quantities.

Table 1: Standard prefixes Factor Prefix Symbol Factor Prefix Symbol exapetateragigaE P T G decicentimillimicronanopicoatton p a d c m

mega- M kilok hecto- h deka- da

femto- f

Other units
The mks system is not the only system of units in existence. Unfortunately, the obsolete cgs (centimeter-gram-second) system and the even more obsolete fps (foot-pound-second) system are still in use today, although their continued employment is now strongly discouraged in science and engineering (except in the US!). Conversion between different systems of units is, in principle, perfectly straightforward, but, in practice, a frequent source of error. Witness, for example, the recent loss of the Mars Climate Orbiter because the engineers who designed its rocket engine used fps units whereas the NASA mission controllers employed mks units. Table 2 specifies the various conversion factors between mks, cgs, and fps units. Note that, rather confusingly (unless you are an engineer in the US!), a pound is a unit of force, rather than mass. Additional non-standard units of length include the inch ( ), the yard ( ), and the mile ( ). Additional non-standard ; in the UK,

units of mass include the ton (in the US,

), and the metric ton ( additional non-standard units of time include the minute ( hour ( ), the day ( ).

). Finally, ), the

), and the year (

Table 2: Conversion factors 1cm 1g 1ft 1lb 1slug m kg m N kg

Basic Units
In mechanics there are only three basic units: length, mass and time. US Customary units are based on feet (or inches), pounds, and seconds (or hours). MKS, or SI units are based on meters (m), kilograms (kg) , and seconds (s). Pounds are used for both mass (a basic quantity, sometimes written as lbm) and force (a derived quantity, sometimes written as lbf). Under earth gravity 1 lbm weighs 1 lbf. Quantity Mass U.S. Customary Units 1 lbm 2.204 lbm Length 1 in. 39.37 in. 1 ft. 3.281 ft. MKS Unit Equivalent 0.4536 kg 1 kg 0.0254 m 1m 0.3048 m 1m

Back to top

Derived Units
Derived units include force, velocity, stress or pressure, energy, power, volume and others. Here are just a few that you will need for the torsion lab. You can find further examples in standard mechanics textbooks. Quantity Force U.S. Customary Units 1 lbf 0.2248 lbf Stress or Pressure 1 lb/in2 = 1 psi 0.0001450 psi 1000 lb/in2 = 1 ksi 0.1450 ksi MKS Unit Equivalent 4.448 N 1N 6895. N/m2 = 6895. Pa 1 Pa 6 895 000 Pa = 6.895 MPa 1 MPa Torque 1 lbf-in 8.850 lbf-in Back to top 0.1130 N-m 1 N-m

Worked Examples
Elastic Modulus The elastic modulus, E, of 2024 aluminum alloy is approximately . What is E in MKS units? Using the basic units and expressing the unit MKS values in terms of their US equivalents:

This example could also be done using the derived units,

Weight What is the weight, in lbf of a circular PMMA (plexiglass) cylinder, 15 mm diameter and 130 mm long? You need to know the density of PMMA. It is approximately 1.2 g/cm3. Mass=volume x density=

Mass in US units= Weight in US units equals the mass in US units, so the weight is 0.068 lbf. Back to top

Approximate Conversions to Memorize

You can approximate most unit conversions in your head if you can recall a few basic results. Here are a few numbers you should know: 1 kg approx.2 lbm 1 kg mass weighs about 10 N, thus 2 lbf approx. 10 N, or 1 lbf approx. 5 N. 1 inch approx. 25 mm 1 m approx. 40 inches 1 ksi approx. 7 MPa

1 N-m approx. 10 lbf-in Back to top Getting the Feel of Conversions Knowing the approximate value of important engineering constants and material properties will also help you become more comfortable with working with both US and MKS units. Here are some commonly used quantities: Quantity Elastic Modulus of Aluminum Elastic Modulus of Steel Elastic Modulus of PMMA Yield stress of low strength steel Yield stress of very high strength steel A pencil diameter Paper clip diameter Weight of a small car Units of Measurements
0.3 in 7.6 mm=.0076 m 420 ksi 2.9 GPa

Value in U.S. Customary Units

Value in MKS Units

345 MPa

.032 in (or 32/1000 in)

.8 mm

2250 lbf

10 000 N = 10 kN

Introduction: - Measurement of any physical quantity involves comparison with a certain basic, arbitrarily chosen, internationally accepted reference standard called unit.

Magnitude: - The number of times, a standard quantity is present in the physical quantity, is known as the magnitude of the physical quantity. Fundamental Quantity: - A physical quantity which is independent of any other quantity is a fundamental quantity. Fundamental Unit: - The unit of a physical quantity which is independent of any other quantity is called a fundamental unit. Complementary Fundamental Units: - Units of angle (degrees) and solid angle. Derived Quantities: - The physical quantities which can be derived from other physical quantities are called derived quantities. All other quantities except the fundamental quantities are derivable. The units of these quantities are also derivable from the fundamental units and are called derived units. Derived Units: - The units of physical quantities which can be expressed in terms of fundamental units are called derived units. For example, area, pressure, density and speed are derived quantities and their units square meter, Pascal kilogram metre-3 and meter second-1 are derived from the fundamental units.

SYSTEMS OF UNITS To measure the fundamental quantities length, mass and time there are three standardized systems of units. They are: 1. CGS (Metric) 2. FPS (British) 3. MKS System. Their units are as shown in the table below: System FPS CGS Length Foot Centimeter Mass Pound Gram Time Second Second

MKS

Meter

kilogram

Second

C.G.S. System: In this system the unit of length is centimeter; the unit is mass of gram, and the unit of time is second. F.P.S. System: In the F.P.S. system, the unit of length is foot, the unit of mass is pound and the unit of time is second. M.K.S. System: In this system, the unit of length is meter, the unit of mass is kilogram and the unit of times is second. Coherent System of Units: - A coherent system of units is a system based on a certain set of basic (or fundamental) units from which all derived units may be obtained by simple multiplication or division without introducing any numerical factors. S.I. system of units is a coherent system of units for all types of physical quantities. S.I. Units: - S.I. unit is the short name of System International de units which means International system of units. It is an extension of M.K.S. system. Derived S.I. Units
SI Units SI Units Page 2

SI Units

QUANTITY

NAME

SYMBOL

acceleration angular acceleration angular momentum angular velocity area cfficient of linear expansion concentration (of amount of substance) density

metre per second squared radian per second squared kilogram metre squared per second radian per second square metre 1 per kelvin mole per cubic metre kilogram per cubic metre

m/s rad/s kgm/s rad/s m K mol/m kg/m

diffusion cfficient electric current density exposure rate (ionising radiation) kinematic viscosity luminance magnetic field strength magnetic moment mass flow rate mass per unit area mass per unit length molality molar mass molar volume moment of inertia moment of momentum momentum radioactivity (disintergration rate) rotational frequency specific volume speed velocity volume wave number SI Units

metre squared per second ampere per square metre ampere per kilogram metre squared per second candela per square metre ampere per metre ampere metre squared kilogram per second kilogram per square metre kilogram per metre mole per kilogram kilogram per mole cubic metre per mole kilogram metre squared kilogram metre squared per second kilogram metre per second 1 per second 1 per second cubic metre per kilogram metre per second metre per second cubic metre 1 per metre

m/s A/m A/kg m/s cd/m A/m Am kg/s kg/m kg/m mol/kg kg/mol m/mol kgm kgm/s kgm/s s s m/kg m/s m/s m m

QUANTITY

NAME

SYMBOL

SI units and Additional units

absorbed dose coefficient of heat transfer conductivity dielectric polarization displacement

joule per kilogram watt per meter squared Kelvin siemens per meter coulomb per square meter coulomb per square meter

J/kg W/mK S/m C/m C/m

ms kgsK mkgsA msA msA

dynamic viscosity electric charge density electric dipole moment electric field strength energy density entropy exposure (ionizing radiation) heat capacity heat flux density magnetic dipole moment molar energy molar entropy molar heat capacity moment of force permeability permittivity radiant intensity reluctance resistivity specific energy specific entropy specific heat capacity specific latent heat surface charge density surface tension thermal conductivity torque

Pascal second coulomb per cubic meter coulomb meter volt per meter joule per Kelvin

Pas C/m Cm V /m J/K

mkgs msA msA mkgsA mkgs mkgsK kgsA mkgsK kgs mkgsA mkgsmol mkgsKmol mkgsKmol mkgs mkgsA mkgs^4A mkgssrl mkgsA mkgsA ms msK msK ms msA kgs mkgsK mkgs

joule per cubic meter J/m

coulomb per kilogram C/kg joule per Kelvin weber meter joule per mole J/K Wbm J/mol

watt per square meter W /m

joule per mole Kelvin J/molK joule per mole Kelvin J/molK newton meter Henry per meter farad per meter watt per steradian 1 per henry ohm metre joule per kilogram joule per kilogram Kelvin joule per kilogram Kelvin joule per kilogram coulomb per square meter newton per meter newton meter Nm H/m F/m W /sr H m J/kg J/kgK J/kgK J/kg C/m N/m Nm

watt per metre Kelvin W /mK