IT Systems In Business

An Introduction

System
A set of elements or components that interact to

accomplish goals
Components of the systems
Input
Processing mechanism Output

Feedback

Systems Classification

Modeling a System
A model is an abstraction that is used to

represent reality
4 major types of models A narrative model is based on words Logical, not physical A physical model is tangible A schematic model is a graphic representation Graphs and charts A mathematical model is an arithmetic representation

Modeling a System

Information System
It is a set of interrelated components that collect,

manipulate, and disseminate data and information, and provide feedback to meet an objective
Examples: ATMs, airline reservation systems,

Railway reservation systems

What is an Information System?

Control of System Performance

Input of Data Resources

Processing Data

Output of Information Products

Storage of Data Resources

Data Vs. Information

Data: raw facts Information: collection of facts organized in such

a way that they have value beyond the facts themselves

Data Vs. Information

Data versus Information

Monthly Sales Report for West Region Sales Rep: Charles Mann Emp No. 79154 Item Qty Sold Price TM Shoes 1200 $100

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Turning Data Into Information

Turning data into information is a process or set

of related tasks performed to achieve a definite outcome

Data

Transformation of data into information by applying knowledge to select, organize and manipulate data

Information

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Types of Data
Alphanumeric data - Numbers, letters and other

characters Images - Graphic Images, pictures Audio - Sound files Video - Moving video files, clips

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Attributes of Information Quality

Accurate

Complete
Economical Flexible

Reliable
Relevant Simple to use Timely Verifiable Accessible Secure
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Attributes of Information Quality

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Components of an Information System

Feedback

Input

Processing

Output

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Information System Activities

Input of data resources

Processing of data into information

Output of Information Storage of data Control of System performance

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Examples of IS in Business
Functions using IS Finance and Accounting Sales and Marketing Manufacturing

Companies using IS
Investment firms Banks Publishing companies

Healthcare organizations
Management consulting firms Telecommunication and.. Btw.. Tell me who is not using it ?
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Components of an Information System

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Components of a CBIS

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Components of a CBIS
People

Processes
Technology
Hardware

Software
Data Network

Internet

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But.. Why do we need IS

Lowe costs

Differentiate
Innovate Promote growth Develop alliances

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Major Roles of Information Systems

Support of Strategic Advantage

Support of Managerial Decision Making

Support of Business Operations

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History of the role of Information Systems

1950-1960 1960-1970 Management Reporting 1970-1980 Decision Support 1980-1990 Strategic & End User 1990-2000

Data Processing

Electronic Commerce

Electronic Data Processing - TPS

Management Information Systems

Decision Support Systems - Ad hoc Reports

End User Computing Exec Info Sys Expert Systems SIS

Electronic Business & Commerce -Internetworked E-Business & Commerce

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What is expected of you ?

As a business professional,
You should be able to recognize the fundamental

components of IS in the real world

The people, hardware, software, data and network

components of the IS
The type of data required and information produced by

the system
The way the IS perform the input, processing, output,

storage and control activities

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Hardware

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Hardware is .
that part of computer

which

you can actually kick

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Worlds First Computer

(1387 AD)
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Computer System Categories

Mainframe Computers

Midrange Computers

Microcomputers

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Microcomputer Systems
Handheld Computers PDA, Information Appliances Notebook Computers Desktop Computers Workstations

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Network Computers and Terminals

Network Computer

(Thin Client)
NetPC Network Terminal

Benefits Lower purchase cost Easier maintenance Easier software distribution and licensing Computer platform standardization Reduced end user support requirements Improved manageability

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Client Server Networking

Host Systems/ Superservers

Client Systems Servers

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Hardware Components
Central processing unit (CPU)

Primary storage (main memory)

Secondary storage Motherboard Others Input devices Output devices

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Computer System Components

Central Processing Unit
Input Devices

Control Unit

ALU

Output Output Devices Devices

Special Purpose Processors

Cache Memory

Primary Storage

Keyboard Mouse Touch Screen Optical Scanner Voice Recognition

Visual Display Unit Printer Audio-Response Physical Control Devices

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Magnetic tapes Tape Units Optical discs

Secondary Storage Devices

Central Processing Unit

The microprocessor

"brain" of the computer system Everything that a computer does is overseen by the CPU

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Hardware Components in Action

Step 1: Fetch instruction

Step 2: Decode instruction

Step 3: Execute the instruction Step 4: Store results

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Hardware Components in Action

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Trends in Computer System Capabilities

First Second Third Fourth Fifth Generation Generation Generation Generation Generation

Trend: Toward Smaller, Faster, More Reliable, and Less Costly

Greater Power, Smaller Footprint

Vacuum Tubes

Solid-State

Integrated Circuits

LSI, VLSI Microprocessors

Trend: Toward Easy to Purchase, and Easy to Maintain

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Primary Storage Media

Storage used to hold data Some memory connect directly to the microprocessor
Random-access memory (RAM) - Used to temporarily store information that the

computer is currently working with

Read-only memory (ROM) - A permanent type of memory storage used by the

computer for important data that does not change

Basic input/output system (BIOS) - A type of ROM that is used by the computer to

establish basic communication when the computer is first turned on

Caching - The storing of frequently used data in extremely fast RAM that connects

directly to the CPU

Virtual memory - Space on a hard disk used to temporarily store data and swap it in

and out of RAM as needed

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Cache Memory

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Secondary Storage Media

Some memory use for permanent storage Hard disk - large-capacity permanent storage used to hold information such as programs and documents Removable storage - devices that allow to add new information to your computer very easily, as well as save information that you want to carry to a different location
Floppy disk - inexpensive and easy to save information to Now almost obsolete CD-ROM (compact disc, read-only memory) - popular form of distribution of

commercial software. CD-R (recordable) and CD-RW (rewritable)

Flash memory - Based on a type of ROM called electrically erasable programmable

read-only memory (EEPROM), Flash memory provides fast, permanent storage

DVD-ROM - DVD-ROM (digital versatile disc, read-only memory) - similar to CD-

ROM but capable of holding much more information.

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Secondary Storage
Advantages Non-volatility greater capacity greater economy Access methods, storage capacities, and portability

required are determined by the information systems objectives

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Access Methods
Sequential: records must be retrieved in order
Devices used are called sequential access storage

devices (SASD)
Direct: records can be retrieved in any order
Devices used are called direct access storage

devices (DASDs)

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Devices
Magnetic tapes

Magnetic disks
RAID Storage area networks (SAN) Optical disks Digital versatile disks (DVDs)

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Magnetic Disks

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Characteristics of Magnetic Disks

Cylinders Access Mechanism Disks
Tracks: Concentric circles for storing data as magnetized bits.

Access Arms

Read/Write Track Heads

Sectors: Portions of a track

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Primary & Secondary Storage Media

Semiconductor Memory Magnetic Disks Floppy Disk Hard Disk, RAID

Direct Access

Magnetic Tape

Sequential Access

Optical Disks CD-ROM, CD-R CD-RW DVD

Direct Access

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Storage Trends
Primary Storage

First Generation
Magnetic Drum

Second Generation
Magnetic Core

Third Generation
Magnetic Core

Fourth Generation
LSI Semiconductor Memory Chips

Fifth Generation
VLSI Semiconductor Memory Chips

Trend: Towards Large Capacities Using Smaller Microelectronic Circuits

Secondary Storage

Magnetic Tape Magnetic Tape Magnetic Drum Magnetic Disk

Magnetic Disk Magnetic Tape

Magnetic Disk Optical Disk Magnetic Tape

Optical Disk Magnetic Disk

Trend: Towards Massive Capacities Using Magnetic and Optical Media

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Motherboard
Main circuit board that all of the other internal

components connect to
The CPU and memory are usually on the

motherboard
Other systems may be found directly on the

motherboard or connected to it through a secondary connection

For example, a sound card can be built into the motherboard

or connected through PCI.

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Other parts of the Computer

Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) Controller

primary interface for the hard drive, CD-ROM and floppy disk

drive AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) Very high-speed connection used by the graphics card to interface with the computer Sound card Used by the computer to record and play audio by converting analog sound into digital information and back again Graphics card translates image data from the computer into a format that can be displayed by the monitor.

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Input Devices
Personal computer input devices
Keyboard Mouse

Voice-recognition devices Digital cameras Scanners Touch sensitive screens Bar code scanners

Speech Recognition
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition Smart Cards
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Input Technology Trends

First Second Generation Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation Fifth Generation

Punched Cards Paper Tape

Punched Cards

Key to Tape/ Disk

Voice Recognition Keyboard Data Entry Speech and Pointing Devices Touch Devices Optical Scanning Handwriting Recognition

Trend: Towards Direct Input Devices that Are More Natural

and Easy to Use

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Common Output Devices

Video Output
CRT LCD

Printed Output
Inkjet Laser

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Output Technology Trends

First Second Third Fourth Fifth Generation Generation Generation Generation Generation
Video Displays Video Displays Printed Reports Voice Responses Audio Responses and Documents Hyperlinked Printed Reports Video Displays Multimedia and Documents Documents

Punched Punched Cards Cards Printed Reports Printed Reports and Documents and Documents

Trend: Towards Output Methods that Communicate Naturally,

Quickly, and Clearly

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Software
Systems and Application Software

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Software is
that part of computer

which
You can only curse

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An Overview of Software
Computer program - sequences of instructions for

the computer

Types of Software
Systems software - coordinates the activities of

hardware & programs Applications software - helps users solve particular problems

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Categories of Computer Software

Computer Software

Application Software

System Software

GeneralPurpose Programs

ApplicationSpecific Programs

System Management Programs

System Development Programs

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Trends in Computer Software

First Second Third Generation Generation Generation Fourth Generation Fifth Generation
Trend: Toward Easy-to-Use Multipurpose Network-Enabled Application Packages for Productivity and Collaboration
Natural & Object-Oriented Languages Multipurpose Graphic- Interface Network-Enabled Expert-Assisted Packages

User-Written Programs Machine Languages

Packaged Programs Symbolic Languages

Operating Systems High-Level Languages

DBMS Fourth-Generation Languages Microcomputer Packages

Trend: Toward Visual or Conversational Programming Languages and Tools

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Operating Systems

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Functions of an OS

User Interface

Resource Management

Task Management

File Management

Utilities and Other Functions

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The Role of the Operating System

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Operating Systems
Perform common hardware functions

Provide a user interface

Provide hardware independence Manage system memory Manage processing Control access to system resources Manage files

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Common Hardware Functions

Accept keyboard input

Retrieve data from disks

Store data on disks Send data to output devices

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User Interface
Command-based interfaces

Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)

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Hardware Independence

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Memory Management

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Network Capability
Operating system may provide feature for

connecting to a network of computers

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Access to System Resources

Protection against unauthorized access

Logins and passwords

Maintaining log of access Reporting attempt to breach security

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File Management
OS provides file management features such as
Making the file available when required
Preventing unauthorized access Preventing simultaneous access by multiple users

Maintaining information about the files

Search, delete, sort functions

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Utility Programs

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Types and Functions of Applications Software

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General- Purpose Applications

Electronic Mail

Word Processing
Presentation Graphics Multimedia Personal Information Manager Groupware

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Enterprise Application Software

Accounting and Financial Management
Customer Relationship Management Supply Chain Management

Business Decision Support Enterprise Resource Planning

Human Resource Management

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Sources of Software

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Proprietary and OTS Software

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Organizing Data and Information

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The Database Approach to Data Management

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Database Management System

Collection of interrelated data

Set of programs to access the data

DBMS contains information about a particular enterprise DBMS provides an environment that is both convenient and

efficient to use
Database Applications:
Banking: all transactions, Airlines: reservations, schedules,

Universities: registration, grades, Sales: customers, products, purchases, Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain, Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions

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The Traditional Approach

In the early days, database applications were

built on top of file systems

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Drawbacks of using file systems to store data

Data redundancy and inconsistency
Multiple file formats, duplication of information in different files

Difficulty in accessing data

Need to write a new program to carry out each new task

Data isolation multiple files and formats Integrity problems

Integrity constraints (e.g. account balance > 0) become part of

program code Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones

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Drawbacks of using file systems (cont.)

Atomicity of updates Failures may leave database in an inconsistent state with partial updates carried out E.g. transfer of funds from one account to another should either complete or not happen at all Concurrent access by multiple users Concurrent accessed needed for performance Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can lead to inconsistencies
E.g. two people reading a balance and updating it at the same

time

Security problems
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Database Approach
Database systems offer solutions to all the above

problems

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Advantages of the Database Approach

Improved corporate use of data

Reduced data redundancy

Improved data integrity Easier modification and updates Data independence from programs Standard data access

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Database Structures
Hierarchical Structure Network Structure Dept A Dept B
Employee 2 Employee 3

Dept

Project A

Project B

Employee 1

Employee 1

Employee 2

Project A

Project B

Relational Structure
Dept A B C Dname Dloc Dmgr Empno 1 2 3 Ename Etitle Dept A B C

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Database Structures (cont)

Bank Account Object
Attributes
Customer Balance

Denver West East

Sales TV VCR Margin

Operations
Deposit Withdraw

Feb
Actual Budget

Checking Account Object Attributes

Credit Line Mthly Statement

Savings Account Object Attributes

Credit Line Mthly Statement

TV
VCR

Operations

Calculate Interest Print Mthly Statement

Operations

Calculate Interest Print Mthly Statement

Multidimensional Database Structure

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Object-Oriented Database Structure

Database Development
1. Data Planning Physical Models

Enterprise Model

5. Physical Design

2. Requirements Specifications

Logical Models

User Needs Description

4. Logical Design

3. Conceptual Design
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Data Models

Entity-Relationship Model
Example of schema in the entity-relationship

model

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Entity Relationship Model (Cont.)

E-R model of real world Entities (objects)
E.g. customers, accounts, bank branch

Relationships between entities

E.g. Account A-101 is held by customer Johnson

Relationship set depositor associates customers with accounts

Widely used for database design

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Relational Model
Example of tabular data in the relational model
Attributes

Customerid 192-83-7465 019-28-3746 192-83-7465

customername Johnson Smith Johnson

customerstreet Alma North Alma Main

customercity Palo Alto Rye

accountnumber A-101 A-215 A-201 A-217

Palo Alto
Harrison Rye

321-12-3123
019-28-3746

Jones
Smith

North

A-201

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SQL
Application programs generally access databases

through one of
Language extensions to allow embedded SQL Application program interface (e.g. ODBC/JDBC) which allow

SQL queries to be sent to a database

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SQL
SQL: widely used non-procedural language
E.g. find the name of the customer with customer-id 192-

83-7465 select customer.customer-name from customer where customer.customer-id = 192-83-7465

E.g. find the balances of all accounts held by the

customer with customer-id 192-83-7465 select account.balance from depositor, account where depositor.customer-id = 192-83-7465 and depositor.account-number = account.account-number
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Database Users
Users are differentiated by the way they expect to

interact with the system

Application programmers interact with system through

DML calls Sophisticated users form requests in a database query language Specialized users write specialized database applications that do not fit into the traditional data processing framework Nave users invoke one of the permanent application programs that have been written previously
E.g. people accessing database over the web, bank tellers,

clerical staff

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Transaction Management
A transaction is a collection of operations that

performs a single logical function in a database application

Transaction-management component ensures

that the database remains in a consistent (correct) state despite system failures (e.g., power failures and operating system crashes) and transaction failures

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Storage Management
Storage manager is a program module that

provides the interface between the low-level data stored in the database and the application programs and queries submitted to the system.
The storage manager is responsible to the

following tasks:
interaction with the file manager
efficient storing, retrieving and updating of data

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Selecting a DBMS
Database size

Number of concurrent users

Performance Integration Features Vendor Cost

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Communication Systems

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Communications
Transmission of a signal by a medium from

sender to receiver For effective communication, sender and receiver must understand the signals They also must agree upon the rules for interpreting the signal

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Communications
Synchronous The message is received by

receiver instantaneously e.g. Voice, Phone Asynchronous delay between time the message is sent and time when it is received e.g. Mail, email

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Telecommunications
Electronic transmission of signal e.g. Telephone,

radio, TV

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Data communication
Data Communication is a subset of Telecom

which electronic collection, processing and distribution of Data

The Data communication model consists of
Sending computer system Telecom device at senders end

Telecom device at receivers end

Receiving computer system

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Networks
A network consists of Communication media,

devices and software required to connect two or more computers / devices

Networking is done to share Data, Information

and resources
Geographically distant locations can share

information resources by networking

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Telecommunications Strategic Capabilities

Overcome Geographic Barriers: Capture information about business transactions from remote locations.

Overcome Time Barriers: Provide information to remote locations immediately after it is requested.
Overcome Cost Barriers: Reduce the cost of more traditional means of communications.

Overcome Structural Barriers: Support linkages for competitive advantage.

Communications
Requires
Media
Devices Carriers

Services

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Types of Media
Suitability of a transmission media depends upon

Purpose of Information system

Characteristics like transmission capacity and

speed of the media Cost plays an important role in selection of a media over another

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Types of Media
Twisted pair of copper wires

Coaxial cable

Fiber-optic cable

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Transmission
Microwave transmission

Cellular transmission

Infrared Transmission
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Devices
Device, e.g, modem, multiplexers etc are required

for all kinds of electronic communication

Modems
Modulator does digital to analog conversion
Demodulator does Analog to Digital conversion Data transmission requires modulator at source and

demodulator at destination Most systems provide for simultaneous bidirectional, or full duplex, transmission
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Carriers And Services

Telecom carriers provide the Telephone lines,

satellites and other communication technology

In India, MTNL / Department of

Telecommunication provides the transmission lines

VSNL and other ISPs provide Internet services
Services can be Switched or Dedicated
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Network and Distributed Processing

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Direct point-to-point communication

Computers connected by communication

channels that each connect exactly two computers Forms mesh or point-to-point network Allows flexibility in communication hardware, packet formats, etc Provides security and privacy because communication channel is not shared

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Connections in a point-to-point network

Number of wires grows with number of computers Challenges
Connections between buildings can be prohibitive

Adding a new computer requires N - 1 new

connections

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Broadcast Communication
The sender computer broadcasts in a network

This broadcast is heard by all the computers in

the network If the Data is not meant for a computer, it is passed onwards Received by the computer it is meant for

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Network topologies
Networks may be classified by shape

Three most popular:

Star Ring

Bus

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Network Topologies

Classification of Networks
Based on physical distance between the

computers connected, the networks can be classified as

Local Area Network

Wide Area Network

Metropolitan Area Network

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Wide Area Networks

Local Area Networks

PC PC PC
Shared Database and Software Packages

Network Server

Shared Printer

PC

PC

Internetwork Processor to Other Networks

Other E-Business Networks

The Internet

Router
Extranet Fire wall Intranet Server Fire wall

Router Intranet Server Host System

Client/Server Networks and Network Computing

Client
Network Server

Host System Superserver

Central database control Heavy duty processing

User Interface Application Processing

Application Control Distributed Database

NetPC
Application Server DB Server

Browser-based User Interface Web OS Application Software

DBMS

Communication software and Protocols

Communication Software provide error checking,

data formatting and maintenance of log Communication Protocols define rules for communications

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Network Protocols: The OSI Architecture

Application Layer Presentation Layer Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Data Link Layer

Seven Layers of the OSI Communications Architecture

Physical Layer

Communications Protocol
Standard model is Seven Layer OSI Model

TCP / IP Suite of protocols is the De-facto

protocol used in Internet Consists of only four layers as opposed to 7 layer of OSI model

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Other Protocols
System Network Architecture Protocol used for

IBM systems Ethernet By Xerox corporation and others. Mainly used for LAN in a Bus topology X.400 and X.500 are being used by international companies Wireless protocols

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Other devices in a Network

Bridges - connects two or more networks with same

communication protocols
Routers - determine preferred path to a final

destination, and also perform other useful network function, sometimes acting even as a Firewall
Gateways - link LANs or Networks that employ

different higher level protocols

Switches - act as a bridge and a gateway combined.

Where as Bridges and Gateways are able to connect two networks, switches are able to connect more
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Telecommunication Applications
Linking Personal computers and mainframes

Voice and Electronic Mail

Electronic Software and Document distribution Telecommuting Videoconferencing EDI Public Network Service Distance Learning Specialized systems and services

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Internet Concepts

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What Is Internet
The Internet is a loose association of thousands

of networks and billions of computers and other devices across the world that all work together to share information
Information Super Highway
Can be thought of as a mass transit system with a

few main lines that intersect at certain points Connecting to the main lines lines are branch lines, then bus lines, and ferry boats that spread out and crisscross the area
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What Is Internet
By connecting to each other, these networks

create a superfast pipeline that crisscrosses and extends to the rest of the world The network is not equally well developed at every point along the route Backbone has many intersecting points. If one part fails or slows down, data can be quickly rerouted over another part This feature is called redundancy

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History of Internet

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History of Internet
1957 - USSR launched Sputnik, first artificial earth

satellite.
1958 - US formed the Advanced Research Projects

Agency (ARPA), within the Department of Defense (DoD) to establish US lead in science and technology applicable to the military
1961 - A series of independent research teams began

developing packet switching and the beginnings of what would eventually become TCP/IP, the basic protocol that defines how information is exchanged over the Net

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History of Internet
1962 - MIT's J. C. R. Licklider develops a vision of what he

called the "Galactic Network and writes a series of memos, thus sowing the first germ of the Internet

1967 - ARPA's Lawrence Roberts published his "Plan for

the ARPANet" computer network which proposed an architectural design for a worldwide network
1968 - The development of the first hardware was done

that could route data over the ARPANet.

1969 - The first tests were made at UCLA and then at

Stanford
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History of Internet
1969 1972 - Test-tube Internet grew steadily but

unremarkably as government agencies, universities, and corporations continued to develop and hammer out protocols and architectures
1972 - Email and the Internet made their first public

appearances at the Internet Computer Communication Conference

1973 1974 - The protocol known as TCP/IP

emerged in essentially its current form, although the same group of collaborators would continue to refine it through the early 1980s

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History of Internet
Once the protocols were in place, the various

developers formulated much of the software and services that make up the Internet
Mid and late 1970s - The basic services for

connecting to files remotely (via Telnet), transferring files over the Net (via FTP), and sending and receiving Electronic mail
1979 - The Usenet News System first appeared as an

offshoot of the rise of Unix.

1989 - The World Wide Web becomes operational
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History of Internet
1990 - The U.S. government officially

decommissioned ARPANet and National Science Foundation (NSF) took over the role of managing the Internet backbone, which was then called the NSFNet
1995 - The NSF in turn withdrew, turning the

backbone over to a consortium of commercial providers

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Internet Growth Trends

1977: 111 hosts on Internet 1981: 213 hosts 1983: 562 hosts 1984: 1,000 hosts 1986: 5,000 hosts 1987: 10,000 hosts 1989: 100,000 hosts 1992: 1,000,000 hosts 2001: 150 175 million hosts 2002: over 200 million hosts By 2010, about 80% of the planet will be on the Internet

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Growth of Internet Hosts * Sept. 1969 - Sept. 2002

250,000,000

Sept. 1, 2002
200,000,000

No. of Hosts

150,000,000

100,000,000

Dot-Com Bust Begins

50,000,000

0
9/ 69 01 /7 1 01 /7 3 01 /7 4 01 /7 6 01 /7 9 08 /8 1 08 /8 3 10 /8 5 11 /8 6 07 /8 8 01 /8 9 10 /8 9 01 /9 1 10 /9 1 04 /9 2 10 /9 2 04 /9 3 10 /9 3 07 /9 4 01 /9 5 01 /9 6 01 /9 7 01 /9 8 01 /9 9 01 /0 1 08 /0 2

Time Period
Chart by William F. Slater, III The Internet was not known as "The Internet" until January 1984, at which time there were 1000 hosts that were all converted over to using TCP/IP.
Copyright 2002, William F. Slater, III, Chicago, IL, USA

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Shrinking time lines

To get a market of 50 Million People Participating:
Radio took 38 years
TV took 13 years Once it was open to the General Public, The

Internet made to the 50 million person audience mark in just 4 years!!!

Statistics from the IITF Report The Emerging Digital Economy Delivered to the President and the U.S. Public on April 15, 1998 by Bill Daley, Secretary of Commerce and Chairman of the Information Infrastructure Task Force
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Who owns Internet ??

No one. The Internet Architecture Board (IAB) is responsible for defining the

overall architecture of the Internet providing guidance and broad direction to the IETF
The Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG) is a related

organization responsible for managing IETF activities and the Internet standards process
The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) looks after the evolution of

the Internet with a specific eye toward keeping the Internet running smoothly as a whole
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) - standards for HTML and

other specifics of the Web

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Who owns Internet ??

The Internet Society (ISOC) is a supervisory organization made up of

individuals, corporations, nonprofit organizations, and government agencies from the Internet community
The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and the Internet

Network Information Center (InterNIC) lead the organizations responsible for assigning IP addresses and domain names, respectively
Regional and long-distance phone companies, backbone ISPs, cable

and satellite companies, and governments all contribute in significant ways to the telecommunications infrastructure that supports the Internet
But no one can wrest away total control of the Net, which is why it's not

just a communications medium, but a metaphor for the new global economy

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How Does Internet Work

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How Does Internet Work

The secret of the Net is a network protocol called

TCP/IP
The transmission control protocol (TCP) and the

Internet protocol (IP) together form the basis of the Internet

Every computer that hooks to the Internet

understands these two protocols and uses them to send and receive data over the network
TCP/IP creates what is called a packet-switched

network
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How Does Internet Work

First, TCP breaks down every piece of data into

small chunks called packets, each of which is wrapped in an electronic envelope with Web addresses for both the sender and the recipient

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How Does Internet Work

The IP protocol then figures out how the data is

supposed to get from point A to point B by passing through a series of routers

Each router examines the destination addresses of

the packets it receives and then passes the packets on to another router as they make their way to their final destination
As the packets arrive, TCP takes over again,

identifying each packet and checking to see if it's intact. Once it has received all the packets, TCP reassembles them into the original

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How Does Internet Work

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How Does Internet Work

TCP/IP is the most important of a long list of Internet protocols E-mail uses SMTP Telnet (Telnet Protocol) facilitates login to a computer host to

execute commands
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) Transfers text or binary files

between an FTP server and client

Usenet (Network News Transfer Protocol or NNTP) Distributes

Usenet news articles

HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) Transmits hypertext over

networks. This is the protocol of the WWW

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Are Internet & WWW same ?

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Are Internet & WWW Same ?

Although the terms Web and Internet are often used

synonymously, they're actually two different things

The Internet exists independently of the Web, but the

Web can't exist without the Internet

The Internet is the global association of computers

that carries data and makes the exchange of information possible

The World Wide Web is a service on Net - a collection

of interlinked documents that work together using a specific protocol called HTTP
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The World Wide Web

The Web began in March 1989, when Tim Berners-

Lee of the European Particle Physics Laboratory (a organization of European researchers better known by its original name CERN, or Conseil Europen pour la Recherche Nucleaire) proposed the project as a means to better communicate research ideas among members of the far-flung organization
The Web uses a metaphor of individual pages,

usually combined to make up sites. Web pages are written in HTML, or Hypertext Markup Language, which tells the Web browser how to display the page and its elements
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The World Wide Web

The defining feature of the Web is its ability to

connect pages to one another- as well as to audio, video, and image files- with hyperlinks
Despite its cool hyper linking ability, the early Web

labored for a while in obscurity, a little-known alternative to the less technically advanced Gopher protocol
in February 1993, Marc Andreessen, then developing

for the National Centre for Supercomputing Applications, introduced the first graphical Web browser, called Mosaic

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The World Wide Web

The Web is based on a set of rules for exchanging text,

images, sound, video, and other multimedia files, which is collectively known as HTTP, or hypertext transfer protocol.
Web pages can be exchanged over the Net because

browsers (which read the pages) and Web servers (which store the pages) both understand HTTP
But everything would still be chaos if the Web didn't have

an addressing scheme that every computer on the network understands.

To address, this problem, a system of IP Address was

developed
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The World Wide Web

An IP address is a 32 Bit (4- to 12-digit) number that

identifies a specific computer connected to the Internet. The digits are organized in four groups of numbers (which can range from 0 to 255) separated by periods
Depending on how your ISP assigns IP addresses,

you may have one address all the time or a different address each time you connect
Web servers have the same kind of addresses: if you

type http://202.54.1.30/ in your browser, you'll get the same result as if you had typed http://www.vsnl.com/

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The World Wide Web

Internet domain names are the next level of Internet addressing,

just as the street name is followed by the city and state.

Domain names create a single identity for a series of computers

used by a company or an institution. So while there may be 38 servers at a given company, each with its own IP address, they all share a common domain name, such as CNET.COM
The domain name identifies all the computers in a group, but for

a specific page stored on any of those computers, a more precise address is required
Thats why Every Web page on the Internet has its own unique

address, known as a Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

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The World Wide Web

protocol://host/path/filename

http://www.house.gov/agriculture/schedule.htm
Protocol: http Host computer name: www Second-level domain name: house Top-level domain name: gov Directory name: agrictulture File name: schedule.htm

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Driving Technologies

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Web Browsers
A browser is a software program that allows users

to access and navigate the World Wide Web. There are two types of browsers: Graphical: Text, images, audio, and video are retrievable. Navigation by Click Text: text-only mode. Navigation by highlighting emphasized words with the arrow up and down keys

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Web Browsers Plug-ins

Software programs in order to enhance browser

capabilities.
When the browser encounters a sound, image or

video file, it hands off the data to other programs, called plug-ins, to run or display the file. Working in conjunction with plug-ins, browsers can offer a seamless multimedia experience. Many plug-ins are available for free.

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HTML
Hyper Text Mark-up Language, or HTML is used to

create hypertext for the Web.

With HTML, tags are placed within the text to

accomplish document formatting, visual features such as font size, italics and bold, and the creation of hypertext links.
Graphics, Multimedia components may also be

incorporated into an HTML document.

The World Wide Web Consortium coordinates the

efforts of standardizing HTML

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Limitations of HTML
Can serve only Static pages

Restricts the web site to be only informative

Interactivity is not possible Use of web is limited to Broadcast media

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XML
eXtensible Markup Language enables designers to

create their own customized tags to provide functionality not available with HTML
XML is a language of data structure and exchange Allows developers to separate form from content In May 1999, the W3 Consortium recast HTML 4.0 as

an XML application called XHTML

This move will have a significant impact on the future

of both XML and HTML

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Client side Scripting

Small programs embedded within an HTML page, or

called externally from the page, to enhance the page's functionality Examples of ClientScript include moving tickers, dropdown menus, real-time calendars and clocks, and mouse-over interactions JavaScript
created by Netscape Communications supported by Netscape as well as Internet Explorer

VBScript - created by Microsoft

Subset of Visual Basic Supported mainly by Internet Explorer

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Server Side Scripting

Programs that run on the Server side

Help make the content truly dynamic

Interaction with Databases is possible This also makes transactions possible.

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CGI (Common Gateway Interface)

A CGI program, or script, is a program designed to

accept and return data that conforms to the CGI specification The program can be written in any programming language, including C, Perl, and Visual Basic Script A common use for a CGI script is to process an interactive form on a Web page, e.g For example, filling a form ordering a book through Interlibrary Loan. The script processes your information and sends it to a designated e-mail address in the Interlibrary Loan department
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ASP / JSP
Active Server Pages is Microsofts way of adding

interactivity to sites JSP is Suns answer to ASP Every time a page is requested, Server runs the script and generates the page afresh While ASP Runs on IIS, JSP can run on Apache server, Java Server

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Java
Java is an object-oriented programming language

similar to C++.
Developed by Sun Microsystems, the aim of Java

is to create programs that will be platform independent

The Java motto is, "Write once, run anywhere." A

perfect Java program should work equally well on a PC, Macintosh, Unix, and so on, without any additional programming
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Java
Web-based Java applications are usually in the form

of Java applets. These are small Java programs called from an HTML page that can be downloaded from a Web server and run on a Java-compatible Web browser
A few examples include live news feeds, moving

images with sound, calculators, charts and spreadsheets, and interactive visual displays.
Java applets can tend to load slowly, but

programming improvements should lead to a shortened loading time

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