Electrical Sciences - I

Ms. M. Subha Ms. T. Haripriya Prof. N. Moorthy Muthukrishnan & Research scholars Dept. of Electrical Engineering BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad campus

August 9, 2011

Electrical Sciences I

Introduction
Electrical sciences

Michael Faraday

Circuit theory
Components Laws Analysis techniques Theorems Circuits with energy storage elements Frequency response Resonance
Lecture 1 ES C241

Semiconductor devices
Semiconductor basics Diodes Transistors MOSFETs JFETs OPAMP
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Introduction to Chapter 1
Definition of basic electrical quantities Circuit parts, elements Resistors - series and parallel Circuit laws

Lecture 1

ES C241

Basic electrical Quantities

Lecture 1

ES C241

Basic Electrical Quantities

Basic quantities: charge, current, voltage and power
Charge: Unit of Charge: Coulomb Charge of an electron q = -1.6 x 10-19 C Current: Time rate of change of electric Charles Augustin de coulomb charge I = dq/dt 1 Amp = 1 Coulomb/sec Types of current: DC current - batteries and some special generators AC current - household current which varies with time
Lecture 1 ES C241 5

Basic Electrical Quantities contd.

Voltage: Energy required to move a unit charge through an element Electromotive force or potential, V 1 Volt = 1 Joule/Coulomb = 1 Nm/Coulomb
Power: P=IV 1 Watt = 1 VoltAmp = 1 Joule/sec

Lecture 1

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Electrical Analogies (Physical)

Electric Base quantity Flow variable Potential variable Charge (q) Current (I) Voltage (V) Hydraulic Mass (m) Fluid flow (G) Pressure (p)

Lecture 1

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ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES

Default Sign Convention

Passive sign convention : current should enter the positive voltage terminal
I +
Circuit Element

Consequence for P = I V
Positive (+) Power: element absorbs power Negative (-) Power: element supplies power
Lecture 1

EEE 202
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8

Circuit Basics

Lecture 1

ES C241

CIRCUIT

Circuit Analysis
Circuit Connection of electric elements There are 5 basic circuit elements
Voltage source Current source Resistor Inductor Capacitor
Active elements

Passive elements

Lecture 1

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Circuit Elements

Lecture 1

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Electrical sources
An electrical source is a device that is capable of converting non-electric energy to electric energy Examples
Battery: chemical electrical Dynamo (generator): mechanical
electrical

Two types of sources

Independent Dependent
Lecture 1
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Independent Sources
An independent source (voltage or current) may be DC (constant) or time-varying (AC), but does not depend on other voltages or currents in the circuit
+
Voltage Source
Lecture 1 ES C241

Current Source
13

Dependent sources
A dependent (or controlled) source is one whose value depends upon some variable (usually voltage or current) in the circuit to which the source belongs.

ki

kv

Lecture 1

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Resistors
Resistance - The capacity of a material to impede flow of electric charge. The circuit element used to model this behavior is resistor. Resistance is measured in Ohms ()

Lecture 1

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Resistors contd.
Real-world devices that are modeled by resistors:
incandescent light bulbs.
heating elements (stoves, heaters, etc.) long wires

Conductance G = 1/R

mho

Lecture 1

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Ohms Law

Lecture 1

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Ohms law

OHMS LAW

The current flowing through a resistor is proportional to voltage across the resistor.
v = iR (Ohms law)
i(t)
The Rest of the Circuit + R v(t)

Lecture 1

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Ohms law contd.

Linear elements satisfy Ohms law

Lecture 1

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Inductors
An inductor is made of a coil of conducting wire

N 2 A L l
N :numberof turns.

l :coil length.
Inductors

A:cross sectionalarea. :permeabili of the core ty

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Flux in Inductors
The relation between the flux in inductor and the current through the inductor is given below.

Li
1 Henry 1 Weber/Ampe re
Lecture 1
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Linear Nonlinear

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I-V Relation of Inductors

An inductor consists of a coil of conducting wire. d i
+

di v L dt dt

v
-

Lecture 1

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Capacitors
A capacitor consists of two conducting plates separated by an insulator (or dielectric).

A C d r 0

0 8.854 10 12 (F/m)

Capacitors
Lecture 1 ES C241

Variable capacitors

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Charge in Capacitors
The relation between the charge in plates and the voltage across a capacitor is given below.

q Cv
1Farad 1 Coulomb/Vo lt

Linear Nonlinear

Lecture 1

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I-V Relation of Capacitor

i
+

v
-

q Cv dq dv i C dt dt

Lecture 1

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Open Circuit
What if R = ?
i(t)=0
The Rest of the Circuit i(t)=0 + v(t)

v(t ) i(t ) 0 R
Lecture 1 ES C241
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Short Circuit
What if R = 0 ?
i(t)
The Rest of the Circuit + v(t)=0

v(t ) R i(t ) 0
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Summary
Definition of electrical quantities Study of circuit elements and their classification Ohms law Open Circuit and Short Circuit

Lecture 1

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Review of Lecture 1
Basic electrical quantities Ohms law Circuit Circuit elements

Lecture 2

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Introduction
Series Parallel Resistors Voltage and Current Division Circuit KCL and KVL

Lecture 2

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Resistors in Series

Lecture 2

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Series

RESISTORS IN SERIES

Two elements are in series if the current that flows through one must also flow through the other.

Series
R1 R2

Not Series
R1
Lecture 2

R2
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Resistors in Parallel

Lecture 2

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RESISTORS IN PARALLEL

Parallel
Two elements are in parallel if they are connected between (share) the same two (distinct) end nodes.
R1 R1 R2 R2

Parallel
Lecture 2 ES C241

Not Parallel
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Circuit

Lecture 2

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CIRCUIT

Circuit or network
Interconnection of number of elements Circuit
Nodes Branches Loops

Lecture 2

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CIRCUIT

Nodes

Lecture 2

Example: How many nodes? How many essential nodes? Node: the point of connection between two or more branches May include a portion of the circuit (more than a single point) Essential Node: the point of connection between three or more branches
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CIRCUIT

Branches

Example: How many branches? Branch: a single two-terminal element in a circuit Segments of wire are not counted as elements (or branches) Examples: voltage source, resistor, current source
Lecture 2 ES C241 38

CIRCUIT

Loops

Example: How many loops? Loop: any closed path in a circuit

Lecture 2

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Kirchoffs Laws

Lecture 2

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KIRCHOFFS LAWS

Overview of Kirchoffs Laws

The foundation of circuit analysis is The defining equations for circuit elements (e.g. Ohms law) Kirchhoffs current law (KCL) Kirchhoffs voltage law (KVL) The defining equations tell us how the voltage and current within a circuit element are related Kirchhoffs laws tell us how the voltages and currents in different branches are related They govern how elements within a circuit are related

Lecture 2

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KIRCHOFFS LAWS

Kirchhoffs Current Law

k 1

ik 0

Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL): the algebraic sum of currents entering a node (or a closed boundary) is zero The sum of currents entering a node is equal to the sum of the currents leaving a node Based on law of conservation of charge
Lecture 2 ES C241 42

Example: Kirchhoffs Current Law

KIRCHOFFS LAWS

Apply KCL

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KIRCHOFFS LAWS

Kirchhoffs Voltage Law

k 1

vk 0

Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL): the algebraic sum of voltages around a closed path (or loop) is zero Based on the conservation of energy Analogous idea in hydraulic systems: sum of pressure drops and rises in any closed path must be equal

Lecture 2

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KIRCHOFFS LAWS

Kirchhoffs Voltage Law

Apply KVL.

Lecture 2

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Comments on Ohms Law, KCL and KVL

KIRCHOFFS LAWS

Much of the circuit analysis that we will do is based on these three laws These laws alone are sufficient to analyze many circuits

Lecture 2

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RESISTORS IN SERIES

Resistors in Series

Resistors in series add Similar to voltage sources Electrically, there is no difference between the two circuits
Lecture 2 ES C241 47

RESISTORS IN PARALLEL

Resistors in Parallel

Lecture 2

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RESISTORS IN PARALLEL

Resistors in Parallel

Resistors in parallel have a more complicated relationship Easier to express in terms of conductance For two resistors:

Lecture 2

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Voltage and Current Division

Lecture 2

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VOLTAGE DIVISION

Voltage Division

Lecture 2

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CURRENT DIVISION

Current Division

Lecture 2

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Summary
Study of series and parallel resistors Circuit Kirchoffs laws Study of voltage and current division

Lecture 2

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