Brazilian Standard

ABNT NBR
8681
First edition 31.03.2003

Valid from 30.03.2004 Corrected version 30.04.2004

Actions and Safety of Structures - Procedure

Palavras-chave: Estrutura. Segurana

Descriptors: Structures. Safety

ICS 91.080.40

Reference number ABNT NBR 8681 :2003 18 pages

ABNT 2004

ABNT 2004

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from ABNT.
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Summary Preface

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Objective........................................................................................................................................ 1 2 Normative references ..............................................................................................................1 3 Definitions ..............................................................................................................................1 3.1 Limit states of a structure ......................................................................................................1 3.2 Ultimate limit states...............................................................................................................1 3.3 Serviceability limit states.......................................................................................................1 3.4 Actions..................................................................................................................................1 3.5 Permanent actions.................................................................................................................1 3.6 Variable actions....................................................................................................................1 3.7 Exceptional Actions..... .........................................................................................................2 3.8 Accidental loads ..................................................................................................................2 4 General requirements ..........................................................................................................2 4.1 Limit states ..........................................................................................................................2 4.1.1 Ultimate limit states .............................................................................................................2 4.1.2 Service limit states ..............................................................................................................2 4.2 Actions ...............................................................................................................................3 4.2.1 Classification of actions........................................................................................................3 4.2.2 Values representing Actions .................................................................................................3 4.2.3 Design values of actions .....................................................................................................5 4.3 Types of Actions of loading and combination criteria ..................................................................6 4.3.1 General ....................................... ...... ............................................................................... 6 4.3.2 Types of loading .................................................................................................................6 4.3.3 Criteria for combination of actions .......................................................................................7 5 Specific Requirements ..........................................................................................................7 5.1 Safety requirements .............................................................................................................7 5.1.1 Requirements of Construction .....................................................................................................7 5.1.2 Analytical Requirements .......................................................................................................8 5.1.3 Ultimate Combinations of Actions......................................................................................9 5.1.4 Load factors for the Ultimate Combinations ............................................................................. 10 5.1.5 Serviceability Load Combinations...........................................................................................14 5.1.6 Load factor for Serviceability Load combinations.....................................................................15 5.1.7 Safety Conditions related to loss of equilibrium as a rigid body ...............................................15 5.1.8 Verification of safety for ultimate limit states of fatigue ............................................................16 5.2 Resistance .........................................................................................................................16 5.2.1 Resistance of Materials ......................................................................................................16 5.2.2 Resistance Values ..............................................................................................................16 5.2.3 Design values ....................................................................................................................17 5.3 Change of the weightings ...................................................................................................17 5.3.1 Alterations of the Load factors of actions .................................................................................17 5.3.2 Measuring of the Individual partial load factors of the Actions ...................................................17 5.3.3 Use of adjustment factors ..................................................................................................18 6 Verification of safety ..........................................................................................................18 6.1 General Criteria ..................................................................................................................18 6.2 Verification of the Safety Conditions .........................................................................................18 6.2.1 Verification of the Analytical Conditions ................................................................................18 6.2.2 Verification of Conditions of Construction........... ................................................................18

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Preface
The Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT) is the National Forum for Standardization. The Brazilian Standards, whose content is the responsibility of the Brazilian Committee (ABNT / CB), Sector Standards (ABNT / ISO) and the Temporary Special Study Committees (ABNT / CEET), are prepared by the Study (EC) , formed by representatives of the sectors involved, making them part of producers, consumers and neutral (universities, laboratories and others). the Brazilian Standard Projects, prepared under the ABNT / CB and ABNT / ONS Public Consultation to circulate among the members ABNT and other interested parties. ABNT NBR 8681 was prepared in the Brazilian Committee of Construction (ABNT/CB-02), the Commission Study Simple Concrete Structures, Reinforced and Prestressed (EC-U2: 124.15). His project was circulated for The review process in accordance with Public Notice 04/2002 of 30.04.2002, with the number NBR to the new public consultation of ABNT NBR 8681 and focused primarily atualiza9o its necessary alignment Project 8681. scope of ABNT NBR 61.18:2003-Design of concrete structures-procedure. Thus, it was also established the need for revision of ABNT NBR 7187:1987-Design and construction of bridges and prestressed concrete-procedure, and the development of ABNT NBR 14931: 2003 Execution of concrete structures-procedure. This information is intended to alert users as to the advisability of consulting the current editions of the documents cited.

This revised version incorporates an Erratum for 03/31/2004

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Actions and safety of structures - Procedure

1 Objective
1.1 This Standard sets the minimum requirement, when verifying the safety of the structures of the normal building construction and sets out the definitions and criteria for measurement of the resistance and the loads to be considered in the design of building structures, whatever their class and location, unless cases established in specific Brazilian Standards. 1.2 The criteria for verification of safety and measurement of the actions adopted in this Standard apply to structures and structural components built with any of the materials commonly used in construction. Note:In addition, one must respect the criteria listed in the standards relating to particular types of building and graphic symbols, as specified in ABNT NBR 7808. 2Normative Reference The following normative document contains provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Standard. The edition indicated was in effect at the time of publication. All standards are subject to review, it is recommended to those who carry out agreements based on this to check the appropriateness of using the most recent edition of the standard cited below. ABNT has the information of the rules in force at any given time. ABNT NBR 7808:1983, Graphical symbols for design of structures- symology

3 Definitions
For purposes of this International Standard, the following definitions: 3.1 limit states of a structure: States from where the structure has inadequate performance to the purposes of construction. 3.2 Ultimate limit states: states which, by its single occurrence, determine the stoppage, in whole or in part, from the use of the building. 3.3 Serviceability limit states: states which, by its occurrence, repetition and duration, cause structural impact that do not meet the conditions specified for the normal use of the building, or are indications of compromising durability of the structure. 3.4 Actions: Causes that induce forces or deformations in structures. From practical point of view, the forces and deformations imposed by the actions are also considered as if it were its own actions. The deformations imposed are often referred to as indirect actions and forces, by direct action. 3.5 permanent actions: Actions that occur with constant values or small variation around its average over almost the entire life of the building. The variability of permanent actions is measured in a set of similar buildings. 3.6 variable actions: Actions that occur with values those vary significantly around their average over the life of the building.

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3.7 Outstanding actions: Outstanding actions are those with extremely short durations and very low probability of occurrence during the life of the building, but that should be considered in the design of certain structures. 3.8Accidental loads: Accidental loads are variable actions acting on buildings due to its use (people, furniture, vehicles, miscellaneous equipment, etc..). 4.0 General requirements 4.1 limit states The limit states can be ultimate limit states and serviceability limit states. The limit states considered in the design of structures depend on the types of building materials used and must be specified by standards for the design of structures built with them. 4.1.1 Ultimate limit states In the project, usually considered to be the ultimate limit states characterized by: a) loss of equilibrium, in whole or in part, permitted in the structure as one rigid body; b) rupture or excessive deformation of materials; c) transformation of the structure, in whole or in part, in hypostatic system; d) instability of deformation; e) dynamic instability. Note: In special cases it may be necessary to consider other ultimate limit states other than those specified herein. 4.1.2 Serviceability limit states 4.1.2.1 In the life span of structure, usually they are considered serviceability limit states characterized by: a)minor or localized damage, which compromise the aesthetic aspect of the durability of the building or structure; b) excessive deformations that affect the normal use of the building or its aesthetics;
c) Un-comfortableness due excessive vibrations

4.1.2.2 The serviceability limit states result from combinations of actions which can have three different orders of magnitude of permanence in the structure: a) quasi-permanent combinations: combinations that can work for most of the life span of structure, to the order of half of that period; b) frequent combinations: combinations that are repeated many times during the lifetime of the structure, in the 5 order of 10 times in 50 years, or have total length equal to a significant part of this period, in the order of 5%; c) Rare combinations: combinations that can act atmost a few hours during the lifetime of the structure.

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4.2 Actions 4.2.1 Classifications of Actions

For establishing the rules of combination of actions, these are classified according to their variability in time into three categories: a) Permanent actions; b) Variable Actions; c) Exceptional Actions.
4.2.1.1 Permanent Actions

To be considered as permanent actions: a) Direct permanent actions: the weights of components of the building, including the weight of the structure and elements of all permanent construction, fixed equipment weights and thrust due to the weight of its own support and other non-removable permanent actions applied upon them; b) Indirect Permanent actions: prestressing, the settlements and the withdrawal of support materials. 4.2.1.2 Variable Actions Considered as accidental variable actions on the buildings, as well as effects such as retardation forces, centrifugal and impact, the effects of wind, temperature variations, friction in the support equipment and, in general, hydrostatic and hydrodynamic pressures. Because of its probability of occurrence during the life of the building, the load variables are classified as normal or special: a) Normal variable actions, variable actions with large probability of occurrence enough to be considered in the design of structures of a given type of construction. b) Special variables Actions: in structures certain special actions are to be considered, such as seismic ; actions or accidental loads of special nature or intensity, they must also be considered as variable actions. The combinations of actions that combine by special actions to be specifically designed for the special situations considered.
4.2.1.3 Exceptional Actions

Considered as exceptional actions are those resulting from causes such as explosions, car crashes, fires, floods or exceptional earthquake. The fires, instead of being treated as exceptional actions can also be taken into account by a reduction in strength of materials constituting the structure. 4.2.2 Values representing the Actions The actions are quantified by their representative values, which can be characteristic values, nominal characteristic values, lower values of combination, exceptional conventional values, lower values of service and rare values of service. 4.2.2.1 Values representative of the ultimate limit states 4.2.2.1.1 Characteristic values Considered to be characteristic values as follows:

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The characteristic values Fk of actions are defined according to the variability of their intensity; for the actions that have variability over time, we consider distributions of extremes corresponding to a standard reference period of 50 years, assuming they are independent of each other extreme values which act in different years of the construction; -to quantify the effect of variable actions, instead of considering the actual lifespan of the various types of construction and annual probability of occurrence of each action, it is permissible to the conventional reference period, setting the characteristic value of action function of their average payback period; -the characteristic values of variable actions, established by consensus and stated specific standards, which have values corresponding to 25% to 35% probability of being exceeded in the unfavorable direction during a period of 50 years; the variables actions that produce favorable effects are not considered as active in the structure; The characteristic values of permanent actions correspond to the variability that exists in a group of similar structures; - For the permanent actions, the characteristic value is the mean value corresponds to the 50% quantile is when the effects are unfavorable or when the effects are favorable. 4.2.2.1.2 Nominal characteristic values Considered to be nominal characteristic values as follows: -for the actions. their variability have not adequately expressed by probability distributions, the characteristic values of Fk are replaced by suitably chosen nominal values; -for the actions that have low variability and differ little from each other the characteristic values upper and lower are adopted as typical average values of the respective distributions.
4.2.2.1.3 Reduced values of combinations

Reduced values are considered for the following of combinations: -the combination of reduced values are determined from the characteristic values for the expression 0 Fk and are used under the safety conditions on the ultimate limit states when actions are with different variables; -values 0 Fk take into account that it is very low probability of simultaneous occurrence of the characteristic values of two or more action variables of different natures; instead of being adopted different values of 0 in terms of actions that will operate simultaneously, for simplicity, it is assumed a single value 0 for each action to be considered in the design; - generally adopted as reduced values Fk 0 typical values of distributions of extremes, corresponding to a period of time equal to a fraction of the period allowed for the determination of the characteristic Fk; -in particular cases where actions that are considered to act simultaneously with the actions of extremely short period of performance, 0 to adopt the same values specified for the coefficients 2 defined in 4.2.2.2.

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4.2.2.1.4 Outstanding conventional values Considered to be outstanding conventional values as follows: conventional values are outstanding arbitrary value for the outstanding actions; these values must be established by agreement between the owner of the building and the government officials who have an interest in it.

4.2.2.2 representative Values for the serviceability limit states 4.2.2.2.1 Reduced service values Assume the reduced values for the following services: reduced values of service are determined from the characteristic values by the terms 1 Fk and 2 Fk , and are used in the verification of safety for the serviceability limit states, arising from actions that are repeated many times and actions delay duration, respectively; reduced-values 1 Fk are called frequent values and reduced values for 2 Fk are quasi-permanent values of variable actions. 4.2.2.2.2 Rare service values The rare values of service quantify the actions that can lead to serviceability limit states even if acting with very short duration on the structure. 4.2.3 Design values of actions Design values of actions Fd are obtained from the representative values and multiplying them by the respective weighting coefficients f. 4.2.3.1 Weighting factors for ultimate limit states When considering ultimate limit states, the weighting coefficients of actions f can be considered as the product of two others, f1 and f3 (the coefficient of combination 0 plays the third factor, which would be indicated by f2) .The partial factor f1 takes into account the variability of the actions and the coefficient f3 considers the possible errors in assessing the effects of actions, whether by construction problems, whether by failure of the calculation method employed. The deployment of the safety factor as f partial factor allows the overall values specified for f can be broken due to peculiarities of the different types of structures and building materials considered as 5.2 Given the various actions taken into account in the design, the value of the coefficient f can be changed to identify the action considered, resulting symbols g, q, p '' respectively for permanent actions for the direct action variables for prestressing and the effects of imposed deformations (indirect actions). When considering ultimate limit states, the values of the weighting coefficients of actions are stated as 5.1.3, for each of the ultimate combinations that can be considered in the design. 4.2.3.2 Weighting coefficients for the serviceability limit states When considering serviceability limit states, the weighting coefficients of the actions are taken with value f = 1.0 unless otherwise required, expressed as a specific rule.

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4.3 Actions-type of loading and combination criteria 4.3.1 General 4.3.1.1 A type of loading is specified by the set of actions that have non-negligible probability of simultaneously acting on a structure during a predetermined period of time. 4.3.1.2 In each type of loading actions must be combined in different ways in order to determine the most unfavorable effects on the structure. Many combinations of actions must be established as necessary for safety to be verified by checking all possible limits states of the structure. 4.3.1.3 The verification of safety for ultimate limit states is made according to the ultimate combinations of actions. The verification of safety for the serviceability limit states is made according to the combinations of service.

4.3.2 Types of loading During the life span of building, you may experience the following types of loading: normal loading, special loading and exceptional loading. In addition, in special cases it might also be required to consider the construction loading. The types of loading can be long term or transitional, as per their duration. 4.3.2.1 Normal Load The loading results from normal intended use for construction. It is assumed that the normal loading can have a duration equal to the reference structure, and should always be considered in the safety, both in relation to ultimate limit states and in relation to serviceability limit states. 4.3.2.2 Special Load A special loading due to the variable actions of special nature and intensity, effects of which exceed in intensity the effects produced by the actions considered in the normal loading. The special loads are not permanent, lasting for very small period compared to the reference period of the structure. The special loads are generally considered only in the verification of safety for ultimate limit states, not observing the requirements regarding the serviceability limit states. Each represents a unique loading special ultimate special combination of actions. In particular cases, it may be necessary to consider the special loading for the verification of safety for the serviceability limit states. 4.3.2.3 Exceptional load An exceptional loading arises from the outstanding performance of actions that can cause catastrophic effects. The outstanding loads should only be considered when designing the structure of certain types of construction, for which the occurrence of outstanding actions cannot be neglected and that, furthermore, the structural design, cannot be taken to nullify or reduce the severity effects of the consequences of those actions. The exceptional loading is temporary, with extremely short durations. With a loading of exceptional type, it is only the verification of safety for the ultimate limit states, through a unique combination of outstanding ultimate actions.

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4.3.2.4 Construction Load Construction loading is considered only in structures where there is risk of limit states, already during the construction phase. The construction loading is temporary and its duration should be defined in each particular case. Consideration should be given as many combinations of actions as necessary to verify the conditions of safety for all limit states that are to be feared during the construction phase. 4.3.3 Criteria for combination of actions 4.3.3.1 General criteria To check the safety against the possible limit states for each type of loading should be considered all combinations of actions that may cause more adverse effects on critical sections of the structure. The actions are considered permanent as a whole. Variable actions are considered only the portions that produce adverse effects on safety. The moving variable actions must be considered in its most unfavorable position for safety. The application of variable actions throughout the structure can be made in accordance with simplified rules, set forth in Norms to consider certain types of private construction. The actions included in each of these combinations should be considered with their representative values, multiplied by the respective weighting coefficients of the load. 4.3.3.2 Criteria for Ultimate combinations Shall be considered the following criteria: a) Permanent actions shall be included in all combinations of actions; b) Variable actions for ultimate normal combinations: for every ultimate combination, one of the actions variable is considered the main, assuming that it operates with its characteristic value Fk; other actions are considered as secondary variables, assuming that they act with its combination of reduced values 0Fk; c) Ultimate special variables actions in combinations: in the ultimate special combinations, if any, action must be considered new special variable value with its representative and other actions must be considered variable with values corresponding to one non-negligible probability of simultaneous action with the action special variable; d) Ultimate outstanding variable actions in combinations: in the Ultimate outstanding combinations, if any, action must be considered with its representative exceptional value and other actions must be considered variable with values corresponding to one high probability of simultaneous action with the outstanding variable action .

5 Specific requirements
5.1 Safety requirements
5.1.1 Construction requirements

Construction requirements are made up of safety needs for the type of construction and construction materials.

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5.1.2 Analytical Requirements The analytical requirements of safety arising from the structural analysis.

The safety requirements for each of the possible limit states of a structure can be expressed by inequalities of the type: where: Fd represents the design values of actions; fd represents the design values of material properties, including the resistance; ad represents the values for the calculation of parameters describing the geometry of the structure; d represents the values for calculating the coefficients covering the uncertainties of the calculation method adopted; C represents the constants employed, including restrictions on pre-established project. The occurrence of the limit state is expressed by the equation:

The safety conditions to be checked against all types of loading specified for the type of building considered. 5.1.2.1 Common conditions relating to ultimate limit states The usual conditions regarding the of safety limit states are expressed by inequalities of the type:

Where: Sd represents the values for calculating the active efforts;

Rd represents the values for calculating the active efforts

And

When safety is checked in isolation from each of the active efforts, the safety conditions takes the simplified form.

For the determination of S, only the normal loading is usually considered, unless otherwise indicated, expressed as a standard for the type of construction and materials used, or requirement from the copyright owner or the government officials involved in it. Where the calculation is made active of the effort under linear elastic (elastic or semi elastic), the coefficient f can be applied either directly to the characteristic action on to the characteristic effort:

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or

If the calculation of active efforts is made by non-linear process, coefficient f is applied to the characteristic action:

It is said that there is no geometric linearity when the structural behavior is no longer linear due to alteration of the geometry of the system. When considering geometric nonlinearity, the coefficient f can be deployed in its partial coefficients by applying the coefficient to the application f3 calculated with the characteristic action multiplied by f1 0

5.1.2.2 Conditions relating to the usual service limit states The usual conditions of safety check on serviceability limit states are expressed by inequality of the type:

where:

Sdrepresents the values for the calculation of structural effects of interest, calculated using f = 1.0; Slimrepresents the limiting values adopted for these purposes.

5.1.3 Combinations of Ultimate actions

5.1.3.1 Ultimate normal combinations

The Ultimate normal combinations are given by the following expression:

where:

FGi.kis the characteristic value of permanent actions; FQ1.k is the characteristic value of variable action considered as the main action for the combination; 0j FQj.k is the reduced value of the combination of each of the other variable actions. In special cases must be considered with two combinations: one of them, it is assumed that the permanent actions are unfavorable and the other that are favorable to safety.
5.1.3.2 Ultimate combinations for special construction

The Ultimate combinations for special construction are given by the following expression:

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where,

FGi.k is the characteristic value of permanent action

FGi.k is the characteristic value of permanent actions; FQ1.k is the characteristic value of variable action allowed for the main temporary situation considered;

0f.ef is the effective combination factor for each of the remaining variables that may act
concurrently with the main action FQ1 during the temporary situation. Factor 0j.ef is equal to the factor 0j adopted in the normal combinations, except when the main action of FQ1 has a very small time operation, in which case 0j.ef can be taken with the corresponding 2j 5.1.3.3 Ultimate exceptional combinations The Ultimate exceptional combinations are given by the following expression:

where:

FQ,exc is the temporary value of outstanding action and the other terms are already defined in 5.1.3.1 and 5.1.3.2. 5.1.4 Weighting coefficients for Ultimate combinations 5.1.4.1 Weighting coefficients for permanent combinations The weighting coefficients of the permanent actions g are adverse representative values of permanent actions that cause adverse effects and beneficial representative values of those that cause beneficial effects for the safety of the structure. For a given permanent action, all their shares are weighted by the same coefficient g, not permitting that some of its parts can be increased and other decreased. For solid materials that can cause thrust, the vertical component and a horizontal action and the other actions are considered, regardless of the primary action. The weighting coefficients g for permanent actions related to ultimate load combinations, unless otherwise indicated, expressed as a standard for the type of construction and materials considered, should be taken with the basic values as follows: a) Variability of permanent direct action: construction processes of structures, permanent non-structural building elements and fixed equipment determine the variability of the corresponding action. Controlled processes acknowledge more lower weights and less controlled processes require more coefficients. Table 1 gives values of the weighting coefficient to consider for each permanent action, taken separately. Table 2 gives the value of the weighting coefficient to consider whether in a combination, all these actions are grouped. The designer must choose one of these two tables; b) the effects of settlements and shrinkage of supporting materials: in this case take the values given in table 3.

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Table 1-permanent direct actions considered separately Combinations Type of action Dead weight of steel structures Dead weight of precast structures Self-weight of structures fabricated on site 1) Industrial building elements Additional Industrial building elements on site 2) General elements of construction and equipment Effects Unfavorable Favorable 1.25 1.0 1.30 1.0 1.35 1.0 1.35 1.0 1.40 1.0 1.50 1.0

Normal

Special Construction

Dead weight of steel structures Dead weight of precast structures Self-weight of structures fabricated on site Industrial building elements1) Additional Industrial building elements on site General elements of construction and equipment2) Dead weight of steel structures Dead weight of precast structures Self-weight of structures fabricated on site Industrial building elements1) Additional Industrial building elements on site General elements of construction and equipment2)

1.15 1.20 1.25 1.25 1.30 1.40 1.10 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.20 1.30

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

Exceptional

1) 2)

For example, walls and precast facades, drywall. For example, brick walls and their linings, sub floor.

Table 2 Combined direct permanent Actions Combinations

1)

Type of structure Major bridges 2) Buildings Type 1 and bridges in a general 3) Building type 2 Major bridges1) Buildings Type 1 and bridges in a general2) Building type 23) Major bridges1) Buildings Type 1 and bridges in a general2) Building type 23)

Normal

Effects Unfavorable Favorable 1.0 1.30 1.0 1.35 1.0 1.40 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

Special Construction

Exceptional
1) 2)

Major bridges are those in which the weight of the structure exceeds 75% of all actions. Building Type 1 are those where the accidental loads exceed 5 kN/m2. 3) Building type 2 are those where the accidental loads do not exceed 5 kN/m2.

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Table 3-Effects of settlements and shrinking supporting materials effects Combinations Adverse Benificial
Normal Special Construction Exceptional

= 1.2 = 1.2 = 0

= 0 = 0 = 0

5.1.4.2 Weighting coefficients for variable actions The weighting coefficients q of the actions are adverse variables representing values of variable actions that cause an adverse impact on the safety of the structure. The favorable actions cause favorable effects and are not considered in the combination of actions, assuming that they only act on the portions of structure variable actions that produce adverse effects. The variable actions that have portions favorable and unfavorable, that physically cannot act separately, should be considered together as a single action. The weighting coefficients q related to variables actions listed in the ultimate combinations, unless otherwise indicated, expressed as a standard for the type of construction and materials considered, should be taken to the default values listed in Table 4 for each of the actions considered separately or in table 5 if these actions are considered together. The designer must choose one of these two tables. Table 4- Variables actions considered separately Combinations Type of action Short Term Actions Effect of temperature The wind General variable Actions Short Term Actions1) Effect of temperature The wind General variable Actions General variable Actions
1)

Weighing coefficients 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.0

Normal

Special Construction Exceptional

1)

Short term actions are considered as variable actions whose maximum distribution is truncated by a physical device so that the value of this action cannot exceed the corresponding limit. The weighting coefficient shown in Table 4 applies to this threshold.

Table 5 Variable Actions considered together Combinations Normal Special Construction Type of structutre Bridges and buildings type 1 building type 2 Bridges and buildings type 1 building type 2

1)

Weighing coefficients 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2

General structures 1.0 Exceptional 1) Short term actions are considered as variable actions whose maximum distribution is truncated by a physical device so that the value of this action cannot exceed the corresponding limit. The weighting coefficient shown in Table 4 applies to this threshold. ABNT 2004 -All rights reserved

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ABNT NBR 8681 :2003

5.1.4.3 Weighting Coefficients for exceptional actions

f the weighting coefficients for the exceptional action shown in the ultimate exceptional combinations,
unless otherwise indicated, expressed as a standard for the type of construction and material in question must be taken together with the basic value.

f = 1,0
5.1.4.4 Values of factors for combination and reduction The combination of factors 0, unless otherwise indicated, expressed as a standard for the type of construction and materials considered are given in table 6, together with the reduction factors 1 and 2 relating to combinations of service.

Table 6-Factor Values for combination 0and reduction (1and 2) for the variable actions

Actions
Accidental loads of buildings Locations where there is a predominance of weights and equipment that remain fixed for long periods of time or high concentrations of people1) Locations where there is a predominance of weights of equipment that remain fixed for long periods of time, or high concentrations of people2) Libraries, archives, warehouses, workshops and garages Wind Dynamic pressure of wind on structures in general Temperature Uniform variation of temperature with respect to Annual site average. Moving loads and their dynamic effects Pedestrian walkways road bridges Not specialized railway bridges Specialized railway bridges Supporting members of overhead cranes

0 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.6

1 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.5

2 3),4) 0.3 0.4 0.6 0 0.3

0.6 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.0

0.4 0.5 0.7 1.0 0.8

0.3 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.5

1) Residential buildings with restricted access. 2) commercial buildings, offices and public access. 3) For exceptional combinations where the main action is earthquake, it is assumed to take 2 to zero. 4) For exceptional combinations where the main action is the fire, the reduction factor 2 can be reduced by multiplying it by 0.7.

5.1.4.5 Values of reduction factors to apply to the frequent combination of fatigue verification In the absence of a load spectrum that defines the frequency of repetition of load level, allowing the application of the Palmgren-Miner rule, verification of fatigue can be made for a single load level. This load level is defined by the fatigue loading frequent 1,fad Fqk, which corresponds to the one number of load cycles. The reduction factors for frequent combination of fatigue 1,fad , and the number of repetitions of loading condition, N, which, throughout life, can cause fatigue failure are set out in Table 7.

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Table 7-Values of the reduction factors for frequent combination of fatigue Moving Load and it's dynamic effects Pedestrian walkways road bridges Deck slab Transverse beams 1) Longitudinal Beams - ranging up to 100 m - ranging from 200 m - ranging 300 m 6) - deck top and infrastructure Special in railway bridges Non-specialized Railroad bridges Cranes
5)

1,fad 0

0.8 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.3 0 1.0 0.8

2 x 10 6 2 x 10 6 2 x 10 6 2 x 10 6 2 x 10 6 2 x 10 6 2 x 10 6 2 x 10 2 x 10
6

Light or of occasional use 2) moderate 3) heavy 4) stringent

1) 2)

0 1.0 1.0 1.0

20,000 100,000 500,000 6 2 x 10

The value of 1,fad , can be linearly interpolated between 100 m and 300 m. Where 50% of the cycles occur under full load. 3) Where 65% of the cycles occur under full load. 4) Where 80% of the cycles occur under full load. 5) In the absence of precise details of the operating cycle of the crane, it is allowed to use the figures provided in this table. 6) As long as linked only by to super-support structure is not the case, for example, cablestayed bridges or the porch 5.1.5 Serviceability combinations of actions In serviceability combinations all permanent actions are considered, including the deformations imposed permanently and variable actions corresponding to each of the types of combinations, according to what is indicated in 5.1.5.1 to 5.1.5.3.

5.1.5.1 Quasi-permanent Serviceability combinations In the quasi-permanent combinations of serviceability, all variables actions are considered with their quasi-permanent values 2 FQk:

5.1.5.2 Frequent serviceability combinations In the frequent combinations of serviceability, FQ1 the main variable action is taken with frequent value 1 FQ1,k and all other variables actions are taken with its quasi-permanent values 2 FQk:

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5.1.5.3 Rare combinations of serviceability In the rare combinations of serviceability, The main variable action FQ1 is taken with its characteristic value FQ1,k and all other actions are taken with their frequent values 1 FQk:

5.1.6 Values of combined factors and service factors The values for factor for combination 0 for ultimate combinations and factors for the serviceability combinations, 1 for very frequent combinations and 2 for quasi-permanent combinations, are below. These values apply to actions usually considered in civil engineering structures, unless otherwise indicated, expressed as a standard for the type of construction and materials considered. 5.1.7 Conditions of safety related to loss of equilibrium as a rigid body 5.1.7.1 Terms and Conditions The ultimate limit states of loss of balance, considered as a rigid body structure, do not depend on the strength of the materials used and correspond to the beginning of the movement as a rigid body structure. The safety considerations relating to ultimate limit states of loss of balance are expressed by inequalities of the type:

Ssd Snd or S (Fsd) S (Fnd )

where:

Snd and Ssd represent the values calculated with the effort which is expressed in the equilibrium, Snd being referring to non stabilizing actions Fnd and Sd to the stabilizing actions Fs. Fnd values and Fsd shall be determined by the same rules of combinations of actions indicated in 5.1.3. The weighting coefficients 'y' used must be adequately justified in view of the values specified in 5.1.4 and possible alterations indicated in 5.3. The safety conditions can be expressed symbolically by:

where gs and gn are the weighting coefficients corresponding respectively to stabilizing actions Gs and non stabilizing actions Gn. Permanent stabilizing actions, non stabilizing and non stabilizing variable actions, represented symbolically by Gs, Gn and Q should be determined for each type of loading, according to the rules defined in 5.1.3. 5.1.7.2 Stabilizing variable actions In principle, the variables actions considered in safety conditions must be only the non stabilizers. Where the action of a non stabilizing variable action is necessarily accompanied by the stabilizing action of a portion of another action, this should be included in the calculation of Snd, as counter action to the other. Do not allow the effect of this action as part of an stabilizing effort Ssd. The safety conditions in this case, have the following symbolic form: ABNT 2004 -All rights reserved

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in which it adopts, for the stabilizing variable actions Qs,min, the weighting coefficient qs = 1.0. 5.1.7.3 limit states of loss of equilibrium of foundations The ultimate limit states of loss of equilibrium of the foundations are usually simplified idealizations of ultimate limit states of more complex nature. These limit states are due to modes of rupture with predetermined fracture surfaces and can be equated with limit states of loss of balance, by considering the stress resistance Rd as a stabilizer effort.. Safety conditions have, in these cases, the following symbolic form:

These limit states will fit for the same considerations made in 5.1.7.2, when stabilizing variable actions cannot be eliminated.
5.1.8 Verification of safety for ultimate limit states of fatigue

The verification of safety for ultimate limit states of fatigue must be made according to the criteria, standards for the type of construction and materials considered. 5.2 Resistance 5.2.1 Resistance of Materials Resistance is the ability to withstand stresses of the matter. From a practical viewpoint, the measure of ability is regarded as with his own strength. Resistance is conventionally determined by the maximum tension that can be applied to test specimen of material that is, until the appearance of particular phenomena or behavior beyond which there are restrictions on use of materials in structural elements. Generally these are the phenomena of rupture or excessive strain specifically. For each particular material, the corresponding rules should specify the phenomena which determine the resistance.

5.2.2 Representative values 5.2.2.1 Average resistance The average strength fm is given by the arithmetic mean of the resistances of the elements that comprise the composition of the material. 5.2.2.2 Characteristics resistance The characteristic values fk of the resistance of that part of material, have a certain probability of being exceeded, in the unfavorable direction for safety. Usually concerns lower value of the characteristic strength fk,inf, whose value is less than the average strength fm, although sometimes it may concern the higher characteristic strength fk,sup, whose value is greater than fm. 5.2.2.3 Minimum Characteristic resistance The minimum characteristic strength is assumed to be the value that has only 5% probability of not being hit by the elements of a given batch of material. 5.2.2.4 Selection of the representative value Unless express requirement in the standards relating to specific material or type of construction, the representative value should be taken as the minimum characteristic strength, where the safety depends on the less resistant parts of the frame material. The representative value may be taken as the mean resistance, when safety is conditioned as the sum of the resistances of are many areas of the material structure, as each of them individually has a decisive influence. ABNT 2004 -All rights reserved

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5.2.3 Design values 5.2.3.1 Resistance Calculation The resistance calculation fd is given by the following expression:

where:

fk is minimum Characteristic strength; m is the weighting coefficient of the resistance, as follows: m = m1 m2 m3

where:

m1 takes into account the variability of effective resistance by turning characteristic resistance extreme value in a lower probability of occurrence; m2 considers the differences between the effective resistance of the structural material structure and resistance measured conventionally for standard specimen;
m3 considers the uncertainties in the determination of the requested resistant, for consequence of

the construction methods or because of the calculation method used

5.2.3.2 Ultimate Tension resistance .

The Ultimate tension resistance u or u are established for the determination of applied resistance that do not depend directly on conventional resistance measures of test specimen standard of materials used. The values u and u are established in each particular case, from the theories of resistance of structural elements. 5.3 Change of weighing coefficients 5.3.1 Changing the weightings of actions The weighting coefficients of the actions set out in 5.1.4.1 and 5.1.4.2 may be altered in accordance with what is considered below. 5.3.2 Measuring of individual partial weighting coefficients of the actions The partial factors and weighting f1 and f3, defined in 4.2.3.1, can be quantified individually in the following cases.

5.3.2.1 Nonlinear Geometric Behavior In the line with what is pr ovided at the end of 5.1.2.1, for adverse effects, the values of weighting coefficient f for normal combinations special combinations or the construction can be transformed in the product of partial factors f1 and f3. In this case, the condition must be maintained: f31.1 ABNT 2004 -All rights reserved

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5.3.2.2 Truncated actions

Where the action has an active truncated probability distribution as a result of physical arrangements that effectively prevent the significant increase in the intensity of action acting higher than the estimates adopted, are allowed to take the value: f = f1f3 with f3 1.1 and f1 consistent with effective variable of action considered. 5.3.3 Use of adjustment factors In special cases, considering relevant standards certain types of construction weighting coefficients of resistance or weighting coefficients of action values f > 1.0 may be altered, by multiplying the usual values for adjustment factors n given by the following expression n = n1 x n2
where:

n1 1.2depending on the ductility of a possible collapse; n2 1.2 depending on the severity of the consequences of possible collapse. 6 Verification of safety
6.1 General Criteria

The safety of the structures should be checked for all possible states that are accepted as limits for the structure considered. 6.2 Verification of the safety conditions The limit state of safety is verified by both the respect to the analytical conditions and by obedience to the construction terms. 6.2.1 Verification of the analytical conditions
~

There is a clear safety by means of comparison of the values taken for certain parameters in the structural analysis, when working structure subject to the actions, calculated and combined in accordance with the rules established by this Standard, with the values that they take the same parameters as manifested limit states considered, the variables used as parameters for establishing the conditions of safety are of three kinds: a) Actions;
b) internal forces (applications, structural strain, stress);

c) structural effects (deformation, displacement, crack width). 6.2.2 Verification of construction conditions There are safety conditions in relation to the possible limit states for meeting the construction requirements included in the various provisions relating to structures made of building materials considered.

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