1 Cell Division Pg 342 345 We have discussed the fact that larger organisms, such as ourselves, need to be made

e up of many different cells for 2 reasons: 1. Many small cells create a larger surface area for the uptake of oxygen, water and nutrients. 2. Different cells are specialised to fulfil different functions such as light reception, nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction etc. It is important to realise that not all cells have the same life span; some cells, such as the cells that make up the brain, last a lifetime. Others, such as those lining the stomach, last only a few days. Now we are going to consider how cells make more cells. This is necessary for a number of reasons: 1. We all start life as one cell. This cell has to divide many times before the organism is an adult. So cell division is necessary for the growth of the organism. 2. As we live, our body cells constantly need to be replaced. So cell division is necessary for the repair and replacement of cells in the body. 3. A special type of cell division is necessary for the formation of sperm and egg cells. We will look at that process later. Before we start, you need to build up your vocabulary a little. Look up the following words in the glossary and write the definitions down. Genes:

Chromosomes:

Chromatids:

Centromere:

Spindle:

Now carefully read Mitosis on page 342 and read through the phases illustrated on pg 343. Underneath each phase illustrated in the diagram that I have given you, list what happens in each phase.

Read Cytokinesis on page 344. In the space below, draw a BAR GRAPH that illustrates how much time is spent by the average cell in each phase. You should base this on the PIE CHART on page 344.

We call each new cell made a daughter cell. Answer the following questions: 1. How many daughter cells result from mitosis? 2. How many chromosomes do each of the daughter cells have in comparison to the parent cell? 3. How does the size of the daughter cell compare to the parent cell a. At cytokinesis? b. At maturity? Answer the review questions 1 8 on page 345.

3 Cell Division for Gametes Pg 351 353 Multicellular organisms are composed of two types of cells: 1. Somatic cells (body cells) 2. Germ cells (egg and sperm cells) The somatic cells divide by mitosis to produce exact replicas of the parent cell. However, the process of cell division that produces egg and sperm cells is somewhat different. Why is this necessary? ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ The process of cell division to produce germ cells is called meiosis. It involves two divisions and results in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Summarise the stages of meiosis in the spaces below: 1. Prophase

2.

Metaphase 1

3.

Anaphase 1

4.

Metaphase 2

5.

Anaphase 2

6.

Telophase and Cytokinesis

Read pg 351 353 and answer review questions 14 and 15.

Meiosis

Legend: Illustration of the process by which a single parent diploid cell (Both homologous chromosomes) divides to produce four daughter haploids cells (One homologous chromosome of the pair).

Crossing-over and Recombination During Meiosis

Legend: Illustration of crossing-over and recombination during the formation of gametes (germ cells) or meiosis. Crossing-over is part of a complicated process which can occur during cell division. In meiosis, the precursor cells of the sperm or ova must multiply and at the same time reduce the number of chromosomes to one full set. During the early stages of cell division in meiosis, two chromosomes of a homologous pair may exchange segments in the manner shown above, producing genetic variations in germ cells. Adapted from: Morgan T.H., Sturtevant A.H., Muller H.J., and Bridges C.B., "The Mechansim of Mendelian Heredity", 1915.

Comparison of Meiosis and Mitosis

7 NOTE: 1. The genetic material is contained in the chromosomes and is transmitted from one generation to the next via the gametes (eggs and sperm). 2. The human body cells (somatic cells) contain 46 chromosomes. What would happen if each sperm and egg contained 46 chromosomes?

3. The process by which the number of chromosomes in the zygote is halved is called meiosis. This occurs in the ovaries of females and the testis of males. 4. The normal number of chromosomes (in humans, 46) is referred to as the diploid number or 2n. The halved number (the number in an oocyte or spermatocyte) is known as the haploid or n number. (23 in humans).