52

13920,
456
7.3.2,
26.5.3.2
(b)(1)
(2)
The parallel legs of rectangular hoop shall be spaced not more than
300 mm centre to centre. If the length of any side of the hoop
exceeds 300 mm, a crosstie shall be provided (Fig.7B).
Alternatively, a pair of overlapping hoops may be provided within
the column (see Fig.7C). The hooks shall engage peripheral
longitudinal bars.
b) Arrangement of transverse reinforcement:
1) If the longitudinal bars are not spaced more than 75 mm on
either side, transverse reinforcement need only to go round corner
and alternate bars for the purpose of providing effective lateral
supports (see Fig.8).
2) If the longitudinal bars spaced at distance of not exceeding 48
times the diameter of the tie are effectively tied in two directions
by open ties (seeFig.9).
13920 93 7.4.8 The area of cross section, Ash, of the bar forming rectangular
hoop, to be used as special confining reinforcement shall not be
less than

0.18 1
g
ck
sh
y k
A
f
A S h
f A
(
=
(


13920 93 7.4.6 The spacing of hoops used as special confining reinforcement shall
not exceed 1/4 of minimum member of minimum member
dimension but need not be less than 75 mm or more than 100 mm.
13920 93 7.4.1 Special confining reinforcement shall be provided over a length
lo from each joint face, towards mid span, and on either side of
any section, where flexural yielding may occur under the effect of
earthquake forces (see Fig. 9). The length lo shall not be less
than (a) larger lateral dimension of the member at the section
where yielding occurs, (b)1/6 of clear span of the member, and (c)
450 mm.
13920
,456
7.3.3,
26.5.3.2
(c) (1)
The spacing of hoops shall not exceed half the least lateral
dimension of the column, except where special confining
reinforcement is provided, as per 7.4.
c)Pitch and diameter of lateral ties:
1) Pitch-The pitch of transverse reinforcement shall be not more
than the least of the following distances;
53

i) The least lateral dimension of the compression members;
ii) Sixteen times the smallest diameter of the longitudinal
reinforcement bar to be tied; and
iii) 300 mm.

4.4 FORMULAE TO CHECK IS CLAUSES
Formulae used in case of Beams
1. Area of reinforcement at bottom
A
st
or A
sc
Considered as tension reinforcement, when tension at bottom.
2.
Area of reinforcement at top

A
st
or A
sc
Considered as tension reinforcement, when tension at top. Otherwise, compression
3.
Exposure condition

Used to check the cover as per Table 16 & Table 16 A of IS 456
4.
Fire resistance

Used to check the cover as per Table 16 & Table 16 A of IS 456
5.
Minimum tension reinforcement

ck
y
0.24 f
b d
f

fck =
fy =
b =
d =
IS 13920-1993. Clause 6.2.1 (b)
54

6.
Maximum tension reinforcement

0.025 b d
IS 13920-1993. Clause 6.2.2
7. Spacing of shear reinforcement at support
Minimum (
d
4
, 8 min dia of longitudinal bar)
It need not be less than 100 mm
When tension face = top
IS 13920-1993. Clause 6.3.5
8. Spacing of shear reinforcement in mid-span
Minimum (d/2, 0.75 d, 300)
When tension face = bottom
IS 456-2000. Clause 26.5.1.5
9.
Minimum shear reinforcement

sv
v y
A 0.4
b s 0.87 f
>
Asv =
bsv =
IS 456-2000. Clause 26.5.1.6
Checked for spacing of shear reinforcement
10. One side face reinforcement
0.1
b D
100

IS 456-2000. Clause 26.5.1.3
Applicable when D > 750 mm
55

Divided equally on two faces
11. Spacing of side face reinforcement
Minimum (b, 300)
IS 456-2000. Clause 26.5.1.3
12. Check for Deep beams
Span
D
shall be more than 2.0 (for simply supported beams) and 2.5 (for continuous
beams)
IS 456-2000. Clause 29.1
13. Clear distance between supports for lateral stability
2
250b
Minimum 60b ,
d
(
(


IS 456-2000. Clause 23.3
14. Minimum spacing between bars
Maximum (Maximum size of bar, size of aggregate + 5 mm)
IS 456-2000. Clause 23.3.2 (a)
15. Maximum spacing between bars in tension
It shall never exceed 300 mm
IS 456-2000. Clause 23.3.3
Moment of Resistance
16. Limiting moment of resistance
M
u,lim =
MOR index f
ck
b d
2
Table C, Page 10, SP 16
17. Limiting area of tension reinforcement
56

A
t,lim =
ck
y
f
Reinf index bd
f

Table C, Page 10, SP 16
18. MOR for under-reinforced section
st y
y st
ck
A f
0.87 f A d 1
bd f
(

(

IS 456-2000, Annexure G
Section is under-reinforced when, A
st
< A
t,lim
19. MOR for over-reinforced section
A
st2
= A
st
- A
t,lim

fsc depends on d/d
A
sc
=
y st 2
sc
0.87 f A
A


M
u2
= f
sc
A
sc
(d d)

Total MOR = M
u,lim
+ M
u2
Section is under-reinforced when, A
st
> A
t,lim
Shear Capacity
20.
Shear strength of concrete

t
c =
ck
0.85 0.8f ( 1 5 1)
6

+

where,
ck
t
0.8 f
6.89p
= and
st
t
100A
p
bd
=
SP-16, Para 4.1, Page 175
21. Shear capacity of concrete
57

t
c
bd
22. Shear capacity of steel
y sv
v
0.87f A d
s

IS 456-2000. Clause 40.4 (a)
23. Total shear capacity
Shear capacity of (steel + concrete)
Check for deflection
24. Basic value of span to effective depth ratio
IS 456-2000. Clause 23.2.1
25. Multiplication factor for span > 10 m
F1
10
span

26. Multiplication factor for tension reinforcement
F2
s 10
s
1
bd
0.225 0.00322f 0.625log
100A
(
+
(


where f
s
= 0.58 f
y
SP-24, Page 55
27. Multiplication factor for compression reinforcement
F3
c
c
1.6 p
p 0.275 +

where p
c
= percentage of compression reinforcement
SP-24, Page 55
28. Permissible value of span to effective depth ratio
Basic value F1 F2 F3
58

Formulae used in case of Columns
Checking Codal Provisions
1
Exposure condition

Used to check the cover as per Table 16 & Table 16 A of IS 456
2.
Fire resistance

Used to check the cover as per Table 16 & Table 16 A of IS 456
3. Min Dimension
150 mm / 200 mm (for span more than 5 m)
IS 456-2000. Clause 21.2
IS 13920-1993. Clause 7.1.2
4. Ratio of B/D
B
D
shall be more than 0.4
IS 13920-1993. Clause 7.1.3
5. Unsupported length
60 Minimum (B, D)
IS 456-2000. Clause 25.3.1
6. Min longitudinal reinforcement

0.8
BD
100

IS 456-2000. Clause 26.5.3.1 (a)
7. Max longitudinal reinforcement
4
BD
100

IS 456-2000. Clause 26.5.3.1 (a)
59

8.
Max spacing of longitudinal reinforcement

300 mm
IS 456-2000. Clause 26.5.3.1 (g)
9.
Dia of confining reinforcement

g
ck
sh
y k
A
f
A 0.18 Sh 1.0
f A
(
=
(


IS 13920-1993. Clause 7.4.8
10.
Max spacing of confining reinforcement

Lesser of 100 mm and
Min (B, D)
4

It need not be lesser than 75 mm
IS 13920-1993. Clause 7.4.6
11. Max spacing of transverse reinforcement in the middle
Minimum of [16 Dia of longitudinal reinforcement], 300 mm,
Min (B, D)
2

IS 456-2000. Clause 26.5.3.2 (c)
IS 13920-1993. Clause 7.4.6

Analysis of Column for Axial Bending
12. Minimum Eccentricity
Maximum of
L B
500 30
+ , 20 mm
IS 456-2000. Clause 25.4
13. Permitted eccentricity
0.05 B
IS 456-2000. Clause 39.3
60

14. Moment due to eccentricity
Factored load Minimum eccentricity
Applicable only when minimum eccentricity exceeds permitted eccentricity
15. Design Moments
Maximum of initial factored moment and moment due to eccentricity
16. Slenderness ratio
L
B

17. Additional moments
2
u
P B L
2000 B
(
(


IS 456-2000. Clause 39.7.1
18. Modification factor
uz u
uz b
P P
k
P P

Maximum value of k is 1
IS 456-2000. Clause 39.7.1
19. Total design moments

Design moments + (k Additional moments)
20. Interaction ratio
uy
uz
uy1 uz1
M
M
M M

(
(
+
(
(
(


This value should not exceed 1
IS 456-2000. Clause 39.6