RC Column RC Column

Presented By:
A.B.M Sazzad Hossain
Column Definition:
Members that carry axial load, axial load and Bending moment.
Column Types:
1. Tied
2. Spiral
3. Composite
4. Combination
5. Steel sections
Tied Columns 95% of all col mns in Tied Columns - 95% of all columns in
buildings are tied
Tie spacing h (except for seismic) ~
tie support long bars (reduce buckling)
ties provide negligible restraint to
lateral expose of core lateral expose of core
Behavior of Spirally Reinforced and Tied Columns
Confinement
ACI spiral reinforcement ratio based on tests by Richart, Brandtzeg and
Brown 1928; using 6 x 12 cylinders,
where
f* =Compressive strength of spirally confined
core concrete core concrete
0.85 fc = compressive strength of concrete if
unconfined
f2 = lateral confinement stress in core concrete f 2 lateral confinement stress in core concrete
produced by spiral
What sort of lateral confinement can a given spiral provide? g p p
Consider a length of a spiral--wrapped circular section:
for a length S:
volume of spiral = A D (approximately) volume of spiral = A
sp
D (approximately)
volume of concrete = (D
2
/4)S
Ratio of spiral reinforcement
Spacing of Ties to Prevent Longitudinal Bar Buckling Spacing of Ties to Prevent Longitudinal Bar Buckling
A. Tied column may fail prior to steel yield if shell spalls and longitudinal bars buckle;
B. Insure that bar buckling load is greater than yield load. (cr >fy)
Assume that bar buckling load is greater than yield load -- Assume a pin--pin bar
between ties:
ACI Provisions for Axial Load Capacity of Spiral Columns
ACI Provisions for Axial Load Capacity of Tied Columns
Columns are assigned the following strength reduction factor (ACI 9.3.2.2)
Tied column 0 65 Tied column -- 0.65
Spiral column -- 0.70
Why | ? Why | ?
To allow for the probability of understrength members due to variation in material strengths
and dimensions
To allow for inaccuracies in the design equations
To reflect the degree of ductility and required reliability
of the member under the load effects being considered. g
To reflect the importance of the member in the structure
Effect of Column Tie
Column without Tie/Spiral
Column with Tie/Spiral
ACI Code Provision for Tie and Spiral of Column
16 (bar diameter)
p
For Tied Column: spacing not to be greater than
16 (bar diameter)
48 tie bar diameter
Least column dimension
For Spiral Column
Continuous bar not less
th t 3/8 i di t that 3/8 in. diameter
Clear spacing < 3 in.
Clear spacing > 1 in.
Arrangement Vertical spacing:
At least every other longitudinal bar shall have
lateral support from the corner of a tie with an
1.)
lateral support from the corner of a tie with an
included angle 135
o
.
s
No longitudinal bar shall be more than 6 in.
clear on either side from support bar
2.)
clear on either side from support bar.
Short Column
with
Axial Compression and Bending Moment p g
Pure axially Loaded Columns are rarely occur, simultaneously bending y y , y g
is always present .
Usually moment is represented by axial load times eccentricity, y p y y
Combined Stress due to Axial Compressive plus Bending Combined Stress due to Axial Compressive plus Bending
Strain Compatibility Analysis St a Co pat b ty a ys s
For Tension steel
For Compression steel
For Concrete Stress Depth
For Compressive Resultant Force
Balanced Steel Failure in Column
The load Pb and moment Mb acting in combination to produce failure, with
the concrete reaching its limit strain u at precisely thesame instant that the e the concrete reaching its limit strain u at precisely thesame instant that the
tensile steel on the far side of the column reaches yield strain.
This point on the interaction diagram is the dividing point between
i f il ( ll t i iti ) d t i f il (l
e
compression failure (small eccentricities) and tension failure (large
eccentricities).
Column Interaction Curve
Interaction Diagram Between Axial Load and Moment ( Failure Envelope )
Concrete crushes Concrete crushes
before steel yields
Steel yields before concrete y
crushes
Any combination of P and M outside the envelope will cause failure.
Column Interaction Curve For Bi axial Bending Column Interaction Curve For Bi-axial Bending
Column Design By using ACI Interaction Curves
Interaction Diagram For Axial Plus Biaxial bending Moment
Slenderness Slenderness Slenderness
of
Slenderness
of of
C l
of
C l Columns Columns
Euler Critical Load
The governing equation is a second order homogeneous
ordinar differential eq ation ordinary differential equation
0
2
= + pw
w d
EI
where
The Characteristic equation is
0
2
+ pw
dx
EI
Applying Boundary condition
, 0
, 0
=
=
w
y
, 0
,
=
=
w
L y
Substituting the equation
, 0 w ,
L
x
A w
t
sin =
L
Euler Critical Load
The allowable stress in a compression member depends on the slenderness ratio L
eff
/ r
and can be divided into three regions: short, intermediate, and long. and can be divided into three regions: short, intermediate, and long.
Short columns are dominated by the strength limit of the material.
Intermediate columns are bounded by the inelastic limit of the member.
Long columns are bounded by the elastic limit (i.e. Euler's formula). g y ( )
The Meta-Equilibrium
Complexity in the Column Design
Loading
Load Complexity Load Complexity
P M
x
M
y
P M
x
P
Shape Shape
Shape
S
h
o
r
t
pp
Complexity Complexity
L
o
n
g
Most Simple
Problem
V
.

L
o
n
g
Length
Slenderness Slenderness
What is Slenderness Effect What is Slenderness Effect
Moment
Amplification
e
P
Capacity
R d ti
P
I
II
Reduction
( )
e
A = f(M
c
)
C
P
C
M
Column Capacity (P-M)
II : M
c
= P(e + A)
Long Column
I. M
c
= P.e
Short Column
Buckling in two major axis
Effective length on support conditions:
F i P i F
Top End
F i x P i n F r e e
F i x 0 . 5 0 . 8 2 . 0
P i 0 8 1 0 U t b l
o
m

P i n 0 . 8 1 . 0 U n s t a b l e
F r e e 2 . 0 U n s t a b l e U n s t a b l e B
o
t
t
o
E
n
d
Alignment charts for effective length factors k.
CC2
B1 B2
C1
Lc
B4 B3
Lc
C3
Columns l EI ) / (
Increases K Increase K
Beams l EI
Columns l EI
C
,
) / (
) / (
o

=
Effective length of Non-sway Frame: g y
Eff ti l th f S F Effective length of Sway Frame
Determination of K
Members Part of Framed Structure
2 1
20
< +

=
m
G for G
G
K 2 1
20
< + =
m m
G for G K
2 ) 1 ( 9 0 > G f G K
Unbraced
Frames
2 ) 1 ( 9 . 0 > + =
m m
G for G K
Frames
0 1 05 0 85 0
0 . 1 ) ( 05 . 0 7 . 0
s + =
s + + =
B T
G k
G G K
Braced
Frames
(smaller of)
Columns L EI
C
) / (
0 . 1 05 . 0 85 . 0 s + =
m
G k
(smaller of)
T
End Top G =
Increases K Increase G G K
Beams L EI
Columns L EI
G
C
,
) / (
) / (
o

=
B T m
B
T
G and G of Minimum G
End Bottom G
nd op G
=
=
,
B T m
f
Compression plus Bending, (Bent in single curvature)
Compression plus Bending, (Bent in double curvature)
Fixed portal frame, laterally unbraced.
Fixed portal frame, laterally braced. p , y
1 The strength of concentrically loaded columns decreases with increasing slenderness 1. The strength of concentrically loaded columns decreases with increasing slenderness
ratio kl/r.
2 In columns that are braced against sidesway or that are parts of frames braced against 2. In columns that are braced against sidesway or that are parts of frames braced against
sidesway, the effective length kl, i.e., the distance between inflection points, falls
between 1/2 and I, depending on the degree of end restraint.
3. The effective lengths of columns that are not braced against sidesway or that are parts of
frames not so braced are always larger than l, the more so the smaller the end restraint. In
consequence, the buckling load of a frame not braced against sidesway is always consequence, the buckling load of a frame not braced against sidesway is always
substantially smaller than that of the same frame when braced.
C l i
1 In flexural members the presence of axial compression causes additional
Conclusion:
1. In flexural members, the presence of axial compression causes additional
deflections and additional moments Py. Other things being equal, the additional
moments increase with increasing slenderness ratio kl/r.
2. In members braced against sidesway and bent in single curvature, the maxima of
both types of moments, Mo and Py, occur at the same or at nearby locations and
f ll ddi i hi l d l ifi i If h M are fully additive; this leads to large moment magnifications. If the Mo moments
result in double curvature (Le., in the occurrence of an inflection point), the oppo-
site is true and less or no moment magnification occurs.
3. In members in frames not braced against sidesway, the maximum moments of
both kinds, Mo and Py, almost always occur at the same locations, the ends of the both kinds, Mo and Py, almost always occur at the same locations, the ends of the
columns; they are fully additive, regardless of the presence or absence of an
inflection point. Here, too, other things being equal, the additional deflections
and the corresponding moments increase with increasing kl/r and the corresponding moments increase with increasing kl/r.
Factors Effecting Slenderness Effect
Effective Length
Actual Length
End Framing and Boundary Conditions
Lateral Bracing Conditions
Effective Stiffness
Cross-sections Dimensions and Proportions
Reinforcement amount and Distribution
M d l f El i i f C d S l Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete and Steel
Creep and Sustained Loads
L d Loads
Axial Load
End Moments and Moments along the Length End Moments and Moments along the Length
What is Sway ?
Sway is dependent upon the structural configuration
as well as type of loading as well as type of loading
N S S Ma be S a
0 . 1 = o
Non Sway Sway May be Sway
For Non-sway Frames (Very rigid or braced)
0 . 1
0 . 1
>
ns
s
o
o
For Sway Frames (Open frames, not braced,
Depends on loads also)
0 1
0 . 1
>
>
s
o
o
Depends on loads also)
0 . 1 >
ns
o
More on Sway
Braced Column (Non-Sway)
Most building columns may be
considered Non-Sway for
gravity loads
Unbraced Column (Sway)
More than 40% of columns in
buildings are Non-Sway for
lateral loads
Unbraced Column (Sway)
lateral loads
Moment Magnification for Moment Magnification for
Sway case is more significant,
more complicated and more
i t t important
Criteria for Braced or Non Braced
P A
C U
U
l V
P
Q
0
A
=
P P P P
U U U U
+ + = ......
3 2 1
P
U1
P
U2
P
U3
P
U4
A
T
V V V V
B T
+ + =
A A = A
0
V
U1
V
U1
V
U1
V
U1
l
C
( ) average height storey Clear l
V V V V
C
U U U U
=
+ + = .......
3 2 1
A
B
C S Q
case sway Non Q If
05 0
: 05 . 0 s
Case Sway Q : 05 . 0 >
ACI CRITERIA FOR SLENDERNESS EFFECTS IN COLUMNS
1. For compression members braced against sidesway (i.e., in nonsway
structures) the effects of slenderness may be neglected when k1/r=34 - structures), the effects of slenderness may be neglected when k1/r=34 -
12M1/M2, where 34 - 12M1/M2 is not taken greater than 40.
2. For compression members not braced against sidesway (i.e., in sway
structures), the effects of slenderness may be neglected when k1u/r is less
than 22 than 22.
ACI Moment Magnification For Non-Sway Frame
ns ns m
M M o =
g y
Where Moment Magnification Factor
ns
o Is-
1
C
o 1
75 . 0
1
>

=
C
u
m
ns
P
P
C
o
Where
2
2
) (
) (
U
C
Kl
EI
P
t
=
Where
4 . 0
1
4 . 0 6 . 0 > + =
M
C
m
Moment Correction Factor
2 M
m
1 2 M M > and
+ When bent in single c r at re + When bent in single curvature
- When bent in single curvature
ACI Code provides that the factored moment M2 ACI Code provides that the factored moment M2
not be taken less than M2,min = Pu(0.6 + 0.03h)
The C
m
Factor
m
The Moment and Stress The Moment and Stress
Amplification Factors are
derived on the basis of pin-
4 . 0
2
1
4 . 0 6 . 0 > + =
M
M
C
m
M
1
M
1
derived on the basis of pin
ended columns with single
moment curvature.
2 M
M
1 1
(C
m
= 1.0)
F th M t
M
2
M
2
For other Moment
Distribution, the correction
factor C needs to be
M1/M2
Positive
M1/M2
Negative
factor C
m
needs to be
computed to modify the
stress amplification.
M1 is the smaller End Moment
M2 is the larger End Moment
stress amplification.
C
m
= 0.4 to 1.0
M2 is the larger End Moment
More about C
m
Factor
4 . 0
1
4 . 0 6 . 0 > + =
M
C
m
m
M
1
M
1
M
2
M
2
2 M
m
M
1
M M M 0 M M M 0
M
2
M
1
M
1
M
2
M
1
= -M M
1
= 0 M
1
=M M
1
=0
M
2
= M M
2
= M M
2
= M M
2
= M
1
1
=
M
M
0
1
=
M
1
1
=
M
0
1
=
M
M
2
M
2
M
2
M 2
M
Cm = 1.0 Cm = 0.6 Cm = 0.2 Cm = 0.6
Determination of Stiffness EI
Ab
se s g C
I E I E
EI
+
=
2 . 0
h
y
b
C
d
I E
EI
| +
4 . 0
1
b
d
g C
I E
or
| +
=
1
4 . 0
Attempt to include,
Cracking, Variable E, Creep effect
b
3
Cracking, Variable E, Creep effect
Geometric and material non linearity
12
3
bh
I
g
=
I
g
= Gross Moment of Inertia
I
se
= Moment of Inertia of rebars
=
2
. b b se
y A I
|
d
= Effect of creep for sustained loads. = P
ud
/P
u
ACI Moment Magnification For Non-Sway Frame
Larger Sway Moment
Larger Non- Sway Moment Final
Design
M t
s s ns ns m
M M M o o + =
g y
Moment
The maximum magnified moments caused by sway loading occur at the ends
of the column but those due to gravity loads may occur somewhere in the of the column, but those due to gravity loads may occur somewhere in the
mid height of the column, the exact location of the latter varying
depending on the end moments.
Because magnified gravity moments and magnified sway moments do not
occur at the same location for this reasontwo cases involved
s s ns
M M M
M M M
o
o
1 1
1 + =
s s ns
M M M o
2 2
2 + =
s
s
s s
M
P
M
M a >
A
= ) o
s
c u
u
s s
l V
P A
1
)
0
s
c u
then If > 5 . 1 o
s
s
s s
M
P
M
M b >

= ) o
c
u
P
P

75 . 0
1