REVIEW OF MATRIX ALGEBRA

In matrix methods of structural analysis, the fundamental relationships of equilibrium, compatibility, and member force-displacement relations are expressed in the form of matrix equations, and the analytical procedures are formulated by applying various matrix operations. Therefore, familiarity with the basic concepts of matrix algebra is a prerequisite to understanding matrix structural analysis. DEFINITION OF A MATRIX A matrix is defined as a rectangular array of quantities arranged in rows and columns. A matrix with m rows and n columns can be expressed as follows. TYPES OF MATRICES Column Matrix (Vector)

Row Matrix C=[9 35 -12 7 22] Square Matrix

Symmetric Matrix

Lower Triangular Matrix all the elements of a square matrix above its main diagonal are zero

Upper Triangular Matrix all the elements of a square matrix below its main diagonal are zero

Diagonal Matrix

Unit or Identity Matrix

Null Matrix

MATRIX OPERATIONS Equality Matrices A and B are considered to be equal if they are of the same order and if their corresponding elements are identical (Le., A;j = B;j).

Addition and Subtraction Matrices can be added (or subtracted) only if they are of the same order. The addition (or subtraction) of two matrices A and B is carried out by adding (or subtracting) the corresponding. elements of the two matrices. Thus, if A + B = C, then C;j= A;j + B;j; and if A - B = D, then Dij = Aij - B;j. The matrices C and D have the same order as matrices A and B.

Multiplication by a Scalar element of the matrix A by the scalar c. Thus, if cA = B, then Bij = Caij.

Multiplication of Matrices Two matrices can be multiplied only if the number of columns of the first matrix equals the number of rows of the second matrix. Such matrices are said to be conformable for multiplication.

The product AB of these matrices is defined because the first matrix, A, of the sequence AD has two columns and the second matrix, B, has two rows. However, if the sequence of the matrices is reversed, then the product BA does not exist, because now the first matrix, D, has two columns and the second matrix, A, has three rows. The product AD is referred to either as A postmultiplied by D, or as D premultiplied by A. Conversely, the product DA is referred to either as D postmultiplied by A, or as A premultiplied by D. When two conformable matrices are multiplied, the product matrix thus obtained has the number of rows of the first matrix and the number of columns of. the second matrix.

Transpose of a Matrix The transpose of a matrix is obtained by interchanging its corresponding rows and columns. The transposed matrix is commonly identified by placing a superscript T on the symbol of the original matrix.

Differentiation and Integration A matrix can be differentiated (or integrated) by differentiating (or integrating) each of its elements.

Inverse of a Square Matrix The inverse of a square matrix A is defined as a matrix A -I with elements of such magnitudes that the product of the original matrix A and its inverse A-) equals a unit matrix I; that is,

The operation of inversion is defined orily for square matrices, with the inverse of such a matrix also being a square matrix of the same order as the original matrix.

Orthogonal Matrix If the inverse of a matrix is equal to its transpose, the matrix is referred to as an orthogonal matrix. In other words, a matrix A is orthogonal if A-1 = AT

Partitioning of Matrices In many applications, it becomes necessary to subdivide a matrix into a number of smaller matrices called submatrices. The process of subdividing a matrix into submatrices is referred to as partitioning. For example, a 4 x 3 matrix B is partitioned into four submatrices by diawing horizontal and vertical dashed partition lines:

Matrix operations (such as addition, subtraction, and multiplication) can be performed on partitioned matrices in the same manner as discussed previously by treating the submatrices as elements-provided that the matrices are partitioned in such away that their submatrices are conformable for the particular operation. For example, suppose that the 4 x 3 matrix B is to be post multiplied by a 3 x 2 matrix C, which is partitioned into two submatrices:

The product BC is expressed in terms of submatrices as

It is important to realize that matrices B and C have been partitioned in such a way that .their corresponding submatrices are confonnable for multiplication; that is, the orders of the submatrices are such that the products B11C11, B12C21, B2IC11, and B22C21 are defined. This is achieved by partitioning the rows of the second matrix C of the product BC in the same way that the columns of the first matrix B are partitioned. The products of the submatrices are:

GAUSS-JORDAN ELIMINATION METHOD The Gauss-Jordan elimination method is one of the most commonly used procedures for solving simultaneous linear equations, and for determining inverses of matrices. Solution of Simultaneous Equations.

To illustrate the Gauss-Jordan method for solving simultaneous equations, consider the following system of three linear algebraic equations:

Matrix Inversion The procedure for determining inverses of matrices by the Gauss-Jordan method is similar to that described previously for solving simultaneous equations. The procedure involves fonning an augmented matrix G. composed of the matrix A that is to be inverted and a unit matrix 1 of the same order as A; that is,

Elementary operations are then applied to the rows of the augmented matrix to reduce A to a unit matrix. Matrix I, which was initially the unit matrix, now represents the inverse m~trix A-I; thus,