Beruflich Dokumente
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Measurement Techniques
Performance of measurement
Objective
For example:
Light speed = 299792458.63… m/s
Measured value
For example:
l = (3.5± 0.1) cm
R = (102.5 ± 0.2) Ω
Nominal value
δA = Am - At
δA = static error
Am = measured value
At = true value
Relative Static error
Conclusion:
Instrument A is more precise
Instrument B is more accurate
Accuracy and Precision
Sensitivity
The ratio of the magnitude of the output
signal or response to a change the magnitude
of input signal.
Example
A wheastone bridge requires a change of 7Ω
in an unknown arm of the bridge to produced
a change in deflection of the galvanometer.
Determine the sensitivity
Example:
our eyes cannot see light photon because
the rapidly moving of photons is much
more faster than our brain processing time.
Switching time
The best on-off time for a switching
device which is distortion free.
Example:
For a device which require 2s to charge up
and 3s to discharge. Hence the switching
time must be always larger than 5s.
Bandwidth
A range of frequency that can sense by an
instrument.
Example:
The bandwidth of our ears is from 20Hz to
20kHz. Any sound that outside this range is
undetectable.
Others
Example:
After two years of using an instrument…
Accuracy of Instrument A drop 1%
Accuracy of Instrument B drop 5%
Conclusion: Instrument A is more reliable
Requirement
• Fitness of purpose – measurement to predefined
accuracy
• Calibration – comparing output with the standards
-Company standard
-National standards
calibration records normally include: Reference
number, calibrations data, calibration result,
frequency of calibration,, repair and modification
information , limitation
National Standards
• National standards are defined my international agreement maintain by
national establishment like national physics laboratory in great Britain, and
national bureau of standards in the US.
Primary standards Mass:
• Length
• Time
• Current
• Temperature
• Luminous intensity
• Amount of substance
Supplementary standards:
• Plane angle
• Solid angle
Safety system
Indicated value − True value
x 100%
True value
Error Calculation
• Accuracy can be stated in terms of errors
introduced