Microbiology 532 Immunology Examination October 23, 2002 All questions have equal point value.

You may keep the test questions. Multiple Choice (choose the best answer) 1. In order for a cell to respond to a cytokine, that cell must possess a: a. b. c. d. e. 2. PRP receptor. PAMP receptor. Fc receptor. complement receptor. none of the above.

Immunoglobulin classes many not be distinguished by the type of: a. b. c. d. e. light chains they possess. carbohydrate on their light chains. constant regions in their light chains. heavy chains they possess. none of the above.

3.

The constant regions in the heavy chains determine: a. b. c. d. e. Fc receptor binding. conformation of the binding site to the epitope. affinity of the complement receptors. interaction of the Fab with cytokines. none of the above.

4.

Plutonian immunoglobulin molecules follow the same rules of proportions that are found in human immunoglobulins. If you were told that Plutonian light chains had a molecular weight of 2 kDa, what would you expect the molecular weight of their IgG molecules to be? a. b. c. d. e. 150,000 kDa 900,000 kDa 12 kDa 8 kDa none of the above.

5.

J-chains are not associated with: a. b. c. IgG. polymeric immunoglobulins (more than two Fabs). secretory IgA

Microbiology 532 d. e. 6. IgM. none of the above.

Immunology Examination

Actively-acquired immunity is not the result of: a. b. c. d. e. transfer of bone marrow from one individual to another. immunization with a vaccine. exposure to an individual who has an infectious disease. a physician administering a gamma globulin shot to someone who has had a needle stick (immunoglobulins). a and d.

page 2 of 10

Microbiology 532 7.

Immunology Examination

IgE binding to Mast cells is mediated by: a. b. c. d. e. Fc-dependent cellular homing mechanisms. sensitization of Mast cells and basophils. Fc receptors specific for IgE. ICAMs. none of the above.

8.

IgD antibody functions as: a. b. c. d. e. antigen receptors on immature T cells. an ADCC receptor on NK cells. a hormone receptor on NK cells. a trigger of the complement cascade. none of the above.

9.

Antibody affinity is primarily determined by the amino acid sequence in: a. b. c. d. e. the constant regions of the immunoglobulin molecule. the variable regions of the immunoglobulin molecule. the Fc of the immunoglobulin molecule. the J-chain. none of the above.

10.

Avidity is important because: a. b. c. d. e. it represents the cooperation of multiple epitope/antigen binding site interactions which is greater than additive. Fc receptor binding depends on it. G-protein-mediated signal transduction will not occur without it. it result in the activation of high affinity antibody-producing clones. none of the above.

True/False (Please use a for true and b for false on your answer sheet) 11. PAMP receptors are import in innate immunity because they recognize microbial motifs enabling the body to respond immediately in the absence of an adaptive response. Cross-reaction is the result of immune recognition of epitopes shared between two different antigens. An ELISA requires the use of a second antibody which is labeled with an enzyme or radioisotope in order to detect PAMP receptors that may interfere with first antibody binding to the plastic plate. Agglutination of soluble antigen occurs following complement activation and the production of chemotactic factors. page 3 of 10

12.

13.

14.

Microbiology 532 15. 16.

Immunology Examination

Agglutination occurs only with IgG antibodies. The complement system is often responsible for the production of neutrophil chemoattractants. Complement may be activated in the absence of an antibody/antigen reaction. Pattern recognition receptors recognize microbial substances that are not found in mammalian cells. The alternative pathway of the complement system is activated by a pattern recognition molecule. CD antigens used to identify cell types and their functions.

17. 18.

19.

20.

Multiple Choice (choose the best answer) 21. The MHC-encoded antigen receptors function by: a. b. c. d. e. 22. binding antibody to the antigen presenting cell. binding complement. ensuring that antigen presenting cells interact correctly with T cells. a and c none of the above.

B cells usually require T cell help to mature plasma cells because: a. b. c. d. e. T cells present antigen to them. most B cells in the circulation need thymic hormones secreted by the antigen presenting cell to mature to a plasma cell. T cells produce cytokines that enhance their responsiveness to antigen. all of the above. none of the above.

23.

The antigen presenting cell a. b. c. d. e. may be a dendritic cell in the skin. is not a T cell. produces cytokines which influence the adaptive response. processes antigen prior to presentation to the T cell. all of the above.

24.

NK cells recognize tumor cells using: a. b. c. d. e. pattern recognition receptors. antibody-like receptors. complement receptors. a homing mechanism. none of the above. page 4 of 10

Microbiology 532 25.

Immunology Examination

Plasma cells are the direct result of: a. b. c. d. e. B cell maturation. T cells maturation. NK cell maturation. Monocyte maturation. none of the above.

26.

Cytokines are: a. b. c. d. e. hormone-like proteins that are used for communications between cells. a form of cell adhesion molecule. a type of ELISA analysis. soluble messages having antigen. none of the above.

page 5 of 10

Microbiology 532

Immunology Examination

27.

Adjuvants enhance the immunogenicity of antigens by: a. b. c. d. e. forming an antigen depot. providing non-specific T cell stimulation. activating antigen-presenting cells. all of the above none of the above.

28.

Apoptosis is a process by which: a. b. c. d. e. Dendritic cells present antigen to target cells. T cells can buy a round of beer at the bowling alley. a preprogrammed death process is activated. necrosis is activated in target cells. none of the above.

29.

The lag phase of the primary response is longer than the secondary response because: a. b. c. d. e. the assays for detecting a primary response are not as sensitive. the primary response requires considerable cell proliferation and differentiation to achieve a critical mass of cells to produce immunity. of the lack of cytokines produced during the primary response. a and d. none of the above.

30.

The lag phase of the booster response is: a. b. c. d. e. very log, due to memory cells. very short due to the lack of antigen presenting cells. very short when dendritic cells are absent. very short, due to the presence of accessory cells. none of the above.

True/False (Please use a for true and b for false on your answer sheet) 31. Affinity maturation is the result of aging of the antibody, allowing individual immunoglobulin molecules to adapt to the epitope that induced them. The innate mechanisms of host immunity play a role in the defense of the body only after specific defense mechanisms have failed to defend the body. Protective antibodies are often directed against receptors used by pathogens to adhere to tissues. Opsonization is a process mediated by antibodies or complement which enhances the adherence of the pathogen to the phagocytic cell.

32.

33.

34.

page 6 of 10

Microbiology 532 35.

Immunology Examination

Fc and complement receptors on phagocytic cells prevent opsonized bacteria from being pulled into phagocytic vacuoles. Atopic individuals are people who tend to make excessive amounts of IgE antibodies. Mast cell degranulation occurs as a result of cross-linkage of PAMP receptors on Mast cells. Serum sickness occurs only when massive amounts of foreign proteins are introduced into the body. Genetic factors associated with atopy only support a tendency to be atopic and do not predict a specific allergies. Desensitization injections are thought to increase T cell suppressor cell activity and increase IgG synthesis in atopic patients.

36. 37. 38.

39.

40.

Multiple Choice (choose the best answer) 41. The target of complement activity is determined by: a. b. c. d. e. 42. the presence of Fc receptors. the presence of dendritic cells. the presence of specific antibody/antigen complexes. b and c. none of the above.

Complement damage may be directed against host tissues, as well as pathogens because: a. b. c. d. e. long half-lives of the activated complement components. very low concentrations of the inactivated complement components in serum. the inability to activate the system in the presence of IgG antibodies. once activated, the destructive activities of complement are non-specific. none of the above

43.

Antibody-mediated hypersensitivities tend to be associated with which cellular infiltrate: a. b. c. d. e. T cells. B cells. NK cells. Neutrophils none of the above

44.

Serum from an AB positive, Rh negative patient agglutinates red blood cells from a patient who is Rh negative. What is the likely blood type is the second patient? a. b. c. d. It cant be determined from the information provided. Type A Type B Type O page 7 of 10

Microbiology 532 e. 45. Type AB

Immunology Examination

Hemolytic disease of the newborn (Rh incompatibility) does not occur when: a. b. c. d. e. an Rh positive mother conceives an Rh positive child. an Rh negative mother conceives an Rh negative child. an Rh positive mother conceives an Rh negative child. all of the above. none of the above

page 8 of 10

Microbiology 532 46.

Immunology Examination

During serum sickness, the antigen in the serum is rapidly cleared when antibodies begin to appear. Why? a. b. c. d. e. Immune complexes form which are rapidly filtered and cleared by the body. Antigen presenting cells rapidly bind all of the complexes in their MHC-encoded receptors. Free antigen activates PAMP receptors which rapidly clear antigen. The immune complexes bind to Mast cells and are destroyed. none of the above

47.

Contact dermatitis generally occurs against substances that are too small to induce an immune response. How do these substance induce an immune response? a. b. c. d. e. These substances form depots and are then slowly released into the blood. These low molecular weight substances react with liver enzymes and are difficult to eliminate. These substances bind to tissues and cells, resulting in a larger total antigenic size which can then stimulate an immune response. The substances trigger the complement cascade and cause neutrophils to accumulate and to serve as antigen presenting cells. a and c.

48.

Your patient tests positive for the tuberculin antigen. You are concerned that he may have tuberculosis and send him for a chest x-ray because: a. b. c. d. e. the tuberculin test is only presumptive, indicating that he has been exposed to a tuberculosis antigen. a chest x-ray will indicate whether there has been granuloma formation due to his inability to clear the bacillus. you are looking for fluid in his lungs due to inflammation caused by the bacillus a and b. none of the above

49.

Microorganisms associated with periodontal disease, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, are thought to control the type of adaptive immune response that responds to their presence by: a. b. c. d. e. suppressing Mast cell activity. stimulating PAMP receptors of innate immunity to express cytokines that result in an adaptive response that is not protective avoiding PAMP receptors and, thereby, avoiding innate immunity. stimulating adrenergic receptors. none of the above

50.

Innate host defense mechanisms are critical to the protection of the body because: a. they utilize pre-committed antigen presenting cells that have already been induced by other immune responses. page 9 of 10

Microbiology 532 b. c. d. e.

Immunology Examination

they are the first line of defense of the body. they are highly specific for the invading pathogens that avoid PAMP receptor recognition. they provide immediate, continuous protection in the absence of a specific immune response. b and d

page 10 of 10