CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Implicature is proposed by Grice. Grice said that implicature is something meant, implied, or suggested distinct from what is said. According to Yule, (2000: 35). implicature is something must be more than just what the word mean. It is also an additional (additional of what?mgkn ditambah noun sesudahnya) conveyed meaning. Implicature refers to the intended (krg akademis) implication of utterance. Grice makes distinction between what is said by a speaker of a verbal utterance and what is implicated by.........(hrs sinkron krna ada kata and). This ( this of what?/ gunakan saja kata it) can be seen in the example below.
(1) Rick asks Tom to go to the party.

Rick: Hey, coming to the wild party tonight? Tom: My parents are visiting. This example shows the distinction between what speaker said and what is implicated. The situation of this utterance happens when Rick asks Tom to go to the party, but Tom answers him with my parents are visiting. The implied meaning of this utterance is he does not come. He cannot go because his parents come to see him.

Grice (1975) divides implicature into conventional implicature and conversational implicature. Conventional implicature is largely generated by the standing meaning of certain linguistic expression, such as but and moreover and conversational implicature is dependent on the assumption that the speaker is obeying the rules of conversation to the best of their ability. It means that conversational implicature uses specific context in their interpretation. Conventional implicature can be interpreted without specific context. The meaning of utterance in conventional implicature is remarked with specific words. Levinson (1994) lists four of the specific words that remarks conventional implicature; they are but, even, therefore and yet. In other hand, conversational implicature can be interpreted depending on the context. Situation and condition of in surrounding of the character when producing the utterances are included to context. this is shown in the example below, (2) Leila and Merry talk about Marys boss Leila: Whoa! Has your boss gone crazy? Mary: Lets go get some coffee. It shows that Leila asks Mary about her boss. The situation and condition in this example may be the boss always press her work and makes her in difficulties. Marys answer Lets go get some coffee infer that may be her boss nearby of her or she does not want other people know about her problem.

In this study, the writer uses movie as the source of data. Movie is a kind of entertainment. Based on Taylor, (1967: 1) movie is a form of entertainment that enacts a story by a sequence of images that giving the illusion of continuous movement, making pictures seems alive, and producing sound at the same time. Since the writer is going to do a research on implicature where the main data is taken from utterances, movie can certainly be an alternative for the writer to conduct the research on implicature. The movie which is chosen by the writer is The Chronicles of Narnia; The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe. This movie tells about the adventure of four children in a dream country that is Narnia. This movie is one of trilogy movies and it is taken from a book by CS Lewis (http://www.imsdb.com/scripts/Chronicles-ofNarnia-The-Lion,-the-Witch-and-the-Wardrobe.html). The writer chooses The Chronicles of Narnia; The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe because the utterances are produced by the characters contain a lot of implicature. Moreover, The Chronicles of Narnia; The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe has also been considered as a good film with an intelligent plot in which it is not predictable what will happen next. The implicature is applied in exploring the implicit meaning. This is one of the characters utterances; Datum 1

(3) Tumnus : You mean to say, youre a daughter of Eve? Lucy : Well, my mums name is Helen This utterance happens when Lucy meets Tumnus. Lucy is playing game with her family and finding a wardrobe. She seeks (looks for) in a wardrobe, but she finds a world that is (named) Narnia. In Narnia, the first someone that she meets is Tumnus. Tumnus is a faun. Lucy and Tumnus hide, because they afraid to of seeing each other. Finally, Lucy tries to introduce to him. In Narnia, there is no human except but the White Witch. Tumnus wants to ask her that whether she is a human with utterancely You mean to say, youre a daughter of Eve? But nevertheless Lucy misinterpretateion with this question and then answer it Well, my mums name is Helen. She uses this utterance in formal situation. The utterance of Well, my mums name is Helen is categorized as conversational implicature. Conversational implicature that is explained by Grice is A conversational implicature is not part of the meaning of expression to the employment of which they attack. Since the truth of a conversational implicature is not required by the truth of what is said (what is said may be true- what is implicated may be false) (Grice, 1975: 58). It means that the utterance Well, my mums name is Helen shows what is said may be true that her mothers name is Helen and what is implicated may be false (wrong), because she wants to say she is a human .tell that she is a human The utterance Well, my mums name is Helen means that Lucy wants to say that she is not a daughter of Eve, and .Then her mothers name is not Eve but Helen

Her mothers name is Helen. It also shows that she does not agree with Mr. Tumnus. Actually, in this situation Tumnus wants to ask her that she is a human, but Nevertheless her misinterpretation of utterance the daughter of Eve. So, makes her she tells him that she is a daughter of Helen and Her mothers name is Helen. That is why the writer interested to analyze about implied meaning of that movie with the title entitled The Implicature as Found in The Chronicles of Narnia The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe movie. 1.2 Research Questions This study aims to explore the use using of implicature that are found in characterss conversations in Narnia movie. This research is conducted to answer the following questions. They are:
1. What are the types of implicature that are found in the movie The

Chronicles of Narnia; The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe?

2. What are the implied meaning of the utterances found in The Chronicles

of Narnia; The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe movie?

1.3 Objective of the Study This study is aimed at seeing and observing language phenomenon in social interaction and specifically applying some related linguistic theories in making implicatures. The writer has two primary purposes in applying some ways in implicature. They are:
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a. To explain the types of implicature that found in that movie. b. To find and describe about implicature that found in The Chronicles of

Narnia; The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe movie?

1.4 Scope of the Study The study of implicature in this movie concerns with implicature which is proposed by Grices theory (1975) and supported by Yule (2000) and Levinson (1994). The movie is chosen is The Chronicles of Narnia; The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe movie. Furthermore, the implicature is analyzed related to the context proposed by Hymes (1974, cited in Renkema, 1993).

1.5 Method of The Research

In doing this research, the writer needs some methods in answering the research questions. Generally, there are three steps in conducting the research, they are collecting the data, analyzing the data and presenting the result of analysis. The data was taken from the movie with title The Chronicles of Narnia; The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe. In this movie, the utterances of characters contains of implicature. In collecting the data, the observational method and non-participants observational techniques are used. It means that the writer does not only take part in the conversation process, but only also as observer. The writer watched the movie

several times and looked for or browsed the transcription of this movie in internet. The writer also tries to check the transcription again which is done by checking both the transcription and the dialogue in this movie. Then, the writer identified all the utterance and gave number of utterances containing implicature. In analyzing the data, the writer applies the pragmatics identity method. According to Sudaryanto,(1993: 13) pragmatics identity method is a tools to identify it is a hearer. It means that the meaning of utterances is interpreted based on the assumption of the hearer. To decide what types of implicature is produced by the speaker, the writer used Grices theory of implicature and supported by Yule. In Sudaryanto (1993: 145), said that there are two methods in presenting the result of analysis. They are informal and formal methods. Based on Sudaryanto (1993: 145), Informal method is the way of presenting the result of analysis in the form of descriptive texts, it also use the usual words even though with the terminology. In other hand, formal method is the way of presenting the result with signs and symbols. It means that informal method use usual words to explain the result and the formal method can use the table or appendix.

CHAPTER II REVIEW ON RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Reviews on Previous Study The research of implicature can be found in others research. As a review of related studies with this research, the writer uses the research by Mustafa, Yuan, and Li-Juan. The research of Mustafa Shazali Mustafa (2010) is The Interpretation of Implicature: A Comparative study between Implicature in Linguistics and Journalism. His research talked about social psychological pragmatic. The aim of the present of his paper is to show how the pragmatic inference of implicature may foreground the social identity of those who participate in news event in order to direct and attract readers, setting the agenda of the news (Mustafa, 2010: 36). In his research, he explained implicature in journalistic writing. It consists of speech acts and advertisement, request, advice, question and advertisement, thank (for) and congratulate; human interest stories, state assert (that), affirm and writing news values and manner and quality implicature maxims and writing headlines and articles. Considering the analyses that have been conducted on implicature issue, it can be understand how this inference is important for glossing the intended meanings behind the different glossary of media writing. This inference has been found in

advertisements, reporting the news, headlines, and human interest stories. This (it) means that implicature inference can provide significance for practice and policy to educational agenda of teaching English as a foreign language and to the process of syllabus design (Mustafa, 2010: 42). In other hand, implicature also can be used to analyze the advertisement. In a research that title A Pragmatic Analysis on Advertising Language, Yuan (2005) explains about the implicature in advertisement. He told about cooperative principle and conversational implicature in advertisement. He said that says that the use of conversational implicature should be better controlled and takes the audiences comprehension level, the position of the content and the aesthetic requirement into consideration and this is especially crucial in advertising language sentence, make it separated sentence(Yuan, 2005: 46). Advertising language pays more attention than any other to the interpersonal function of language, concerning closely with psychology, sociology, aesthetics, etc. at the same time, Grices cooperative principle is fully reflected in advertising language. In this research, he explains the language of advertising with maxim of quality, maxim of quantity, maxim of relevance and maxim of manner. (Yuan, 2005: 46-47). (make it separated sentences Another work in implicature is written by Li-Juan (2007) in his journal entitled Grices theory of Conversational implicature. In his research, Li-Juan as a writer observed implicature as found in literary works. In his result, he found the (too much

conversational implicature that use some maxims and the source of data is from short story The greats Gatsby and also poem A Red, Red Rose by Roberts Burn. The conversation of this short story and poem indicates the maxim of quality, and to help him found the additional conveyed meaning, he used metaphor. In other hand, he used flouting the maxim of Quantity, as well as of Quality, with the redundancy of data and hyperbole. He also used maxim of relevance and maxim of manner. (LiJuan. 2007: 64-65). The above research above indicates that almost all of them use the written or visual of source of data. Different from them, the writer in this research gets the data from audio-visual. 2.2 Definition of Key Terms Implicature is an additional conveyed meaning (Yule, 2000: 35). According to Grice (1975) An implicature is something meant, implied or suggested distinct from what is said. In other hand, Levinson also said that an implicature will give more information from what is being said and the meaning is not conventional but contextual (Levinson, 1983: 97). Conventional implicature is the meaning of utterance does not depend on special context for their interpretation. Conventional implicature is associated with specific words and result in additional conveyed meaning when those words are used such as English conjunction but (Yule, 2000: 45).

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Conversational implicature is conveyed meaning more than he said in conversation (Yule, 2000: 40). Conversational implicature more related to the context in their interpretation. In conversational implicature, it is speakers who communicate meaning via implicature and listener who recognize those communicated meaning via inference.

2.3 Theoretical Framework In conducting the research, there are some related theories will be applied. The theories which include in this study are implicature and ethnography of communication. These theories are used to guidance to come to the brief analysis of this study. 2.3.1. Implicature Implicature is saying something with implied meaning. According to Thomas, implicature is the additional or different meanings are conveyed meaning (Thomas. 1995: 57). Levinson is also said that implicature stand as a paradigmatic example of the nature and power of pragmatic explanation of linguistic phenomena (Levinson. 1994: 97). Implicature is the additional meaning or different meaning or implied meaning. The meaning of utterance (in a form of sentence or phrase) can be predicted and interpreted in many ways depend on the context of the utterances or how people think about. Based on Grice, to determine what was said one has to disambiguate the sentence and assign referents to all referential expression (Mandasari. 2008: 15). It
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means that the meaning of sentence could be found by seeing the expression of the speaker. For example: This conversation happened in one night where the speaker B hadnt sleep for two nights, so he needed time to sleep A: Coffee? B: It would keep me awake all night. The implicature of the utterance in this conversation is B refusal the coffee that is given by A. B wont have some coffee in that time. Grice distinguished two different sorts of implicature, they are conventional implicature and conversational implicature (Thomas. 1995: 57). Conventional implicature is not based on the cooperative principle or maxim. Conventional implicature is associated with specific words and result in additional conveyed meaning when those words are used such as English conjunction but (Yule, 2000: 45). The other (of what?) is conversational implicatures that depend on specific context to their interpretation. 2.3.2. Conversational Implicature The basic assumption in conversation is that the participants are adhering to the cooperative principle and maxim (Yule, 2000: 40). Conversational implicature is conveyed meaning more than he said in conversation. According to Recanati, Conversational implicatures are a species of pragmatic implication; they are implications of an act of 'saying'. The speakers saying that p implies that q (given the

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presumption that he or she respects the norms of conversation Grice's 'maxims' or the overarching Cooperative Principle') (Recanati, http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/general/Conf/LaBretesche/papers/recanati.pdf). For example; Charlene: I hope you brought the bread and the cheese. Dextar : Ah, I brought the bread. The utterance of ah, I brought the bread shows that Dextar only bring the bread, he does not bring the cheese. So, Charlene must have interpretation or get the meaning of utterance that Dextar does not bring it. If he bring, he will add so in final of this utterance. 2.3.3. Conventional Implicature The other part of impliacture is conventional implicature. Conventional implicatures do not have to occur in conversation, and they do not depend on special context in their interpretation (Yule, 2000: 45). According to Thomas, conventional implicature is the same implicature is always conveyed, regardless of context (Thomas, 1995: 17). Levinson also said that conventional implicatures are non-truth-conditional references that are not derived from superordinate pragmatic principles like (such as) the maxim, but are simply attached by convention to particular lexical items or expression (Levinson, 1983: 127). Conventional implicatures are associated with specific words are used. Levinson list four of them, they are but, even, therefore, and yet, and Thomas adds for.
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For example: John suggested pizza, but I choose hamburger In this utterance, the word but is used as the opposite marker. Based on the example, we show that the meaning is contrary to John suggested to eat pizza and I choose hamburger. It means that I who like hamburger than pizza and different with John who like pizza than hamburger. 2.3.4. Ethnography of communication Ethnography of communication is the study of the place of language in cultural and society. Ethnography of communication in its widest cultural and social context, including rules of language, norms of appropriate language use in particular setting, and evaluation given by members of culture to various speech styles (Bonvillain: 361). Ethnography of communication study two different fields, they are anthropology and linguistics. Ethnography of communication includes description of all explicit and implicit norms of communication, detailing aspect of verbal and social parameters of interaction (Hymes 1974 on Bonvillain: 77). From this quotation, ethnography of communication focus on speech situation, the forms of speech events and the interrelations of speaker, addresses, audience, topic channel and setting. Based on the definition of context, to analyze this context utterance in this movie the writer uses a SPEAKING theory by Hymes. He describes the context into SPEAKING model (cited in Renkema, 1993: 44). They are;

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1. S (Setting/Scene) Setting refers to time, place and other physical surrounding the utterances. It also is the psychological counterpart to setting. 2. P (Participants) Participant is the person who involved in the story or who has relationship with that movie. They can be speaker or sender, hearer, addresser or addressee. 3. E (Ends) Ends are the purposes, aims or goals of the utterances. 4. A (Acts) Act is the form and the content of the message. 5. K (Keys) Key is the tone of conversation. It also is how participants communicate each other. 6. I (Instruments) Instrument is the channel and forms of speech.

7. N (Norms) Norm is the norms of interaction and the norms of interpretation (social believe).

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8. G (Genres) Genre is such as fairy tale, advertisement, etc.

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