Egypt Exploration Society

The Statue BM EA 37891 and the Erasure of Necho II's Names Author(s): Roberto B. Gozzoli Source: The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 86 (2000), pp. 67-80 Published by: Egypt Exploration Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3822308 Accessed: 05/10/2010 00:24
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THE STATUE BM EA 37891 AND THE ERASURE OF NECHOII'S NAMES*

By ROBERTOB. GOZZOLI
A new publication of the statue BM EA 37891, originating from Sais and to be dated to the first half of the seventh century BC, is presented. The text of the back pillar lists festivals held during the Twenty-sixth Dynasty. The erasures of the pectoral are discussed, in parallel with other statues and documents, allegedly dated to the reign of Necho II, which show effacements and recutting in the royal cartouches. One of them, Stockholm NME 78, is partially published anew. The different documents give a glimpse of the complexity of the damnatio memoriae problem.

Description (pls. IX-XI) THE statueBM EA 37891, of which no dateor sourceof acquisitionis known,is brokenjust below belt level, with only the upperportionpreserved.1 It is made of schist,2 and has the dimensionsof 36 cm in height and 16 cm in width.The man wearsthe usual wide shoulderlength wig of Saite times. The face is well modelled with the eye almond-shapedwith The barswith outerends droppingsharply. rightshoulas plasticeyebrowsrendered straight
* This paperis partof my thesis PsammeticoII. II suo regno e i suoi monumenti,examinedin December 1995 at the Universityof Pisa underthe directionof EddaBresciani,to whom warmthanksaredue. I have to thankthe Trusteesof the and of BritishMuseumand the entireDepartment EgyptianAntiquitiestherefor information, photographs the authorisation to publishthem, especially RichardB. Parkinsonfor drawingfigure 1, B. George, curatorof the EgyptianSection of of the Medelhavsmuseet,Stockholm,andR. Fazzini, Curator the Corpusof Late EgyptianSculpture,BrooklynMuseum, for photographs,help and informationabout NME 78. I1 deeply appreciatedthe kindness of D. Bergman,then Wilbour at Librarian the BrooklynMuseum,and H. De Meulenaerefor help and advice. M. A. Leahy greatlyimprovedthe quality of this paperwith suggestions on earlierdraftsas well as correctingmy English. Helpful advice has been received from the referees of this journal.Every opinion and mistakeremainsmy own, however. I Publications: from the British Museumand Other Sources by Samuel Sharpe, second series EgyptianInscriptions, (London, 1855), pl. 40 a; EgyptianAntiquitiesin the British MuseumDescribed by S. Sharpe (London, 1862), 90-1. and Inschriften inscriptionum aegyptiacarum. Altdgyptische Quotations list of the festivals:H. Brugsch,Thesaurus (Leipzig, 1883-91), 243, 495; G. Posener,La premieredominationperse en Egypte (BdE 11; Cairo, 1936), 12 n. w; R. el-Sayed, Documentsrelatifsa Sais et ses divinites(BdE 69; Cairo, 1975), 284 ? 104 andAppendixC; idem, La deesse Neith de Sai's (BdE 86; Cairo, 1982), II, 443 doc. 561; A. Spalinger,The Private Feast Lists of Ancient Egypt (AA 57; Wiesbaden, 1996), 83-4. Mention of the erasurespresenton the statue:J. Yoyotte, 'Nechao', Dictionnairede la Bible. Supplement, fasc. 31 (1958), 370-1; B. V. Bothmer,EgyptianSculptureof the Late Period (Brooklyn, 1960), 51, 56 (hereafterESLP); H. De Meulenaere,Le surnom egyptien a la Basse Epoque (Uitgaven van het NederlandsHistorisch-Archaeologisch Instituutte Istanbul 19; Istanbul, 1966), 28; A. J. Spalinger, 'PsammetichusII', L4 IV, 1169-72, with an errorin the museum number.For a recent photographof the front view of this statue, see C. Andrews,Ancient EgyptianJewellery (London, 1990), 140 fig. 122. Here I refer only to the works used for the publicationof the inscription.A complete bibliographyof the statuecan be found in PM VIII.2, 865 (no. 801-763-282). 2 The descriptionis based on a directexaminationof the statue,made duringa visit to the BritishMuseumin October 1997, with the help of S. Quirkeand J. Taylor.The British MuseumEgyptianSaloon Catalogue (circa 1840), page 109 says: '1 ft 2 4 in h. GreenBasalt'. The old numberof the object in this catalogueis ES 493.

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der is completely missing, while on the left shoulderthere is an inscriptionreading 'The Lord of the Two Lands, Psammetichus'.The upperbody is softly worked, with a groove markingbipartitionreachingthe belt; the chest shows considerablereworking,especially aroundthe neck and for the additionof the pectoral.3On the lower right side of the neck, andpartiallyalso on the left side, small beads of an earlier,shorternecklace are still visible and it is possible to reconstructthe shape of the originalornament,probablya bead necklace with a rectangular pectoral as a pendant.A later reworkingled to the carving of the necklaceor cord,havingas pendantthe figuresof a goddess anda king.4 On present,longer the left the pendanthas a representation Neith, identifiedby the Red Crown;beforeheris of the figure of a pharaoh,and her right armpasses over the king's right arm.The pharaohis identifiedby the inscription'The good god, Neferibre',the prenomenof PsammetichusII. His headgearis interesting: wearsthe same crownas is represented the intercolumnar he on slabs BM EA 20 and Vienna AS 213.5 Below the cartoucheappearsthe lower partof anotherone, probablya mistakemade by the carverat the time of recutting.The lower partof the statuebelow the belt is missing, but fromthe curveof the folds on the kilt andthe angle of the armsit seems likely it was a kneeling statuewith the palms of the handssupported on the thighs, althougha reconstruction a man holding an offeringtable or nw-potscannot as be entirelyexcluded.6The backpillar(pl. X), now 28.5 cm high at its maximumand 8.2 cm wide, has a three-columninscription,with the lower partmissing. Given the postureof the man, it is probablethatthe lost section is not considerable.The statuemay originallyhave been about40 cm in height. Inscriptions (pl. X and fig. 1) Translation (1) An offeringawhich the king gives and which Osiris hnt Hwt-bitb gives,c an invocation incense, unguent,of every good thing on which [a offering of oxen, fowl, cloth, alabaster, god]dlives ...
3 Forthe bipartition the body duringthe Saite period,see 0. Perdu,'Un monumentd'originalit6',JEA84 (1998), 124 of n. 3, with earlierbibliography.J. Josephson, 'EgyptianSculptureof the Late Period Revisited', JARCE24 (1997), 2, points out that the bipartitionstartswith the TwelfthDynasty,following informationgiven to him by R. Fazzini. 4 As noted by Andrews, EgyptianJewellery, 140 caption to fig. 122, the original pectoral containedthe name of a pharaoh.Pectoralswith figures of king and god(s) are also found on the statuesof lahmes-sa-Neithand Ptahhotep;see ESLP,67-8 (no. 57 A-B), pls. 54-5, fig. 134; 76-7 (no. 64) and fig. 151. The statueof Iahmes-sa-Neith, brokeninto two pieces, is now held at the Louvre,E. 25390 and E. 25475, the latterformerlyBrooklynMuseum59.77. It has been dated to Amasis' reign; cf. Josephson,JARCE24, 11-12 nn. 69-70. 5 The bibliographyof these intercolumnar slabs is given in K. Mysliwiec, Royal Portraiture the Dynasties XXI-XXX of (Mainz, 1988), 46-7. New publicationsof ViennaAS 213 are M. Eaton-Krauss,'A Falsely Attributed Monument',JEA 78 (1992), 285-7, andH. Satzinger, Das Kunsthistorische Museumin Wien.Die dgyptisch-orientalische (Mainz, Sammlung 1994), 46-7. The most recentphotographof the slab is in R. Schulz and M. Seidel (eds), Egypt. The Worldof the Pharaohs (Cologne, 1998), 279, fig. 12. For the use of this cap in early Saite times, see the recent discussion by A. Leahy, 'Royal Iconographyand Dynastic Change', JEA 78 (1992), 228-39, and the opposite view of E. Russmann, 'Kushite Headdressesand "Kushite" Style', JEA 81 (1995), 227-32. 6 The position with hands along the thighs is peculiar to the Twenty-sixthDynasty (cf. Perdu,JEA 84, 125 n. 14). Similarexamples:statuein two fragmentsof Nekhthorheb, held at the Ny CarlsbergGlyptothekin Copenhagen,number 1648, and Museo Civico ArcheologicoBologna 1838 (H. De Meulenaere,'Une famille de hautsdignitairessaites', in H. De Meulenaereand L. Limme (eds), ArtibusAegypti(Brussels, 1983), 35-41); statuesof Iahmes and lahmes-sa-Neith,

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FIG. 1. British Museum EA 37891. Inscription on the back pillar (drawing by R. B. Parkinson).

being in peace on [his] place,1 [...]m

Fesmsyt-Festival, (2) MonthFestival,Half-monthFestival,es d-Festival,fSokarFestival,g tival of the Openingof the Doors of the Templesof Neith,hFestivalof the God's Journeyin Saisi[...] (3) Osiris hnt Hwt-bit,the noble, the treasurerof the King of Lower Egypt, sole beloved friend of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, confidantof the Lord of the Two Lands,k

publishedin ESLP,59-61, (no. 52 A-B), pls. 48-9, and 67-8 (no. 57 A-B), pls. 54-5. To my knowledge, the other two positions are not attestedduringthe Saite Period.

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Commentary

B. ROBERTO GOZZOLI

JEA 86

To minimize redundancy, I refer the reader to the bibliography quoted by el-Sayed, Documents, Appendix C (no. 31 of his list), and Spalinger, Private Feast Lists, 83-4, for the

feasts mentioned on this statue, supplying here furtherbibliographyif published later or needed for the discussion.
(a) For the form of the sign htp, see J. Buurman et al., Inventaire des signes hieroglyphiques en vue de leur saisie informatique (Informatique et Egyptologie 2; Paris, 1988), P 4 (sixth variant). (b) Wsir hnt Hwt-bit, 'Osiris who is in the Hwt-bit'-see el-Sayed, Documents, 207 also for this quotation, and 199-208, for divinities connected to this temple and the temple building itself. (c) For the offering formula during the Saite Period, see W. Barta, Aufbau und Bedeutung der altiigyptischen Opferformel (AF 24; Gliickstadt, 1968), 195, and the recent study by H. Satzinger, 'Beobachtungen zur Opferformel: Theorie und Praxis', LingAeg 5 (1997), 177-88, in particular 177. The Saite formula as mostly present on statues with back pillar is the subject of a very recent study by K. Jansen-Winkeln, 'Zum Verstandnis der "Saitischen Formel" ', SAK 28 (2000), 83-124, where all earlier bibliography is quoted. (d) ht nb nfrt 'nh [ntr] im.sn, 'everything good on which a god lives'. The restorationseems certain, with the sign ntr lost on the right of the column. (e) n.t, 'Half-month Festival'-Wb. II, 198, 2; el-Sayed, Documents, 79. On the transcriptionsmdt, see Wb. IV, 147, 1; R. Parker,The Calendars of Ancient Egypt (SAOC 26; Chicago, 1950),12 ? 42; R. Hannig, Handworterbuch Agyptisch-Deutsch (2800-950 v.Chr.) (Mainz, 1995), 711 and 1064; and Spalinger, Private Feast Lists, 83. This feast and the following one are also mentioned in Cairo CG 672, published by el-Sayed, Documents, 73-93. The second column of EA 37891 defines the time when the offerings were made. (f) For the s ,d-Festival during the Old Kingdom, see U. Luft, 'Das s Jd-Fest im Alten Reich', in D. Mendel and U. Claudi (eds), Agypten in afro-orientalischen Kontext. GedenkschriftPeter Behrens (Cologne, 1991), 237-44. The revival of archaism, originating during the Libyan Period, saw its major development during the Saite Dynasty. Whether or not the phenomenon of archaism is related to the taking of power by 'foreign' dynasties and their need to be linked to a long established tradition is a question open to debate. Indeed, the revival of traditionalcults and artistic features rapidly expanded to the different levels of Egyptian society. An updated bibliography and discussion of archaism can be found in P. Der Manuelian, Living in the Past. Studies in Archaism of the Egyptian Twenty-sixthDynasty, (London, 1994), xxxv-xlii, 1-5, and S. Neureiter, 'Eine neue Interpretationdes Archaismus', SAK 21 (1994), 219-54. (g) Skr, 'Sokar Festival'. There are three recent works on this feast, all by C. Graindorge-Hereil, 'Les oignons de Sokar', RdE 43 (1992), 87-105; Le dieu Sokar a Thebes au Nouvel Empire (GOF 4/28; Wiesbaden, 1994), 169-310, for the rituals at Thebes; 'La quete de la lumiere au mois de Khoiak: une histoire d'oies', JEA 82 (1996), 83-105. The festivals of Sokar and Osiris were assimilated from the beginnings of the New Kingdom-see A. Gaballa and K. A. Kitchen, 'The Festival of Sokar', Or 38 (1969), 35. (h) hb wp 'wy Hwwt (n) Nt, 'Festival of the Opening of the Doors of the Temples of Neith': consult el-Sayed, Documents, 79 n. g and 142 n. d. For the name Hwt Nt and its variants, see el-Sayed, Documents, 111-12 n. f; idem, La deesse Neith I, 13-16. The wpt rnpt-Festival is not mentioned here, contra el-Sayed, Documents, Appendix C, nr. 1. hnt / d:i ntr m S w: Wb.V, 511-12. Doubts remain about the reading hnt or d'i for the ship-sign (i) (GardinerSign List P1): the former is only attested on the statue at Musee Dobree, Nantes 1255, cf. elSayed, Documents, 160-5. The j of Sharpe, Egyptian Inscriptions, 40 a, followed by Brugsch, Thesaurus, 243, and el-Sayed, Documents, Appendix 1, has to be corrected; the sign is only partially intelligible, although I am assigning the value ntr-to it here. I incline to consider it to be a mummiform figure, with the feet not clearly shaped, with the frontal part as a false beard. It would thus be a variant of a recumbent mummy GardinerSign List A54 (cf. E. Drioton, 'Essai sur la cryptographie privee de la fin de la XVIIIe Dynastie', RdE 1 (1933), 38, no. 24), but the value is not otherwise attested. The other

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interpretationis to see it as a crook, in this following a copy sent me by M. Bierbrier a few years ago,7 but this does not convince me on the basis of the characteristics of the sign itself. The upper part is not rounded as in the crook, but is flat instead, and what I regard as the false beard would be not well shaped for the final part of the object. I do not accept the reading by Spalinger, Private Feast Lists, 83: hnt ntr[t] m SJw, which refers to Neith and is paralleled by the 'Great Navigation of Her Majesty' of the Musee Dobree statue. The reference to Osiris, not Neith, is clear. Herodotus (II, 170-1) (see A. B. Lloyd, Herodotus Book II. Commentary98-192 (EPRO 43; Leiden, 1988), 209, and Erodoto. Le Storie, libro II (Milan, 1989), 389) expostulates on the pains of Osiris, represented by night on the sacred lake of the Neith temple on the night of the twenty-fourth day of Khoiak; see P. Barguet, Le papyrus N. 3176 (S) du Musee du Louvre (BdE 37; Paris, 1962), 41-2; Gaballa and Kitchen, Or 38, 42. On the neshmetbark, see Graindorge-Hereil, Le dieu Sokar, 222-7. (j) For these titles, see S. Pernigotti, 'Un frammentodi statua saitica nel Museo Civico di Bologna', SCO 26 (1977), 273 n. g, on the statue Bologna 1812; this statue has been republished in idem, La statuaria egiziana nel Museo Civico Archeologico di Bologna (Bologna, 1980), 57-9, no. 23. (k) imy-ib nb t,wy for the translation 'confidant' (Wb. I, 72). The sign used for nb is the sphinx with uraeus(Wb.II, 182: F. Daumas (ed.), Valeurs phonetiques des signes hieroglyphiquesd'epoque greco romaine (Montpellier, 1988), I, 235 no. 403); I consider the signs as variants of the usual Q

(Wb. V, 217; Daumas (ed.), Valeursphonetiques, II, 404 no. 199). is here translated as 'peaceful' (Wb. II, 496-7; R. 0. Faulkner,A Concise Diction(1) hr hr st, e ary of Middle Egyptian (Oxford, 1962), 159). (m) This part contained the name of the owner, now lost. E. Feucht, Pektorale nichtkoniglicher Personen (AA 22; Wiesbaden, 1971), 44 and 55, suggested the name Bes.8

Discussion of The provenanceof the statuemust be Sais, given the festivals mentioned.The structure is the text on the back pillar,althoughfragmentary, similarto thatof the statueCambridge Fitzwilliam393,9 in which the offeringsfor an individualnamedPsammetichusare linked feasts. The list of festivals on EA 37891 is divided into two differentseries: to particular first those celebratedin every periodof the year,then the othersconnectedto the monthof orderin the lattersection, because the festival of Sokar,celKhoiak.There is no apparent ebratedon the twenty-sixthday of Khoiak,is followed by the festival of the procession of or the god in Sais, celebratedon the twenty-fourth twenty-fifthday of thatmonth,while the The of Khoiakis uncertain.10 stylistic analysisof date of the msyt-festivalduringthe month the the objectleadsto the followingconsiderations: wide wig andthe so-called 'Saitesmile'11 recall the statuaryof the epoch of PsammetichusI, but as for the date, it is impossible stylistically to give a more precise date than the first half of the Twenty-sixthDynasty. Obviously the modifications of the pectoral and its cartouche date to the reign of II. Psammetichus The cartoucheon the left shoulderhas no changesinside, unlikethe statue LouvreE. 10709,12on which the cartoucheson the shoulders,both namingNfr-ib-R',and
7 Letter 11August1995. of 8 Shealsodatesthestatue thereignof Psammetichus 44). I (p. to in 9 E.A. W.Budge, Catalogue theEgyptian Collection theFitzwilliam A Museum, 1893), (Cambridge, Cambridge of 120-2. 10 thesedatesfollowel-Sayed, C. All Documents, Appendix 11ESLP, 56. 31, des 'Le and et in 12Photograph the statue J.Yoyotte S. Sauneron, martelage nomsroyaux of ethiopiens la campagne

nubiennede PsametikII', BSFE 2 (1949), plate opposite p. 46.

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the cartoucheon the chest bearingthe namePsmtkall containerasures.EA 37891 is paralleled by the statuesof Ipi (MichaelAbemayorcollection) and Harbes(MMA 19.2.2), both of themwith originalcartouches:3 the formerhas the nameNfr-ib-R'on the rightshoulder, the latterPsmtk on the left one. A bust from Memphis has a cartoucheNfr-ib-R'on the chest,14attachedto a necklace, similarto thaton the BritishMuseumstatue.On EA 37891 and the originalpectoralwas deletedbecauseit containedthe nameof a pharaoh,15 the only nameis Necho. Indeed,to alterthe names W'h-ib-R'andWhm-ib-R' possible only required a change of the median sign. The mysteryremainsas to why the bead necklace suffereda similarfate, a unicumamongall the documentsconnectedwith the dossieron the damnatio memoriaeof Necho II. In seeking an answer,and because EA 37891 has been associated with the erasureof the names of Necho II, I will give a list of the objectscited as belonging to the reign of this king,16royal and private,with or without a new inscription.It will be noted when the object is insertedin this list by my own observationor has alreadybeen includedby some other scholar. I. Royal monuments a) With recutting 1) Intercolumnarslab, Vienna Kunsthistorisches Museum AS 213:'7 recutting of the cartouchesreadingNeferibreandPsammetichusin the scene captions,with none of the earlier signs now visible.18The cartoucheson the torus with the name Psammetichus show no signs of having been recut. Naos fromAthribis,CairoCG 88205:19modificationsof the titularyand cartoucheson 2) the upperpartof the naos and on both sides, with replacementof Necho II's names by those of PsammetichusII. 3) Headlesssphinx,BaltimoreWAG22.104:20inscriptionson the base show recutof names Nfr-ib-R'andPsmtkin the cartoucheson both sides, with no tracesof the earliername. The nameNfr-ib-R'between the paws of the sphinx is original and no signs have been recut. MuseumAS 5911:21 4) ? Base andlowerpartof a statueof Osiris,ViennaKunsthistorisches the cartoucheshave the prenomenand nomen of PsammetichusII superimposedover those of the originalowner,possibly a Nubianruler.Indeed,two statuesof Osiris made
13 Both statues publishedin ESLP,54-5 (nos. 47-8). 14Now BaltimoreWAG22.198. The photographs publishedby G. Steindorff,Catalogueof the EgyptianSculpturein the Walters Gallery (Baltimore, 1946), 52, pls. xxvi and cxiii, and ESLP, 56 and fig. 111 seem to show erasures,as Art 1, ESLPremarks. 15As remarked Andrews,EgyptianJewellery, 140 captionto fig. 122. by 16Earlierlists are presentin ESLP, 50-1, and Spalinger,LA IV, 1171. 17See n. 5 above. 18A letterfrom H. Satzingerdated 31 January1995 confirmsthe note by Eaton-Krauss, JEA 78, 286. 19L. Habachi, 'Athribisin the XXVIth Dynasty', BIFAO82 (1982), 216-21. 20I owe this informationto S. Harvey,then Assistant Curatorin the WaltersArt Gallery, Baltimore,in a letter of 6 September1997. For the studies of the object, see Steindorff,Catalogue,48-9 no. 142; S. Sauneronand J. Yoyotte, 'La II campagnenubiennede Psammetique et sa significationhistorique',BIFAO50 (1952), 171 n. 4; A. Leahy, 'Saite Royal A Review', GM 80 (1984), 64, none of them commentingon the erasure.Notes on this statue are based on Sculpture: informationgiven by S. Harvey,who kindlyinformedme that,accordingto the museumfiles, J. Capartin the 1930s dated the statueto PsammetichusII's reign. 21E. Rogge, Statuender Spatzeit(750-ca. 300 v.Chr.)(CAA; Mainz, 1992), 49-51; Leahy,JEA 78, 229 n. 32.

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by Piye were usurpedby PsammetichusII;22there are no signs as yet of usurpationof cult statuesof Necho II.23 b) Withoutrecutting 1) Stela from Tura,Year2 (?) of Necho II:24 thereare signs of the chisel used for recutting the but of throughout six-columninscription, in the decoration the lunette,the cartouches Whm-ib-R" Nk,w seem intact. and both 2) Graffitono. 97 fromWadiHammamat:25 cartouchesof Necho II are erased,but the no. 99 did not suffera similarfate.26 nearbygraffito 3) Altar from Deir el-Abiad:27the central column of the surviving inscription,with the titularyand the name in the cartouchedamaged,says: 'The good lord, the Lord of the Two Lands, ...-Ra, beloved by [Mehit]the great,mistressof Behedet'.28 On the left side the names Whm-ib-R'and Psmtk are writtenin the cartouches,followed by the traditional epithets.An inscriptionsymmetricalto that of the left side is carvedon the right one, and a long column inscribedon the right part of this side contains the first three names of the titularyof PsammetichusII, and in the cartouchesis the repetitionof the names Whm-ib-R' Psmtk. and II. Privatemonuments a) With recutting the was 1) StatueCairoCG 658 of Horira:29 name Whm-ib-R'-nfr changedto Nfr-ib-R'-nfr, and on the rightside of the base, an earliernomenwas changedto Psmtk.30 presence The of the names of Necho II's children, with the epithet 'King's Son / Daughter'and the absence of a cartouchebearingthe name Psammetichus,the futureking, permitone to date the statueto the second king of the dynasty. the 2) Statue Cairo CG 807, also of Horira:31 statuehas the centralsign of the cartouche modifiedto nfr,on the frontof the base (1.3), as well as in the second columnof the back pillar.The inscriptionon the left side of the pillar has a cartouchein which the central
22 J. Yoyotte, 'Le martelagedes noms royaux ethiopiens par PsammetiqueII', RdE 8 (1951), 219, for quotationand bibliography. 23Also Rogge, Statuen,49, is uncertainfor the chronologyof the statue. 24Bibliography:LD III, 273 a; G. des de et ASAE11 (1911), 257-68. Daressy, 'Inscriptions carrieres Tourah Masarah', A precise date is not given in the inscriptionitself. The text has only 'The year after the reunion of the Two Lands', following Daressy,ASAE 11, 260. 25J. Couyat and P. Montet,Les inscriptionshie'roglyphiques hieratiquesdu Ouacdi et Hammamat(MIFAO34; Cairo, 1912), 70 and pl. xxiv for the inscription. 26Couyat and Montet, Ouadi Hammamat, 71. 27H. Gauthier,'Un autelconsacrea la deesse Mehit', ASAE35 (1935), 207-12; Sauneronand 50, Yoyotte,BIFAO 158. I follow the text as publishedby Gauthier. 28Whethersuch damagewas accidentalis very difficultto say. Gauthierdid not note anythingof it, but hackingout of the text could be possible, at least for the inscriptionin the centralcolumn. However,a new collation of the whole text is needed to solve such doubts. 29Recentpublicationsandstudies:R. el-Sayed, 'Quelqueseclaircissements l'histoirede la XXVIe sur Dynastie,d'apres la statuedu CaireCG. 658', BIFAO (1974), 29-44; idem, Documents,93-108; K. Jansen-Winkeln, den Denkmalem 74 'Zu ErziehersPsametiksII', MDAIK52 (1996), 196-7. 30Cf. Jansen-Winkeln, MDAIK52, 197. 31L. Borchardt, Statuenund Statuetten KonigenundPrivatleuten,III(CGC;Berlin 1930), 104-5; R. Buongarzone, von 'La rw(y)te il mr rw(y)t', EVO 18 (1995), 51-4; Jansen-Winkeln, MDAIK52, 188-92; 0. Perdu, 'Une <<autobiographie>> d'Horiraarevisitee', RdE 48 (1997), 165-84.

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sign, not readable,is erasedwithoutany recutting. StatueLouvreE. 10709:32 both shouldershave the cartouchereadingNfr-ib-R',with nfr 3) and ib modified, while on the chest thereis a necklace with the cartouchePsmtk,completely recarved,and no traceof the earliersigns. 4) Lintel fragment,from the tomb of Padihorresnet (TT 196):33 the prenomenis partially has into erasedand the name Whm-ib-R' been transformed Nfr-ib-R'. StatuefromEphesus,held in the Efes Museumat Selquk,no. 1965. It belongs to a priest 5) named 'Iht.34 Modificationsare in the cartoucheof the plaque attachedto the belt. In those on the sash belt, the Horus name Mnhz-ib replaced a former Si4-ib, and the has and earliercartoucheshave been changedinto Nfr-ib-R" Psmtk.The cartouche Nfr-ib-R' on the right shouldershows tracesof a formerwhm.35

FIG. 2. Stockholm NME 78. Inscription on the left side. The erasures before the cartouches are represented by a dotted line. 32See n. 12 above. 33 E. Graefe, 'Zwei Ergebnisse einen Inspektiondes Grabes No.196 in Assassif', CdE 46 (1971), 239 n. 8; idem, 'Fouilles de 1'Assassif 1970-1975', CdE 50 (1975), 24. 34Publishedby E. Winter,'Eine igyptische Bronze aus Ephesos', ZAS97 (1971), 146-55. 35Winter,ZAS97, 152-3.

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FIG.3. Stockholm NME 78. Inscription on the right side.

NME 78:36 this representsan osirophorusstatuein 6) StatueStockholm,Medelhavsmuseet cm high, with head and lower partmissing. As the erasureson it black basalt now 24.5 have never been published,I presenthere a new study of both sides of the statueitself based on photographs.On the lateralleft side of the back pillar,signs of erasurecan be seen in front of the cartouchePsmtk,in the areacomprisingthe signs 'nh, n and h, and even the p-hieroglyph in the cartouche.No sign is changed in the cartouchewith the nameWahibre,and - is clearlyvisible inside the cartoucheon the rightside, wherethe of only possible nameis thusNk'w.37Forthe sake of completenessI give the translation both sides: Left side (fig. 2 and pl. XI, 1-2): 'By his son, the reveredone, who makes his (i.e. his
36 Originalpublicationby K. Piehl, 'Quelques textes egyptiens', Actes du 8e Congres des Orientalistes,Stockholm du 1889 (Leiden, 1891), 53-5, no. 8. The statueis quotedby J.Yoyotte, 'Pretreset sanctuaires nome heliopolite a la Basse Epoque', BIFAO54 (1954), 112; ESLP, 50; Sayed, BIFAO74, 40 n. 2; andV. Laurent,'Une statueprovenantde Tell elMaskoutah',RdE 35 (1984), 151. The lateralinscriptionswere kindly collated on my behalf by B. George,curatorof the EgyptianSection. 37 Necho appearsas a private name; cf. H. Ranke, Die dgyptischePersonennamen(Gluckstadt,1935), I, 213 (16) (hereafterPN).

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'nh-Psmtk.40His son, father's)name live, (the fatherof)38the god, the imy ,ht-' priest,39 in the heartof the god of Heliopolis,41W.h-ib-R',42 bornby...43 Right side (fig. 3 and pl. XI, 3): 'His elder son, in the heart of the god of Heliopolis, N (...), whom TP-sri-... has borne'.44 The back pillar shows no modifications,being withoutany royal names. Although this statueseems to be linked to the damnatiomemoriaeof Necho II, it is very difficult to be sure of this. In fact, the prenomen W'h-ib-R' and the name Psammetichusin the cartouchesseem original. On the other hand, the name N(echo) suggests to me a date in Necho II's reign when the otherchild of the statueownercould have been born. I see in the name Wahibrathe nomen of Psammetichus,and from the of stylistic point of view, the bipartition the backpillarconfirmsthe dateto be of the first As half of the dynasty.45 regardswhat is visible now, the erasureseems to be mostly outside the cartouche,and the hacking out before the cartouchewith the name Psmtk does not seem accidental.One of the possible explanationsis that some sort of change from an earlierepithetof the basilophorousnameto the currentone happened,butif so, the reasonsfor thatchange are still unknown. statuefromButo, no. 586, representing man with two female figures,one a 7) Fragmentary of themprobablywearingthe Red Crown,carvedon his chest.46On the left of the group is a shortinscription,in which the nameNfr-ib-R'appearsin a cartouche.However,the cartoucheof Nfr-ib-R' in the back pillar inscriptionis writtenover an illegible earlier one. On the statue'sleft shoulder,thereis an inscriptionreading'Lordof the Two Lands, Psammetichus'.

b) Withoutrecutting 1) StatueCairoCG 928:47groupof a man with two children.The man has a cartouchewith the nameNk,w on his chest, but the sign of the bull has been deleted. Donation stela of Neshor from Hermopolisin the Mendesiannome, Mandelcollection, 2) and both cartouchesbearingthe names Whm-ib-R' Nk,w in the firstline of New York:48
38The sign mr (Piehl, Actes, 55, adds a question-mark) not visible from the photograph. is Laurent,RdE 35, 151 (b), does not questionthe sign, butthe collationby B. Georgeconfirmsthe absenceof the sign itself. I restoreit, as appearson the NaophorousTourajeffand a statuettein the artmarket,both cited by Yoyotte,BIFAO54, 90, 112 n. 4. 39For this groupof priests, see Yoyotte,BIFAO54, 89-90; Laurent,RdE 35, 150-2. 40On this name, see PN 1,63 (24); Yoyotte,BIFAO 111-13. See ESLP,54 (no. 47), for furthercommentsaboutthis 54, statue. 41I proposeas restoration <m> ib ntr 'wn, to my knowledge otherwiseunattested. 42As a privatename, see PN I, 72 (28). 43The name appearsto startwith P-R'-, but both signs are still uncertainfollowing B. George'scollation.Piehl, Actes, 55, does not restoreany sign on this part. 44The final partof the mother'sname as well as the end of the inscriptionare missing. For variousfemale namesin the Late Period startingwith T'-sri-, see PN I, 368-70. 45ESLP,53-4 (no. 42), for,a stylistic analysisof the artof this phase of the Twenty-sixthDynasty,with the note thatthe incision of the amulet cord and the use of the three-columninscriptionon the back pillar mainly date to the time of PsammetichusII. 46S. Bedier, 'Die StatueNr. 586 aus Buto', DE 44 (1999), 19-35, who remarks(p. 34) thatthe erasurecould have been II madeby Psammetichus on a statueof a Kushiteking's follower or have been associatedwith the damnatiomemoriaeof his father's names. That the Buto statue has a female figure in the Lower Egyptian crown carved on its chest is an interestingfeature,resemblingthaton EA 37891. 47Borchardt, StatuenIII, 159; ESLP,50. 48Publishedby A. P. Zivie, Hermopoliset le nome de l'Ibis (BdE 66; Cairo, 1975), 87-96.

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the inscriptionhave been deleted. Donation stela, Chicago OIM 13943:49there is damageto the signs whm and m in the 3) prenomen,and the signs k, and w of the nomen appearerased in the first line of the inscription.The rest of the titularywas left untouched. This list of monumentsshows a fair numberof privatemonumentsand a few royal ones with erasure.But to date, among royal monuments,only the naos from Athribisis maninot festly reworkedby PsammetichusII, andthis could be an act of usurpation, of hatredof The others have changes or erasureswhich do not leave any trace of earlier his father.50 names, or no new name is cut. Alternativeexplanationscan be offeredfor each object. The stela from Turais damagedand hacked out but the cartouchesare intact, so the reason for slab could belong to the reign such destructionis not completely clear.The intercolumnar but have been left incompleteat the time of his deathand reusedby his of PsammetichusI, grandson. Indeed, there are similarities in the decoration of Psammetichus I's and PsammetichusII's slabs, as Eaton-Kraussnoted.51The altarfrom Deir el-Abiad has the and strangemixtureof the prenomenWhm-ib-R' the nomen Psmtk,but I have alreadyresome monumentsbelongingto Necho on marked theproblemswiththistext.52 Furthermore, with a probableprovenanceat Sais;53if some sort of revenge II are known from the Delta, were to be taken against this king, the capital was the first place from which Necho II's The funerarystelae of the thirdand fourthApis bulls monumentswould have to disappear. and of the Twenty-sixthDynasty have the royal names intact,54 the same it is true for two Otherobsmall bronze statues of the king in the Philadelphiaand Brooklyn museums.55 us include the statueLouvreA 83,56 and the reliefs in the WaltersArt jects to have reached inscripGlyptotek(no. 46).57Even a monumental Gallery(22.135) andin the Ny Carlsberg so stela from Elephantine,58 thatthe list tion has survivedfrom this period,the fragmentary is large enough to say that Necho's names are preservedthroughoutEgypt. This is very II differentfromthe resultsof the execrationcampaigncarriedout by Psammetichus against A andNubia itself, duringwhich no site was spared.59 fragment the Kushitekings in Egypt while they from Ausim has an inscriptionwith the names of Necho and Psammetichus;60
49A. Leahy, 'Two Donation Stelae of Necho II', RdE 34 (1982-3), 84-91. 50A. Schulman,'Some Remarkson the Alleged Fall of Senmut',JARCE(1970), 37 is still pertinenton this point. For a study of the disgrace of Senenmut,see now P. Dorman,The Monumentsof Senenmut(London, 1988), 141-57. 51 JEA 78, 286. K. Mysliwiec, Herr Beider Lander (Mainz, 1998), 157, suggests that this slab had modifications because PsammetichusI followed the 'Kushite'style for the cap carvedon it. Thereforehis monumentsufferedthe same fate of those belonging to the Nubianpharaohs. 52See n. 28 above. 53See L. Habachi, 'Sais and its Monuments',ASAE42 (1943), 378-82 and 396. 54LouvreIM 133 andIM 132, publishedby E. Chassinat,'Textesprovenant Serapeumdu Memphis',RT22 (1900), du 20-1 (lxiv) and 167 (xc). 55PhiladelphiaE. 13004:photographs Yoyotte, 'Nechao', 366 fig. 608, andESLP,50-1, figs. 95-6. Brooklyn71.11: in in photographs R. Fazzini, Imagesfor Eternity.EgyptianArtfromBerkeleyand Brooklyn(New York,1975), 116-17, figs. a, b. Leahy GM 80, 70, suggests thatone or both statuettescould belong to Necho (I). 56ESLP, 51 (no. 44); Yoyotte, 'Nechao', fig. 609. 57ESLP 49. 58F. Junge,Elephantine,XI (Mainz, 1987), 66-7, pl. 40 c; D. B. Redford,Egypt, Canaanand Israel in AncientTimes (Princeton,1992), 462, for a bibliography. 59Yoyotte,RdE 8, passim is still the best study. 60A. Kamal, 'Quelquesfragmentsprovenantd'Ouasim',ASAE4 (1903), 91-2.

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could belong to eitherthe first or the second kings of these names,61 am more inclined to I the latterpossibility. In this way, filial piety would also have been shown to his fatherby PsammetichusII. The presence of erasureon the privatemonumentsis considerable,but until now only Neshor'sand'Ih,t'sstatuesandthe lintel fromthe tombof Padihorresnet clearly are Horira's, datedto the reign of Necho II. Chronologicaldataare missing for the otherobjects andthe date is only given by the presence of the prenomenor nomen of PsammetichusII in the modifiedcartouches. Further distinctionhas to be madefor an important official like Horira. The modificationof his namecan be associatedwith a typicalphenomenon Psammetichus of the appearance the basiliphorous of beautifulname for officials strictlylinkedto II's reign: the royal court.62 use is manifestfor generalsand militarycommanderslike Potasimto, Its Amasis, Nekhthorheb and Neshor. All can be connected directly or indirectly with PsammeticusII's Nubiancampaign,Amasis and Potasimtoas the generalsleading the expedition,Nekhthorheband Neshor as important militaryofficials could have played some role in the preparation the campaign.So Horira,a long-time memberof the royal court, of received such an awardafterthe victoriousreturnof the army.Following the hypothesisas set up by De Meulenaereand Jansen-Winkeln, official could have changedhis former this name Whm-ib-R'-nfr the reignof Necho II into the beautifulname personal adoptedduring as II's Nfr-ib-R'-nfr, introducing'Horira' his personalname.Afterthe end of Psammetichus 'Horira' became his only name.63 statueof Osiris (CairoCG 38236) and a torso in A reign, a privatecollection in Germany,both of them with no changes in the cartouches,are the only documentson which the official is namedHr-ir-', as well as Nfr-ib-R'-nfr.64 Accepting such a hypothesis,the variousmodificationsof his statuescould be explained-Horira just wantedto show the royal favourhe had received.65 The erasureson the statuefrom Ephesusas well as on the lintel of Padihorresnet's tomb can be explained differently.During PsammetichusII's reign, these officials could have maintained theirposts alreadyheld underNecho II.As assumedby Graefe,66 Padihorresnet
61Leahy,GM 80, 68. 62On this see De Meulenaere,Le surnom,remainsfundamental, along with his additionsin 'Le sumom egyptien a la Basse Epoque', OLP (1981), 127-34. 63De Meulenaere,Le surnom,28; Jansen-Winkeln, MDAIK52, 198. 64Bibliography:Jansen-Winkeln, MDAIK 52, 192-6 (CairoCG 38236) and 197 (torso). 65 I agree with the conclusions of Jansen-Winkeln, MDAIK52, 198, aboutthe date of the variousobjects belonging to That his basilophorousname was used generally only duringPsammetichusII's reign is conHr-ir-',l Whm-ib-R'-nfr. firmedby the tomb of Horirahimself, probablydating to Apries' years of rule; cf. Jansen-Winkeln, MDAIK52, 198, in which the basilophorousname no longer appears.De Meulenaere,Le surnom, 18-19 n. 86, 29-30, suggests that the basilophorousname was a kind of rewardfor special achievements.Some basilophorousnames include warriorepithets in them: Nfr-ib-R'-nht(Amasis), Nfr-ib-R'-nb-qn (Potasimto),Hr-mnh-ib-nht (Nekhthorheb),Psmtk-mnh-ib (Neshor), of Nfr-ib-R'-nb-phty (Udjahorresnet), eulogizing the kingly power.A prosopography these militaryofficials is in P.-M. Chevereau,Prosopographiedes cadres militairesegyptiensde la Basse Epoque (Anthony, 1985), 87-94, 124-5. I proto pose to date Udjahorresnet PsammetichusII's reign, in this following De Meulenaere,Le surnom,6. The last private Museumof Art, objectfoundto be datedto the reign of Necho IIis a silver statuetteof a woman,held at the Metropolitan Th. M. Davis Bequest 1930, 30.8.93, publishedby L. Becker,L. Pilosi andD. Schorsch, 'An EgyptianSilver Statuetteof the Saite Period.A TechnicalStudy', MMJ29 (1994), 37-56. As visible from the figures9-11 there,the cartoucheswith the names Whm-ib-R' (rightshoulder)andNk;w (left shoulder)are intact.S. Thomas, 'A Saite Figureof Isis in the Petrie Museum',JEA85 (1999), 232-5, has publisheda statuetteof Isis belongingto Psamtik,also with 'a good name' Psamtik. If the hypothesisof a haplography rejected,this is the only case in which the personaland the 'beautiful'names are the is same. It is also a proof of the use of the 'beautifulname' as only appearingduringPsammetichusII's reign;see Thomas, JEA 85, 234 andn. 4. 66See n. 33 above.

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died at the beginning of PsammetichusII's rule, and the cartouchepresent in the tomb changed into that king's. The changes on Louvre E. 10709, with the complete erasurein both cartouchesof prenomenand nomen, could be linked to the Nubiancampaign,as was assumed in earlier studies.67Following this idea, the erasureson this statue, made at the time of the expedition,could hide the prenomenof anyof these Kushitekings;only Shebitku is ruledout. In fact, his prenomenis Nfr-k,-R'and only a change of the k>-signwas needed in orderto renderit identicalto thatof PsammetichusII.68The statuefrom Buto may have sufferedthe same fate as LouvreE. 10709. The statue StockholmNME 78 may belong to Necho II's reign,butprobablyhas to be deletedfromthe dossierof the damnatiomemoriae. an ExcludingEA 37891, the only privatestatuedemonstrating attackon Necho is CairoCG 928, in which the k1-signof 'Necho' is erased.But the statueat Nantes, mentionedabove, has an ownernamedNecho-Menekhib,a mixtureof father'sand son's names, very strange for an execratedking.69 The only supportfor the damnatiomemoriaehypothesisdoes not come from statues,but from donationstelae. In fact, we know thatwhen the renewalof the donationwas made, a new stela was needed,70so it was not enough to change the name of an earlierking to that of the ruling one in orderto maintainthe donation.At the same time four other donation so stelae haveno erasure,71 thatthe solutionto the problemof the hackingout of Necho II's names is not easy to find, because differentobjects of the dossier are contradictory. Otherdamnationesmemoriaeare attestedduringthe Saite Period.Apries' andAmasis' names suffered it. The names of Apries were erased from a statue for privaterevenge,72 while Amasis was execratedduringthe earlyphaseof Persianrulein Egypt,when Cambyses These later damnationes wantedto recall his own link to Apries, the legitimatepharaoh.73 contact with thatof Necho II, who was the acknowledgedruler, do not have any points of and duringwhose reign no internalconflicts are known.
67 SauneronandYoyotte, BSFE 2, label of the photographopposite p. 46 for the date;Yoyotte,RdE 8, 237 n. 3 (with doubts). Otherprivatestatuesare datedto the Twenty-fifthDynasty:Yoyotte,RdE8, 219 (CG 1053), 221 and 235 fig. 2 (Cairo JE 44665). Cairo CG 1053 was originally publishedby L. Borchardt,Statuenund Statuettenvon Konigen und Privatleuten,IV (CGC;Berlin, 1934), 40. 68 Cf. J. von Beckerath,Handbuchder dgyptischenKdnigsnamen(MAS 20; Berlin, 1984), 269-71, for a list of the names of these kings. 69 That the cartoucheson the shoulders of some statues naming Psammetichuscould have been cut later than the original carving cannot be excluded; cf. Bedier, DE 44, 34. However,the only statue surely dated to Necho II's reign, CairoCG 658, belonging to Horira,has the cartoucheschangedin the originalinscriptions,but no cartouchesaddedon its shoulders. in 70For instance,the stelae CairoJE 36863 andBerlin 15393, with bibliography D. Meeks, 'Les donationsaux temples dans l'Egypte du Ier millenaire avantJ.-C.', in E. Lipifiski(ed.), Templeand State Economy in the AncientNear East (OLA 6; Leuven, 1979), II, 677-8 (26.3.3 and 26.4.17), refer to the donationof the same land in PsammetichusII's and Apries' reigns. 71A list of all known donationstelae is in Meeks, in Lipinski(ed.), Temple and StateEconomyII, 675-6, to which add RdE 34, passim. The stela 26.2.7 is also cited by M. el-Alfi, 'Variafrom the Delta and Upper Egypt', DE 32 Leahy, (1995), 46-7. 1980.84 / Lausanne9 / Turin Kestner-Museum 72 p. Munro, 'Die Statuendes Hrw aus Baqliya und Tell el-Balamuin. Fecht (AAT 12; Wiesbaden, 1987), 328-32; A. Leahy, 'The EarliestDated Monumentof 3026', in Festschriftfiir G. Amasis and the End of the Reign of Apries', JEA 74 (1988), 198 n. 74. 73A list of the monumentsbelonging to Amasis can be found in E. Bresciani, 'Una statuadella XXVI dinastiacon il SCO 16 (1967), 277 n. a, and H. De Meulenaere,'La famille du roi Amasis', JEA54 (1968), cosiddetto<<abito persiano>>', n. 3, to which the headless sphinxfromButo (LeahyGM 80, 60) mustbe added.For a recent(reversed)photograph 183-4 of the sphinx of Amasis, earlierheld in Musei Capitolini,Rome, and now in Museo del Palazzo dei Conservatorithere, (no. 35), see E. A. Arslan (ed.), Iside. II mito, il mistero,la magia (Milan, 1997), 391, also quotingearlierbiblio-graphy.

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The loss of Syrian territoriesand problems with mercenaryforces have been used as The explanationsfor the disgraceof Necho in the eyes of his contemporaries. quotationof Herodotus (II, 30) and the biographyof Neshor have been considered as proofs of the However,the prespersistentproblemsin Egyptianinternalpolicy duringthe dynasty.74 ence of some rebellious forces in Egypt duringthe dynasty does not necessarily mean a general state of internaldisorderthroughoutthe country for the period under examination.75Despite the defeat of Carchemishof 605 BCbeing a serious blow to the Egyptian dreams of a Levantineempire, Necho II was able to convertthat defeat into a maritime policy. He built a powerfulfleet andrepelledthe Babylonianinvasionof 601 BC.76Instead, the revival of the name 'Necho' duringthe PersianPeriod, at that time when it became a symbol of the Egyptianindependencefrom the stranger,could be seen as a proof for the absence of any hatredagainsthim.77 Mercenaryforces, militaryofficials and garrisonswere importantfor the whole of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty,78and Amasis as general led an insurrectionagainst the pharaoh himself, but their importanceshould not be exaggerated.The king was the rulerof Egypt The royal texts of the periodare full of the ideology used and wantedto be seen as such.79 the glorious times of the New Kingdom, although,of course, ideology and reality during can be very distant.However,I regardit as incorrectto supposethatthe whole dynastywas torn by internaldissension, which, on the basis of both Egyptian and Greek sources, appearschronologicallylimitedto Apries'reignonly. I continueto wonderwhetherthereever was such a thing as a damnatiomemoriaeagainstNecho II.80
Bresciani,SCO 16, 279 n. 2, refersto the story of Herodotus(III,2) makingCambysesa son of a daughterof Apries, and having the Persianking tracehis lineage to Apries himself. A new studyof Amasis' damnatiomemoriaewill be madeby M. A. Leahy. in 74 H. Schafer, 'Die Auswanderungder Kriegerunter PsammetichI. und der Sdldneraufstand Elephantineunter of Apries', Klio 4 (1904), 156-8 for the translation the Neshor inscription.A. B. Lloyd, HerodotusBook II. Commentary 1-98 (EPRO 43; Leiden, 1976), 129, agrees about the historical reality of the mutiny narratedby Herodotus,which I's happenedduringPsammetichus reign,in this following H. De Meulenaere,Herodotosover de 26ste Dynastie(Leuven, 1951), 41-3. 75I wonderwhetherthe Egyptiantraditionrecalledby the Greekhistorianof the mutinyunderPsammetichusI could not have had the king namedsimply as Wahibre.It was the prenomenof PsammetichusI as well as the nomen of Apries, as and thus could have been interpreted referringto the founderof the Twenty-sixthDynasty.That a traditionunfavourthe able to Apriessurvivedis clearfromthe Herodotean logos regarding revoltof Amasis (II, 162):the king ragedunjustly on againsthis emissaryPatarbemis his returnfromhis mission to bringback the rebellinggeneral,andthe few followers of the king left him and defected to Amasis. 76 E. Lipiniski,'The Egypto-BabylonianWar of the Winter601-600', AIOS 32 (1972), 239-41, for a study of this campaign.For the maritimepolicy of Necho, see A. Spalinger,'Egypt and Babylonia:A Survey', SAK5 (1977), 232. 77ESLP, 51-2, 68. De Meulenaere,Le surnom,28 n. 7, notes that the name 'Necho' returnedin use duringAmasis' Kadmos37 (1998), 131. reign. For the presenceof the name niqau = Necho in Carian,see J. D. Ray, 'Aegypto-Carica', 78Cf. Chevereau,Prosopographie,84-102, for generalsand militaryofficials datedby him to the Saite Period. 79For example, the inscriptionsof the Nubian war of Psammetichus (P. Der Manuelian,Living in the Past, 337-50 II which recalls closely that of TuthmosisIII's Gebel Barkalstela. See the (Shellal) and 365-71 (Tanis)),have a structure fourthchapterof my unpublishedMPhil thesis submittedin 1999 at the Universityof Birminghamunderthe supervision of M. A. Leahy,entitledContinuity Change.Structure Compositionin the EgyptianRoyalHistorical Texts1070and and 525 BC, 67-9. 80In a letterof 2 May 1994, H. De Meulenaereexpressedhis doubtsabouta solutionof this problem.And his opinion is still valid. It is unlikelythatan answercan be foundwithoutthe discoveryof some as yet unknownhistoricaldocument. can My thoughtsand doubtsaboutthe argument be found in E. Bresciani(ed.), L'AnticoEgitto, (Novara,1998), 236, s.v. 'Necao', substantiallyagreeingwith what N. Grimal,A History of AncientEgypt, translated I. Shaw (Oxford, 1992), by 362, has written.

PLATE IX

1. British Museum EA 37891, front (copyrightof the British Museum)

2. BritishMuseumEA 37891, left side (copyrightof the BritishMuseum)

THE STATUE BM EA 37891 (pp. 67-80)

PLATE X

British Museum EA 37891, back (copyrightof the BritishMuseum) THE STATUE BM EA 37891 (pp. 67-80)

PLATE XI

1. Stockholm NME78, left side (photograph courtesy CLES) of

~i;.' .~ ' .... ::,: ..,,, ..,.

~~~~ ~ ~~

*.

2. StockholmNME 78, detail (photograph courtesy of CLES)

3. StockholmNME 78, right side (photograph courtesyof CLES)

THE STATUE BM EA 37891 (pp. 67-80)