INTRODUCTION

One of the most important areas in education which has acquired considerable importance and received much attention in reasonable years is counselling .Present day teachers have to acquire some specialised knowledge regarding counselling and guidance in order to guide the students tactfully in this highly competitive world. As students are living in a materialistic and consumer driven society under the influence of media, the possibility of deviating from the healthy life style is more than ever before making guidance and counselling an integral part of the modern education system. Guidance and counselling ensures a healthy climate in this institution, which is essential for the harmonious and integrated personality development of students.

TERMINOLOGIES
Acceptance : Clarification : Greeting : Restatement : Establishment : Orientation : Remedial :

MEANING OF COUNSELLING
Counselling is a process of enabling the individual to know himself and his present and possible future situations in order that he may make substantial contributions to the society and solve his own problems through a face to face relationship with the counsellor.Thus counselling is an enabling process. In the educational context, counselling is a method of intervention when the teacher observes that a student under her care or supervision exhibits a problem that may be affecting his role performance. Ideally counselling is a therapeutic process, where in a student seeks the teachers help is assisted to clearly identifying his problem and to find methods of solving his problem by utilizing all the resources available to him.

DEFINITION

Student counselling as an interaction process that facilitating meaningful understanding of self and environment and result in the establishment and/or clarification of goals and values for future behaviour. (Stone and Shertzer) Effective counselling as a definitely structured permissive relationship which allows the client to gain an understanding of himself to a degree which enable him to take new positive steps in the light of his new orientation .(Roges) Counselling is a dynamic and purposeful relationship between two people, who approach a mutually defined problems with mutual considerations of each other to the end that the troubled one or less mature is aided to a self- determinedresolution of his problem.

CONCEPT OF COUNSELLING

Counselling is the relationship between two persons in which, one of them attempts to assist the other in organizing himself to attain a form of happiness ,adjustment to a life situation ie, self actualisation. An accepted trusting and safe relationship will be formulated in which client will learn to discuss openly their problems, acquire the social skills, courage, self confidence to implement desired new behaviours The relationship between two personnel or the interaction between the counsellor ie, one a professionally trained workers and the counsellor ie, the person who seeks the services or who cannot cop up alone, who requires help from the skilled personel to resolves his problems by finding new ways. Helps the individual to become aware of himself and the ways in which he is reacting to the behaviour influences of his environment. To develop a set of goals for future behaviour of an individual.

NEED OF COUNSELLING

To help the client to accept actual or impending changes that are resulting from stress. It involves Psychological, emotional, intellectual and spiritual support. To foster cognitive, behaviour, developmental and emotional growth in clients. To encourage and develop special abilities and right attitudes. To inspire successful behaviour towards attainment. To assist the students in planning for educational and vocational choices. To help the student to work out a plan for solving his difficulties. Help in the total development of the students. It helps in the proper choice of course according to the interest, aptitude and intelligence of the students. To help the students to grow, explore and maintain or develop their overall personality. To develop readinessfor choice and changes, to face new challenges. To help for efficient use of manpower. To motivate the students for self employment. The fresher will be helped to establish a proper identity. To help the students in the period of confusion or turmoil. To help the students in checking wastage and stagnation. To help the students in need of special help. To minimise the incidence of indiscipline which is leading to destructive activity and social damage

CHARECTERESTICS
1. Counselling evolves two individuals-one seeking help and other a professionally trained person who can help the first. The one who seek the help is known as the counselee and the one who provide the help is the counsellor. 2. There should be a relationship of mutual respect between the two individuals. The counselee should be friendly and cooperative and counselee should have the trust and confidence in the counsellor. 3. Counselling aimed at bringing about desired changes in the individual for self realisation and providing assistance to solve problems through an intimate personal relationship. 4. The counsellor discovers the problems of the counselee and helps him to setup the realistic goals and guide him though difficulties and problems.

5. If the counsellor is a student counselling help him to take a decision, make a choice or find a relation in matters related to an educational programme or carrier. 6. It helps the counselee acquire independence and develop a sense of responsibility.It also helps him, to explore and fully utilise his potential and actualise himself. 7. It is more than advice giving solution emerges through the thinking that a person does for himself rather than through solutions suggested by the counsellor. 8. It involves something more than offering an assistance to find a solution to an immediate problem. Its function is to produce anger in the individual thereby enabling him to deal with the difficulties in amore production and independent manner. 9. Counselling is democratic. Counselling takes place in a non threatening and democratic atmosphere, which allows the counselee to think independently with the counsellor and not under the counsellor. 10.Counselling concerns itself with attitude as well as actions.

11.Emotional rather than purely intellectual attitudes are the raw materials of the counselling process. Information and understanding have their place in the counselling but it is emotionalized feeling which are most important. 12. Counselling is a body of techniques that helps the individual to know himself better ,gives him confidence, encourages him selfdirectiveness and provides him with new vision to grow and flourishes. 13. In the educational context, counselling is centred around the needs and aspiration of students.

ASPECTS OF COUNSELLING

Collection of information and careful analysis of the available task. Forecast of the outcome of the counsellors course of action. Assistance to the counselee in working out of solution of his problem. Follow up care

SCOPE OF COUNSELLING SERVICES

The scope of counselling service is extremely comprehensive. As the life getting complex day by day the problems in which expert helps required are increasing proportionately. It helps the students in the selection of educational courses, profitable occupations, job placement, higher education and training, selection of improvement of study skills and study habits formation, help the student to achieve maximum efficiency in meeting their needs. Individual services will be provided, granting loans and scholarships, handling disciplines cores, selection of roommates, advice on students activities and programmes,helping the students to choose vocational objectives, selecting optional courses to the study,concerns about educational progress, course programme ,planning, financial and health matters, problems of family, social, educational, vocational, personal, moral, marietal are the context of counselling.

ELEMENTS IN COUNSELLING PROCESS

Counselling involves two individual. It is the communication between the counsellor and counselee. Counsellor: A professionally trained person who can assist or help the counselee. Counselee: a person who seeks help or needs assistance. Mutual respect, rapport and satisfactory relationship should be established. Counsellor should be friendly and cooperative with counselee. Counselee should have trust and confidence over the counsellor. Counsellor should have through experience and sound knowledge with counselling process. It provides an opportunity for reflection on the impact of the problem on daily life. Working out ways of learning the impact. It involves 3 domains of learning

Cognitive domain: storing, recalling, or new knowledge and information. Psychomotor domain: physical skill has been learnt. Affective domain: it changes the attitude, feelings and values

It encourages independent decision making. Maintain confidentiality.

LEVELS OF COUNSELLING
There are three levels of counselling namely1. Informal counselling Informal counselling is any helping relationship by a responsible person who may have little or no training for the work 2. Non specialist counselling by professionals It is the help provided by physician, nurses, lawyers, teachers and other who do a great deal of face to face work with psychological problems in the course of theirother work. sometimes special titles are used like religious counselling. 3. Professional counselling It is helping another person with decision and life plans, whether personal, educational or vocational, by a person specially trained for this work. Professional counsellors are usually psychologist or educational psychologist.

PHASES OF COUNSELLING
Phases of counselling described in a variety of ways.Generally phases of counselling include
1

2 3 4 5 6

Appointment and establishing relationship Assessment Diagnosis Setting goals Interventions Termination and follow up The phases may overlap each other and phase enriches the other phase.
APPOINMENT AND ESTABLISHING RELATIONSHIP

Since counselling is essentially a face to face relationship between the counselee and counsellor, tis phase is the most important one in the process of counselling. Appointment with the counselee is fixed according to the convenience of both the counsellor and counselee. The principle governing the counselling relationship are uniqueness of student; his capacity to choose and decide what is good for him; belief in his ability to make changes; teacher communicating respect. Maintaining confidentiality; being non judgemental and trusting relationship. It may

take several session to establish a trusting relationship with the counselee. ASSESSMENT This phase is concerned with data collection, analysing the data collection and clarification of expectations. The counselee is encouraged to talk about his problems, ventilate his feelings, where as the counsellor asks questions, collect information, observe and possibly helps the counselee to clearly state his problem, counselee also talks about his expectations. DIAGNOSIS In this phase the counsellor diagnosis the problem of the student and decides the area of interventions. SETTING GOALS In this phase, the explains to the students what is possible, ie, setting goals which will turn provide direction to the counselee and counsellor. Goals may be of two types immediate or short term goals and long term goals. Short term goals ultimately lead to the attainment of long term goals .Goals can be changed according to the new information or new sight. INTERVENTION Interventions are needed to achieve the goals. In this phase, counsellor explain to the student how the goals can be achieved.The intervention employed will depenedup on the techniques used by the counsellor, the problem and the students. Intervention is a process of adaptation and the counsellor should be prepared to change the intervention when the selected intervention is not yielding results. TERMINATION AND FOLLOW UP Successful termination is an important aspects in counselling. It must be done with out destroying the accomplishment gained and should be done in a passed manner covering few sessions. Tis will prevent the development of a feeling of sense less in thecounsellor. Follow up appointments ie,planning for the next session if needed should also be carried out.

APPROACHES TO COUNSELLING
The purpose of counselling in educational institutions are to enable teachers to Understand the manifestation of averity of problems of their students. Understand and analyse causes of the problems.

Assist their students arriving passive solutions to their problems and carried out required followup. To achieve above purpose there are several approaches in counselling, but widely used ones are four which include 1 DIRECTIVE COUNSELLING OR COUNSELLOR CENTERED COUNSELLING. Directive counselling is an approach advocated by EG Williams in which the counsellor uses a variety of technique to suggest appropriate solutions to the problems of the counseiee.In this approach counsellor plays a leading role.This approach is termed asan authoritarian or Psychoanalytic approach.Here the counsellor is active and directs the individual in making decisions and finding soluyions to the problems.Although the counsellor does not force the individual but direct his/her process of thinking. Counsellors role is to assist his student in getting such data aand to sugesst suitable solutions. The directive councelling follows a defined process includes analysis of the problem, diagnosis or identification of the exact value of the difficulty, prognosis or making prediction, counselling and follow up. The process tend to be planned, objective and impersonal and is more suitable to intellectual problems. The step in conducting direct counselling will include the following. Starting the counselling section. Collect the relevant data of the problems. Analyse the problem. Diagnois. Prognosis. Prescribe remedial measures. Follw up In directive counselling process, the counsellor fixes the date and venue nd first start the counselling session through his friendly and warm behaviour, must create a cordalatmospherefor the session. Collect the relevant information about the problem of the student from various sources, which include non testing tools and also administering proper Psychological tests. Next counsellor gives is prediction on the future outcome of the problem.

NONE DIRECTIVE OR PERMISSIVE OR CLIET CENTERED COUNSELLING

Non directive counselling is a counsellor centered

approach in which he is guided to use his own inner resources to solve the problem. In this approach the counselee play a predominant role. Carl.R Rogers in the exponent of the non directive techniques of counselling. The steps of non directive counselling approach will include the following. Opening the session. Establishing rapport. Exploration of the problem. Discovering alternative solutions. Termination of the of the session. Follow up.

ELECTIC APPROACH TO COUNSELLING

In electic counselling, the strategy arises out of the appropriate knowledge of student behaviour and a combination of directive, nondirective and other approaches shouid have developmental, preventive and remedial values.

GROUP COUNSELLING
Group counselling is a techniques where agroup of persons is counselled by applaying group interaction method for the purpose for arriving at a solution to the problem to the group. All the group members are provided with an opportunity to discuss their problem together, in a free atmosphere. The following are the phases of activities followed in group counselling, Selection of participants Starting the session Orientation towards discussion Checking the unwarranted behaviour

Assisting in self disclosure Assisting indecision-making process. Closure of the session Follow up

ADVANTAGES OF DIRECTIVE COUNSELLING

1 It is more economical in time. 2 It emphasis mainly lay on the problem but not on the individual. 3 Directive counselling lays more emphasis on the intellectual rather than emotional aspect of the responsibility of the individual but not at the emotional level. 3 The directive counselling methods used have been direct, persuasive and explanatory.

ADVANTAGES OF NON DIRECTIVE COUNSELLING

It is slow but ssure process which makes the individual capable of making adjusstments. 2 No test are used in it and there for avoid all that is laborious and difficult. 3 It is able to remove the emotionl block and makes the individual to bring re repressed through in conscious level, there by reducing tension.
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THE PROCESS OF COUNSELLING

Giving guidance or assisting the client in problem solving. The family menbers are significant or influencing personalities will be included in counselling session. Everyone participating in counselling situations must feel comfortable. It is a process intiated by distressed client or student who is having a problem ,it is a two way interaction between provider and the client. Situational support will be provider for the client. Correct information will be given, encourages the client the freedom of choice and changes available as it facilitates client to make proper decision. Help the counselee to focus and identify themselves for their immediate and long term needs, purpose realistic actions suitable for meeting their needs. Assist the client to accept reality.

Help the clients to accept the problem and provide information among all the aspect of problem. STEPS G - Greet the client. A Ask client about themselves. T Tell clients or give the information of strategies of coping mechanism. H Help the client to choose a method. E Explain how to use a method. R Return for follow up.

aSupportive behaviour
verbal behaviour Uses languages which is understood by the client. Clarifies clients statements. Explains clearly and adequately. Advising, Preaching, Moralising. Directing, Demanding. Reassuaring. Summarising. Responds to the needs of client. Encourages the client to speak. Gives needed information. Non judgemental; does not criticize or censure the clients feelings or thoughts. C Clarify L - Listen E Encourage A Aknowledge R Reflect and repeates Does not speak too quickly and too slowly Non verbal behaviour R Relax O Open and approachable L Lean towards client E Eye contact S Smile and sit comfortably Use tone of voice similar to that of aclient.Maintain eye contact;occasionly nodes the head;maintain suitable distance.

PROCESS OF STUDENT COUNSELLING

Knowledge of self,which the counselee should be able to achieve, He should understand his abilities,limitations,capacities. To develop an attitude of self acceptance. To help the individual to attain social harmony.

ORGANIZATION OF COUNSELLING SERVICES

Organization means systematic planning, coordination and conduct of certain activities with in the policy of frame work of the institution. By its nature organization implies stating purpose, mastering of resources and using them in best possible manner to attain the objectives. A brief over view of the overall purpose of these services are 1 To help adolescence with normal developmental problems. 2 To help individuals through temporary crisis. 3 To idemtify signs of disturbed / problem behaviour of the earliest. 4 To refer cases needing specialist treatement. 5 To facilitate communication with in and between the nursing schools/colleges, home, the communities and resources. 6 To support tutors who are helping individuals but who themselves want guidance and reassurance The objectives of a counselling program 1 Making help and assistance available for the adolescence regarding their developmental problems. 2 Making helps available to the pupils /individuals for coping with temporary crisis. 3Prompt are early detection of deviant/disturbed/problem behaviour in adolescence. Development of effective communication system with in the school between different nursing school/colleges,hospitals,home and communites. 2 Effective and appropriate services to counsellors when they require guidance.
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TYPES OF COUNSELLING SERVICES

The following services are considered to be the minimum as part of Essential programme of counselling in a school/college of nursing for fulfilling the objectives of the program. ORIENTATION SERVICES It is meant to help the pupil become fully aware of herself and new environment so that at the beginning of school/college carer she is oriented the purpose, histoy, nature and scope of nursing education and nursing practice, besides being helped to acquaint herself with library and other physical facilities which are available for them in school/college and outside the school/college.After this general orientation,sessions should be planned when intensive guidance services are provided like improve your study skills. APPRAISAL SERVICES It is mean to gather, record maintain and use adequate information about each pupil.The purpose of each services is to help each pupil achieve their optimum potential and for helping her to develop insight as the progress through school/colleges. The type of information collected includes information about home, education and occupation of patients. Information is aiso collected about pupils interest, abilities, aptitude,health and general behaviour pttern.The information is collected from different sources such as pupil herself, family members,friends,teachers and her previous college/schools through the use of interviews,observation and checklist,anecodotal record problem checklist records,psychologicaltest.The information thus collected is recorded in a cumulative record card which is kept confidentially. All the staff members should be encouraged to participate in this service.Onlyreliable,usable and accurate information should be collected.The record should be clearly maintained with updating. INFORMATION SERVICE It is meant to serve the individual and society.Here occupational information is given in the individual.A nursing student has already taken a dicision about her vocational choice and so this service helps the job and contribute to her wellbeeings and efficiency. This services acquaints the nursing services with different type of workers , particularly community helpers;assist them to see interrelationship among various fieldsof work sides in building good work habits.

COUNSELLING SERVICE It is the pivot of all services available under the bsnner guidance and counselling in a school of nursing. It aims at developing pupils self understanding, self acceptance and self confidence. It is the process by which an individual learn to be independent, to make decisions, to live with a problem situation and to face any crisis situation. There are four different types of counselling. 1. Developmental counselling To achieving a personal growth by making them aware of themselves and their environment To set clear goals for future behaviour and methods of achieving these goals To develop positive attitudes, values and morals 1. Preventive counselling It helps an individual to prepare for future specific concern such as failures in the examination, shock of not getting a job or admission, or delay in getting married. This type of counselling is specially needed for educating students on the abuse of drugs, suicide tendency. 2. Facilitative counselling It helps an individuals to overcome effeects of crisis situation such as a loss of family member,family conflicts etc. These situation may affect the normal behaviour of an individual and she or he may develop a feeling of anxiety, loss or guilt. The counsellor helps the individual to understand the situation and develop new patterns of behaviour. OTHER INGREDIENTS OF THE COUNSELLING SERVICES A. Planning service is mean to help pupils overcome their problems of hostel, mess and finance; help is also rendered for enabling the foreign students to adjust to new situation. B. Placement services on the other hand refer to assistance offered to an individual in taking the next step, whether towards further training or job. A strong emphasis is on placing students in mobs suitable for them. C. Follow up service as we can assume for the little itself, involves keeping in touch with students who have qualified from the school as well as the drop out for some years after they leave the school or college. RANGE OF SKILLS REQUIRED FOR EFFECTIVE COUNSELLING Active listening

Respecting Simple acceptance Identification Structuring or prioritisation Non directive lead Persuasion Questioning Interpretation Paraphrasing Advise and suggestion Reassurance of praise Criticism or negative evaluation Confrontation Summarising Reflection of feeling

CHARACTERESTICS OR QUALITIES OF A COUNSELLOR 1. Interpersonal relationship

Friendly nature Gets along with others Sympathetic understanding Fairness Sincerity Sensitivity to the attitude of people Tactfulness Patience Ability to maintain confidentiality Respect clients abilities and needs Attendive listener Speaks in clients language, gives responses objectively Shows careful concern, a listen the demands and complaints of the client and family,then responding them in an effective and facilitating manner Capacity for being trusted by others Tolerance power, openness, empathy are ingredients of successful counselling Accepting interpersonal relationship

2 .Personal adjustments Shows matured behaviour, integrated personality Maintaince emotional stability Flexibility and adaptability Aware about ones limitations Mentally sound and healthy aspects Process a sense of worth and sense of humour Freedom from withdrawing tendency

Able to accept criticism Shows self-respect, self reliance, and self confidence Personal magnetism Knowledge of self Ability to tolerate ambiguity

3.Scholastic potentialities and educational background Should possess relevant as well as broad knowledge and efficient skills, able to decide the method to be adopted in counselling process Should be motivated and commited Aware of policies, believes, misconception, and rumours existing with in the local community Highly cultured social interest Capacity for work Intelligent to tackle the situations effectively Positive interest Scholastic aptitude Respect of facts Possess common sense and uses good judgement when tackling issues He will have masters degree in the essential area of guidance programme Ability to work with people Experience in teaching and follow up services

4.Health and personal appearance Pleasing voice Pleasing appearance Freedom from annoying mannerism Poise and neatness Vitality and endurance

5.Leadership Ability to stimulate and lead others Reinforces important information Direct counselee, the ways to solve the problem and guide him to choose appropriate one with his own decision 6.Philosophy of life. Good character Wholesome orpositive philosophy of life Civic sense Integrated personality Posess an acceptable value system

Faith in human values and human nature. Shows significant spiritual religious values

Convictions,interest