CCNA – Semester1

Module 9
TCP/IP and IP Addressing

Objectives

• Introduction to TCP/IP
• Internet addresses
• Obtaining an IP address
 Introduction to TCP/IP

History and Future of TCP/IP

• The U.S. Department of Defense
(DoD) created the TCP/IP
reference model because it
wanted a network that could
survive any conditions.
• In 1992 the standardization of a
new generation of IP, IPv6, was
supported by the Internet
Engineering Task Force (IETF)
with 128 bits long.
Application Layer
• Handles high-level
protocols, issues of
representation, encoding,
and dialog control.
• The TCP/IP protocol suite
combines all application
related issues into one layer
and ensures this data is
properly packaged before
passing it on to the next
layer.

Transport Layer

• The transport layer

provides transport
services including flow
control and reliability
from the source host to
the destination host.
• The transport layer
constitutes a logical
connection between
the endpoints of the
network.
Internet Layer
• The purpose of the
Internet layer is to
select the best path
through the network for
packets to travel.
• The main protocol that
functions at this layer
is the Internet Protocol
(IP).

IP - Internet Protocol

• IP: provides connectionless, best-effort delivery routing

of packets. IP is not concerned with the content of the
packets but looks for a path to the destination.
• IP performs the following operations:
– Defines a packet and an addressing scheme
– Transfers data between the Internet layer and network access layers
– Routes packets to remote hosts
Other Internet Layer Protocols

• Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

provides control and messaging capabilities.
• Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) determines
the data link layer address, MAC address, for
known IP addresses.
• Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)
determines IP addresses when the MAC address
is known.

Network Access Layer

• The network access
layer is also called the
host-to-network layer.
• Include the LAN and
WAN technology
details such as:
Ethernet, Token-Ring,
ISDN, Frame-Relay.
• Include the mapping of
IP addresses to
physical hardware
addresses and
encapsulation of IP
packets into frames.
Internet

• Two computers, anywhere in the world, following

certain hardware, software, and protocol
specifications, can communicate reliably.

Internet Addresses
Network and Host Addressing

• IP address is
hierarchical and has
two parts:
– First part identifies the
network where the system is
connected.
– Second part identifies that
particular system on the
network.

IP Address Classes

• IP addresses are divided into classes to define

the large, medium, and small networks.
IP Address Classes

IP Address

• The 127.0.0.0 network is reserved for loopback

testing.
• The Class D address class was created to
enable multicasting in an IP address. A
multicast address is a unique network address
that directs packets with that destination
address to predefined groups of IP addresses.
• A Class E address is reserved these addresses
for research.
Reserved IP Address

• Certain host addresses are reserved and cannot

be assigned to devices on a network.
– Network address – Used to identify the network itself
– Broadcast address – Used for broadcasting packets to
all the devices on a network

Network address

• Network address provide a convenient way

to refer to all of the addresses on a
particular network or subnetwork.
• Two hosts with differing network address
require a device, typically a router, in order
to communicate.
• An IP address that ends with binary 0s in all
host bits is reserved for the network
address.
Broadcast address

• Broadcast goes to every host with a

particular network ID number.
• An IP address that ends with binary 1s in all
host bits is reserved for the directed
broadcast address.
• An IP address with binary 1s in all network
bits and host bits is reserved for the local
broadcast address.

Local broadcast address

255.255.255.255 STOP
Directed broadcast address

192.168.20.0

192.168.20.255

Example: 172.16.20.200

• 172.16.20.200 is Class B address

• Network portion: 172.16
• Host portion: 20.200
• Network address: 172.16.0.0
• Broadcast address: 172.16.255.255
Public IP Address

• In order to connect to the Internet, every

machines must have its own public IP address.
Public IP addresses are unique.
• With the rapid growth of the Internet, public IP
addresses were beginning to run out. New
addressing schemes are used so solve this:
– Classless interdomain routing (CIDR)
– IP version 6 (IPv6)
– Network Address Translation (NAT)

Private Address

• Private networks can use private address to assign their machines in

the local network.
• RFC 1918 sets aside three blocks of IP addresses for private, internal
use.
– Class A: 10.0.0.0
– Class B: 172.16.0.0 Æ 172.31.0.0
– Class C: 192.168.0.0 Æ 192.168.255.0
• Connecting a network using private addresses to the Internet
requires translation (overloading) of the private addresses to public
addresses. This translation is served by NAT
Valid address?

• 150.100.255.255
• 175.100.255.18
• 195.234.253.0
• 100.0.0.23
• 188.258.221.176
• 127.34.25.189
• 224.156.217.73

IPv4 versus IPv6

• Introduced by IETF in 1992, IPv6, known as IPng, uses 128 bits
rather than the 32 bits currently used in IPv4.
• IPv6 uses hexadecimal numbers to represent the 128 bits.
• IPv6 provides 640 sextrillion addresses. This version of IP should
provide enough addresses for future communication needs.
 Obtaining an IP address

Obtaining an IP Address
Static Assignment of IP Addresses

• Each individual device

must be configured with
an IP address.
• Keep very detailed
records, because
problems can occur on
the network if you use
duplicate IP addresses.

Dynamic addressing

• There are a some different methods that you

can use to assign IP addresses dynamically:
– RARP: Reverse Address Resolution Protocol.
– BOOTP: BOOTstrap Protocol.
– DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.

IP
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol

BOOTP IP

• Network administrator creates a configuration file that

specifies the parameters for each device. The administrator
must add hosts and maintain the BOOTP database.
• BOOTP packets can include the IP address, as well as the
address of a router, the address of a server, and vendor-
specific information.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

• Successor to BOOTP.
• Automatically allows a host to obtain an IP address
from an IP pool
• Use 4-steps IP registration and requires IP leased
time

DHCP Initialization Sequence

• Broadcast request and discover

DHCP server

• Offer IP address, DHCP server

address and Default Gateway
address…

• Request for the offered IP

statistics

• Acknownledge the request,

confirm registration
Encapsulation

Address Resolution Protocol

• In order for devices to communicate, the

sending devices need both the IP addresses
and the MAC addresses of the destination
devices.
• ARP enables a computer to find the MAC
address of the computer that is associated
with an IP address.
Address resolution protocol

ARP table in host

AM
R
ARP operation
ARP Table:

? MAC MAC IP IP
A.B.C.1.2.3 ? 10.0.2.110.0.2.9
Data

10.0.2.1 10.0.2.5 10.0.2.9

A.B.C.1.2.3 A.B.C.4.5.6 A.B.C.7.8.9

A B C

ARP operation: ARP request

MAC MAC IP IP
A.B.C.1.2.3 ff.ff.ff.ff.ff.ff 10.0.2.1 10.0.2.9
What is your MAC Addr?

10.0.2.1 10.0.2.5 10.0.2.9

A.B.C.1.2.3 A.B.C.4.5.6 A.B.C.7.8.9

A B C
ARP operation: Checking

MAC MAC IP IP
A.B.C.1.2.3 ff.ff.ff.ff.ff.ff 10.0.2.110.0.2.9
What is your MAC Addr?

is
a t P
h I
T y
m
10.0.2.1 10.0.2.5 10.0.2.9
A.B.C.1.2.3 A.B.C.4.5.6 A.B.C.7.8.9

A B C

ARP operation: ARP reply

MAC MAC IP IP
A.B.C.7.8.9 A.B.C.1.2.3 10.0.2.9 10.0.2.1
This is my MAC Addr

10.0.2.1 10.0.2.5 10.0.2.9

A.B.C.1.2.3 A.B.C.4.5.6 A.B.C.7.8.9

A B C
ARP operation: Caching
ARP Table:

A.B.C.7.8.9 – 10.0.2.9

MAC MAC IP IP
A.B.C.1.2.3 A.B.C.7.8.9 10.0.2.1 10.0.2.9
Data

10.0.2.1 10.0.2.5 10.0.2.9

A.B.C.1.2.3 A.B.C.4.5.6 A.B.C.7.8.9

A B C

ARP: Local Destination

Internetwork communication

• How to communicate with devices that are

not on the same physical network segment.

Default gateway

Default-Gateway

• In order for a device to communicate with another device on

another network, you must supply it with a default gateway.
• A default gateway is the IP address of the interface on the
router that connects to the network segment on which the
source host is located.
• In order for a device to send data to the address of a device
that is on another network segment, the source device sends
the data to a default gateway.
Remote Destination

Packet forwarding
• At layer 2, when encapsulating a frame, the host needs
the destination MAC address
• The host will then compares IP address of source and
destination.
– If the destination is on another network, then it will encapsulate the
frame with the default-gateway MAC address.
– If the destination is on the same net work, then it will use the
destination MAC address
• Then it checks if the needed MAC address is in the ARP
table, if it is not proceed ARP request to find the needed
MAC address
Summary

• Four layers of TCP/IP model

• IP address, IP address classes
• Network address and broadcast address
• Public address and private address
• IPv4 versus IPv6
• Static addressing, RARP, BOOTP, DHCP
• ARP local and remote destination