EXPERIMENT NUMBER 3 DISTILLATION OBJECTIVE

To separate the components of a liquid sample using simple distillation and fractional distillation.

MATERIALS AND APPARATUS NEEDED 1 - 250 mL distilling flask 2 distillation head 1 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask 1 - filter funnel 1 iron clamp 2 iron stand 1 test tube brush 1 - watch glass CHEMICALS/REAGENTS 95% ethanol or isopropyl alcohol, methyl orange or methyl red indicator, and soya beans PROCEDURE A. Simple Distillation 1. Place 50 mL water into the distilling flask. 2. Add 5 drop methyl orange indicator to the water. 3. Add the boiling chips. Set up the apparatus. 1 water condenser 2 - adapter 3 boiling chips 1 bunsen burner 2 iron clamp 1 wire gauze 1 100 mL graduated cylinder

4. Distil the solution until about 5 mLs in collected, and observe its color.

5. Record the boiling temperature. B. Fractional Distillation 1. Place 50 mLs water and 15 mLs 95% ethanol into the distilling flask. 2. Add the boiling chips. Set up the apparatus. 3. Distill the solution. 4. Collect the first fraction of 5mLs and record its boiling temperature. 5. Note the smell of the fractions collected compared to that in the original solution. EXPERIMENTAL SET UP

DATA AND RESULTS: A. Simple Distillation Initial Temperature: 28C Color of Original Solution Color of Titrate Boiling Temperature (C) Volume of Titrate (mLs) Golden ochre Colorless 102C 15 mL

B. Fractional Distillation Initial Temperature: 30C Color of Water and Ethanol (Original) Smell of Water and Ethanol (Titrate) Color of Distillate Volume of Distillate (mLs) Boiling Temperature (C) Colorless Stronger than first Colorless 15 mL 88C

CONCLUSION I therefore conclude that in separating mixtures with the use of heat, simple and fractional distillation exhibits specific function intended for that condition only for them to perform better and to produce the desired result. Simple Distillation is only applicable when there is a significant difference in the boiling points of liquids in the mixture and the lowest boiling substance distills first. The common observable change exhibits by this type is that the original color of the solution became colorless. When this happens, it indicates the substance is now pure. On the other hand, fractional distillation is only applicable when the boiling points of chemicals in a mixture are close to eachother. The strong smell of the least boiling component indicates that the said component became pure after undergoing the process. This is due to the sudden increase of temperature from constant temperature.

We had a good experiment because we followed the prescribed size of distilling flask, we set the right position of thermometer, and we heat the distillation flask slowly. As we obeyed the prescribed size of distilling flask, this help us to prevent the bumping of liquid into the receiving flask without vaporizing, or the losing of liquid as vapor before filling the flask. Setting the right position of thermometer allow us to observe the vapors of the heated totally surrounding and having contact with the thermometer bulb which ensure us that we obtained reliable reading of temperature. On the other hand, heating the distillation slowly allow us to obtain the purity of the distilled liquid because the measured boiling point is accurate. DISCUSSION Distillation describes a group of specific methods which use heat to separate mixtures. Simple distillation and fractional distillation are the first two types of distillation. Simple distillation and fractional distillation use much of the same equipment and principles to separate mixtures. In simple distillation, a mixture containing chemicals with different boiling points is heated to a gentle boil. As the liquid vaporizes and the vapour comes into contact with the thermometer bulb, the temperature rises. The temperature stabilizes at the boiling point and most of the liquid distils. The temperature drops when there is no liquid left in the distillation flask. Fractional distillation operates in a way that the vapours from a distillation are repeatedly condensed and revaporized in an insulated vertical column. Condensers are important because it permit the return of some of the condensed vapour toward the still. The objective is to achieve the closest possible contact between rising vapour and descending liquid so as to allow only the most volatile material to proceed in the form of vapour to the receiver while returning the less volatile material as liquid toward the still.