St. Anthonys Canossian Secondary School Sec 4E Science (Physics) Chapter 14 Sound Notes Name: ( ) Class: Sec 4.

Date:

Learning outcomes At the end of the chapter, you should be able to (a) describe the production of sound by vibrating sources (b) describe the longitudinal nature of sound waves in terms of the processes of compression and rarefaction (c) explain that a medium is required in order to transmit sound waves and the speed of sound differs in air, liquids and solids (d) relate loudness of a sound wave to its amplitude and pitch to its frequency (e) describe how the reflection of sound may produce an echo, and how this may be used for measuring distances. (A) Propagation of sound 1. Sound is produced by _____________ sources in a medium. 2. The vibrating source will set the particles of a medium in vibration and sound travels out in the form of ___________________ wave comprising of __________________ and __________________. Production of Sound Wave by a tuning fork When a tuning fork is hit, it is set into vibration. When the prongs are moving outwards, the surrounding molecules are pushed together and a region of compression is produced. The vibration is passed from one molecule to another and that caused the compressions formed to move outwards. When the prongs move inwards, a partial void is formed and will be filled by air molecules rushing back to fill the gap due to difference in air pressure.

3. In air, compressions are regions where the pressure is _______________ than the surrounding air. 4. Rarefactions are regions where the pressure is _______________ than the surrounding air.

Sec 4 Science (Physics) Chapter 14: Sound

Try it! Q1) Plot a graph to show how the air pressure varies with distance from the tuning fork.

Pressure High pressure Atmospheric pressure Low pressure Distance

Q2) Explain how the sound from a loud speaker reaches our ears?

(B) Transmission of sound through a medium Bell Jar Experiment When the bell is switched on, the ringing sound can be heard outside the bell jar. The vacuum pump is then switched on to draw air out of the jar slowly. The ringing sound became softer and softer and finally we cannot hear it although the bell is still seen ringing. This experiment shows that

5. Sound travels fastest in ________________, slower in ________________ and slowest in ________________. This is because the particles in ___________ are closely packed together as compared to _____________ and ____________. The vibrations in solid are passed on to the neighbouring particles faster than in liquids and gases. Hence sound travels faster in medium of higher density. 6. Sound cannot travel in a _________________.

Sec 4 Science (Physics) Chapter 14: Sound

Try it! Q3) Look at the table of speed of sound in various mediums below and explain why does sound travel fastest in solids and slowest in gas? Medium Speed of sound / ms-1 Air Liquid Iron 300 1500 5000

Q4) How does sound propagate in air when the guitar string is striked?

7.

Human ears can only hear sound wave of frequency between ________ and

______________. This is known as the range of audible frequency. 8. Sounds with frequency above 20 000 Hz are known as ultrasound.

Calculating speed of sound A 2.4 m long metal rod is being struck with a hammer at one end. The time interval between the impact of the hammer and the arrival of sound wave at the other end of the hammer is measured electronically. Four measurements of the time interval are 0.44 ms, 0.50 ms, 0.52 ms and 0.47 ms. Calculate the speed of sound in the rod.

Echoes Echo is caused by the reflection of sound from a hard and flat surface like __________________. Uses of echoes: Determine the depth of the sea Locate shoals of fish Determine the speed of sound Why cant you hear the echo when you clap your hands next to a high wall?

To determine the speed of sound in air using echoes (Indirect method) Stand a distance, s, about 100 m from a large wall. Clap two wooden blocks together at such a rate that each clap coincides with the echo of the previous one. The time taken for 20 successive claps is recorded as t.
Sec 4 Science (Physics) Chapter 14: Sound 3

Speed of sound = distance to travel to the wall and back / time taken = 2s / (t/20) Q9) Why cant the above experiment be performed in an enclosed room?

Q10) A man stands at the end of a long wall and claps his hands. If he hears his echo after 2 seconds, what is the length of the hall? (Take the speed of sound in air to be 300 m/s)

Q11) A ship transmits a pulse of sound into the water and the receiver receives the reflection of the sound by a shoal of fish after 0.15 seconds. If the speed of sound in water is 1200 m/s, how far is the shoal of fish from the ship?

Q12) A man standing between two large walls claps his hands once. He hears the first echo after 1 second and the second after 3 seconds. (i) When will he hear the third echo? (ii) If the speed of sound in air is 330m/s, what is the distance between the two walls?

Pitch and Loudness of Sound

The amplitude of the sound wave determines the _____________ of the sound. The louder the sound, the larger the amplitude.

Q14) The graph below shows a sound wave produced by a tuning fork. How would the graph look like if the same tuning fork is used to make a sound which is softer?
displacement
Sec 4 Science (Physics) Chapter 14: Sound 4

 The frequency of the sound wave determines the ______________ of the sound. The higher the pitch, the larger the frequency of the wave.

Q15) The graph below shows a sound wave produced by a tuning fork. Draw two new graphs if another tuning fork of a (a) higher frequency and (b) lower frequency is used to produce sound of the same loudness.
displacement

A wave with a high frequency will have a ______________ period since T = 1/f.

Q16) A microphone converts four sounds into electrical signal that is displayed on an oscilloscope. Which sound or sounds has/have
(I) (II) (III) A B

the same pitch as A? the same pitch as B?

_______________ ________________
C D

the same loudness as A? ________________

Q17) The graph below represents a sound wave produced by a tuning fork.
displacement

Draw the waveform of the sound wave if

Sec 4 Science (Physics) Chapter 14: Sound 5

(i)

the loudness of the sound is increased and the pitch remains constant.
displacement

(ii)

the loudness of the sound is decreased and the pitch remains constant.
displacement

(iii)

the pitch of the sound is increased and the loudness remains constant.
displacement

(iv)

the pitch of the sound is decreased and the loudness remains constant
displacement

Sec 4 Science (Physics) Chapter 14: Sound