Sociology is the systematic study of social behavior and human groups. C.

Wright Mills
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Link individual to broader social system. See general in the particular View own society as an outsider

Origins of Sociology
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Enlightenment: Individualism and Rationality Rise of Science: Empiricism, Prediction- Power and Control Industrial Revolution Political and Religious Change Urbanization/?of Community/Social Problems Evolutionary theories and the idea of Progress

Early Sociologists Auguste Comte 1798-1857 (On the Positivistic Approach to Society) y y y y y y Developed the first completeapproach to the scientific study of society (coined the word sociology) Father of Sociology Published a book Positive Philosophy (1855 ) Viewed that societies can be studied using methods similar to those in the Physical Sciences Positivism - emphasizes the techniques of observation, comparison and experimentation in the development of knowledge concerning the nature of society and human action (the use of scientific method).

Herbert Spencer 1820-1903 (The Nature of Society) (The Scope of Sociology) (Survival of the Fittest) y Considered the society as a living organism that grows. He viewed the society as an organism that evolves into another animal. The society must also take the course of evolution like the Darwinian theory. Social Evolution Theory - Let the society takes it course, Unplanned Change is better than planned change. Unplanned change would create a perfect society.

Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)(see also, the Dead Sociologist Index):

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Part/Whole: functional analysis "Social Facts" Integration Solidarity and the sociology of religion Theory of Suicide Anomie. Functionalist Perspective- A larger system is composed of subsystems and parts that must work harmoniously according to their functions and role to attain equilibrium or balance. Functionalism sees society as a system of highly interrelated parts that work together harmoniously The image that functionalists use to understand society is a living organism Each part of society works together for the benefit of the whole much like a living organism.

Karl Marx 1818-1883: (see also, "The Dead Sociologists' Index" on Marx, and Sociosite on Marx)  Conflict Theory sees competition and social conflict as forming the basis of group or social life. It is also the source of social change.  Marxs model of social evolution: History as the history of class struggle resulting to social change. ANCIENT FEUDAL CAPITALISM

 Through each period of history and societal evolution, the exploited class comes to recognize their exploitation and revolts against those in power.  Conflict theory is grounded in the work of Karl Marx  Society is understood to be made up of conflicting interest groups who vie for power and privilege  This dynamic results in continuous social change, which is the normal state of affairs  Conflict theory focuses heavily on inequality and differential distribution of power and wealth Functionalism and Conflict Theory on Popular Music Max Weber 1864-1920: Symbolic Interactionism  The interactionist perspective focuses on social life and human behavior from the standpoint of the individuals involved in the day to day interaction.

 It assumes that people bring into each social situation certain ideas about themselves and about others.  People learn ideas from others through the ongoing processes of symbolic interaction. Through symbols, words, action and gestures people communicate the meanings of events, situations and behavior.  Social Action occurs when people intend to act in ways others expect. It is the behavior intended to fulfill expectations.  Focuses on how individuals make sense of and interpret the world  This perspective tends to focus on the micro-order of small groups  Has given rise to several specific approaches:  Symbolic Interactionism developed by George Herbert Mead  Ethnomethodology developed by Harold Garfinkel  Dramaturgy developed by Erving Goffman

RESEARCH METHOD
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Define the Problem: what you hope to investigate. Operationalize concepts (intelligence, love, etc.) Review the literature: what has already been done? Replication studies, build on existing knowledge. Formulate the Hypothesis: tentative statement of relationship between independent and dependent variables. Choose Research Design (cost, time, access), Collect and Analyze Conclusions and Reporting

SOCIOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

 Fr. Valentin Marin OP introduced sociology as a subject in the academe of the University of Santo Tomas in 1896.  It was initiated in the University of the Philippines in 1911 by Prof. Murray Bartlet.  The Siliman University was one of the first to include sociology in their curriculum.  Sociology started as a social philosophy perspective that continued up to the 1950s  Serafin Macaraig the first Filipino to receive a PhD. In sociology in 1920 from the University of Wisconsin. He introduced the social problem orientation.  Modern Sociology started in the Philippines after the World War II

 Many Filipinos Went to Europe and America to study sociology and went back to the Philippines as Fulbright professors, stirring the social interest of the people.  1952 Philippine Sociological Society was organized. It published the journal Philippine Sociological Review The Philippine Sociological Society in the beginning drew members from social sciences but the officers were mostly sociologists and anthropologists.