1lL1oL LL

0 DaVc tcQtIDt0d tDIs

OOOKct Oy Os0t tOD a
s:D:at tcQtIDt DaUc 1OD
tDc OtIg:Da, ID JV4, Oy D0
atIODa LCODODIC \ODDCI
1UdI tIODa COQI0s atc a VaI-
aD0 tOD Ds at tDc OOW-
IDg QtIC0S: 1D !Ots O 1 tO VV,
at tDt00 Ot ODc dOat IUU
tO VVV, at tW0Dty-IV0 CcDts
0aCD JUUU Ot DOt0 at tW0D-
ty C0Dts caCD. Ltd0t tOD
AMkIcA LPiIo
1cDODt, assaCDusctts U2J6
LKLYLK

ML wotd s Cau_hl n th dQlhs o a _tal Ct:s:s. %asss

o goQ V on lh bt:nk o slatValon. :sonlnl and un
tsl at mot W:dsQtad lhan Vt bot. Lhan_s at lakn_
gaC n soC:ly and n _oVOmnl. nlnsD Qtgatatons ot
wat and moVmnls loWatds asC:sm at dVoQ:n_ guCky.
1hs at l:ms o _tal Chan_s and o gu:Ck ltansotmal:ons.
h od das ugon WhCh _ntalons o QoQ haV bn
ta1sd, at Ctumb1n_ bCaus : O on_t jusls lhm. Dw
1das lak0 lh:t gaC. og n a waks o at k:n_ nw
8oul:ons, an ClV Way oul o gtsnl Cond:l:ons.
hal :s lh tal:on o lh _tos n lh \n:td blals lo
ths tagdy Chan_n_ Wotd! hy at noW V:n_ lhtou_h onc
o lh mosl lty:n_ l:ms :n lh:t hsloty. al :s lh Way oul1
8 gusl:on gtsnls l mot shatgy lo lh P_to mas8
lhan lo any otht sot:on o lh gogualon.
l s out gutQo :n th:s gamghl lo ansWt lh:s gusl:on.
b:V W XQtss lh mnmum dsts o lh _to
mas Whn W say lhal lhy Wanl al asl!
. dOnl and scCut V:hood
2 h t_hls o human b:n_s
J. n gua, honotab and tsgCld status :n a gub:C
and soCa :.
Laglasm has nol bn ab lo gtoV:d lhcs nds, and s
8s and ss ab lo do so. ht at lhos Who say lhal by t-
otmng Caglasm t Can b mad lo h lh nds o lh mass.
W: 8hoW Why lh:s s mQoss:b.
ht s ony on ta, Ct:V Way oul ot lh masss. l :s
nol an asy on. ul no bas:C Chany n soC:ly :s 0sy. h:s way
ads lo a boV:l mt:C8. h:s :s lh ony ta:s|C V:s:on o
tdom gossb loday. t must b 8Ch:CVd, :t Can be aCh:Vd.
MoW' W: htsl 8hoW th bas:s o ^yto savtt n th
n:ld blals loday. W: thn shoW hoW a Vnls at gush:n_
toWatds anolht tVoul:on n lh n:td Dtutc* wh8l ro
lh gto QoQ W: gay n lhs tVout:on. w: lhn lty
to dsCt:b lh ltmndous vsla o trdOm ad Qoss:bc
1n a boVl mtCa.
1H NL5
in a
5LYl PNLP
by
James W. |ord
and
James 5. Pen
HLLlbMb T WLFbb LPT HLLbMbb
H. L. LA l0 bP. Mb TLK LlT ULMb, I935
1be e@rue8 a buV1et memca
] )%b . nd )%b b. LL
l. 1mL MLwKL lM LPll1PLlb1 PmLKlLP

h . a8hn_lon onOO 8ad. Do taCO lhal ha8 anylhng

lo OonltbulO lo thO matkOl8 o lhO Wotd 8 ong n any
dOgtOO o8ltaczOd. MO lhoughl lhal Cagla8m Woud gOtml lbc
Ogto lo dOVOog bu8nO88 and manuaClutng, and nctOa
oWnOt8hg o and. n lh8 Way, hO bOOVOd, O DOgto coud
aChOVO an mgotll onomC gaCO n lhO Cagla8l Wotd. His
wboO gho8ogby Wa8 ba8cd ugon 8 b!ief. glUob for
8oCa Ogualy, hO 8ad, Woud bO OxltOmO oy. LOl Oacb
DOgto ltan hm8O n nduSta gut8ul8 ot m bwnO88, bcw
a gaOO ot hm8O n Cagla8l mOtCa, d ony lhOn w bc
b ltOalOd Wlh tO8gOOl, Wa8 h8 adVcc.
ul Whal ha8 lh8 W8dom Od lo1
bconomc `rrogrett
LOl u8 ht8l Con8dOt lhO guO8lon o andoWnOt8bg. utug
lhO LV at and mmOdalOy alOt, lhO Ogto 1hougbl lhat
Oy Woud oblan lhO andotty aCtO8 and a muO. ul
nolhng o lhO knd haggOnOd. ny VOty 8oWy and w muCb
dmCuly Wa8 l go88bO ot 8omO lo gutCha8O aud. y 1V1
ony onO-outlh o a Ogto atmOt8 oWnOd 8omO and u8uay
VOty ltO, lhO gootO8l and mo8l hOaVy motlgagOd.
ul ot lhO a8l 2 yOat8, Cagla8m ha8 bOOn lakng OVcu
lh8 and aWay tom DOgto atmOt8. 1V lhOtO WOtc
tt DOgto atm oWnOt8 lha. n J1. n lOn _Oat8, bOlWOcn 1VZ
and PJU, OgtoO8 o8l amo8l 2U,U aCtO8 o aud. Mow
muOh lhOy haVO o8l n lhO a8l hVO yOat8, no onO knoW8. W it
8 COtlan lhal and 8 bOng lakOn aWay noW tom DOgto owcts
by bank8, n8utanCO ComganO8, atgO andoWuOt8 and o0er
ctOdlot8, muCh motO tagdy lhau bOotO.
n lhO olhOt hand, lhO mo8l btula otm o 8aVcty in e
counlty ha8 bOOn gtoWng tagdy. Te O@oO8 atc lbc gO
cga VClm8 o 1h8 8aVOty. l 8 8hatO<toggng md ganta

lOn lcnanCy VctyOnc knOws thal wn Challcl slVcty was

abOlshcd lhc glanlalOns tcmancd. MOsl O lhc cgtOcs bc
amc shatc-CtOggcts and lcnanls On lhcsc QlanlaOns. hcy wctc
aClually gtncts, amOsl Chaltc slaVcs. lmOsl lhtccQuatlcts
O a Ccnlutyhas gasscd snCc manCQalOn. as Caglalsm dOnc
n lhc COnltty hc glanlalOn COunlty lO lhs day s lc
a tsOn, a Vctlablc hcll lO whCh UUUUU cgtOcs haVc bccn
Onsgncd wlhOul any gtOsgcCt O mmcdalc cQc. n aCl,
lhc slaVcty has cVcn nCtcad. n lhc COllOn glanlalOn atca
O lhc bOulh lwcnlyVc ycats agO, U Qct Ccnl O all lhc cgO
atmcts wctc CtOggcts and lcnanls. ul n PJU lhct nubct
had gtOwn lO almOsl gct Ccnt.
hctc atc lhOsc whO say lhl tcsdcnl OOscVcll and lhc
cw cal atc Changng lhs slulOn. ul l s Clcat lO cVcty
DcgtO n lhc QlanlalOn COunlty lhal OOscVcll has bccn hclgng
OnlylhcbgQlanlcts. sgOlCcshaVctcsullcdnnCtcascd saVcty.
hcn lhc Ctss btOkc Oul n lhs Counlty lhc latgc land
Owncts n lhcOulh Ound lhcmscV n Qun

. any O Ihc
banks and Ctcdl mctChanls alcd and IhOsc whO tcmancd tc-
uscd lO cXlcnd Ctcdl Many O lhc smll landOwncts whO lVd
tOm hand lO mOulh, wctc wQcd Oul. ttOm lhc bcgnnng O lhc
Ctss lO MatCh, 1PJJ OVct a hl-mlln OtCcd salcs and Otc-
ClOsutcs lOOk glaCc lhc bOulhctn slalcs.
OOscVcll Camc lO lhc tcsCuc O lhc l atgc landOwncts by
gumgng ltcmcndOus unds nlO lhc bOulh, mOsl O whCh wcnl
lO lhc mOdctn slaVc-maslct lhc glanlalOn Ownct. n nnc
mOnlhs alOnc lhc atm Ltcdl dmnsltalOn adVanCcd abOul
$JUUU,UU dtcClly lO lh glanlcts. n lhs way, OOscVcll
hclgcd lO bOlslct uQ lhc glanlalOn, On whCh mllOns O cgtOcs
atc cnslaVcd hc cdctal LOVctnmcnl lOOk OVct many O lhc
dcbls tOm QtValc banks d nsutanCc COmQancs and s nOw
lhc bggcsl hOldct O mOtlgagcs n lhc bOulh. hs mcns lhl
l nOw has a dtcCl handn manlanng lhc glanlalOn slaVcty,
lhal l s gatl Ownct, lOgclhct wlh lhc bg glanlct, O a Vasl
gtsOn COunlty.
hc scCOnd slcg lakcn by OOscVcll was lO nCtcasc lhc QtOhls
O lhc latgc landOwcts and lhc COmmssOn mctChanls by tc-
uCng aCtcagc n lhc bOulh. n 1PJJ, whlc mllOns O Qcoglc
ctc n nccd O ClOlhng, wc wctc aCcd wlh lhc aslundng
4
gClurc O rQc COllOn bcng QlOwcd undcr by QOOrly OlOlhcd ar
wOrkcrs. hc OrOQ0rs and lcnanls ncVcr sa lhc mOncy hCh
thcy wcrc suQQOscd lO rcCcVc rm lh LOVcrnmcnl 1Or lhs aCt
dslruClOn. hc QlunIalOn masI thc Crcd mcrChanIs,
lh8 bak, gl the OVcnmnI CcCks. hI- i hl a Vcrn
mnl rm nl n MssssQQ sad
"Yo kuoW hc UvcIumcu D 88htI\;!uI DI a IIl
t10Ub h1. ms!kC hcy mR1!cd 8o!tIc u !h mdr
0Ul o `DgC1 01u18. hy 1UD8Dj t1lD1 kDoW Wh hy
w1 duug Whcu lhj dd l. m1uc gv1ug 8 0hc0k l0 `Dgg1'
c101 L CoDI-c, l utcd lhc8C ChcCk8 t O lh adod
RuyhoW. hy h8V lO g1 1h 010g18 10 D0018 DC01
1h0y ak lhfm lo |D h8nk. ul h8 Wou` DC htd.
Crc s Cu a_an n Iv4 undcr thc ankhcad ll. l
s bcng Cut gan n s a csulI O1 a `tmocralO c| clOn
n whCh lh Q!nlaI On wncrs OrCcd lhc crO CrOQcrs and
cnan lO VOIc r rcducton.
hs s nOl ny a CmalOn O rOQs l s alsO a dcCmatn
o hundrd O IhOnds O humn bcns. Olc lnanl am
lcsarc bcng l dOwn lhc rOad by Ihc QlanIcrs, Or arc bcng
Qcrmllcd tO ckc ul a mrablc csIcnCc n lhcr abns dOng
OrCcd !bOr OrIc OVcrnmcnI Orthc Qlnlcr n rclrn 1Or sOmc
crumb Cu!lcd rc!c. csc !and!css and wOrklcss 1arm 1amlcs
arc bcng kcQl On hand IO bc OrCcd lO wOrk al QlOwng, ChOQ-
ng Or Cttn Qkng aI staralOn wagcs. agcs On mOstQ!an
!aIOns arc nO bctwcn and Ccnls a day.
OOscVclls QOlCcs haVc had lhc chOt O nOrcasng lh
slaVcry O mllOns O cgrO lOlcrs n thc bOulh. LOllOn, lhc
nd O mlOns O un|OIhcd, a ncCcssty O manknd, has bccn
lucd nlO lhc mark O crO slaVcry by CaQla!sm.
1he lromse ot the Lty
l ccmd I man lc sQca l durn thc r!d ar
and lhc ycars mmcdatcy 1OllOwng, lhaI CIy lc and nduslry
wud Ocr a mcans O csCaQc rO s!aVcry I1 thc land.
hc CIy and Is ndusIry had bccn QraCICally Orbddcn lcr
rIOry Or cgrOcs uQ lO lhc Orld ar. n lhc hrsl gaCc, lh
QlanlalOn masIcrs and gOVcrnmcnl agcCcs O lh laCk clt
kcQt thc cgOcs Chancd lOIhc land and wOuld nOl Qcrml lhcm
tO lcaVc Vcn whc nduslry bcgan lO dcVclOg n lhc bOuth, lhc
aClOry gaIcs rcmand ClOd tO cgrO wOrkcrs. OQc
b
dcd whca lhc lcXlc aduslty, whch gtcw 8o tagdy a c
boulh, adc l ccat lbal l woud aol htc Ncgtocs. 1hc ga
ot th0 Ncgto, l was 8ad, was oa lhc gaalaloa lhct 8aVc
abot accdcd thctc. Vca lo lh8 day, lhc lcXlc s do ool
baVc aa Nc 0 wotkct8 al lhc achac8.
m dutag lbc otd at a gtcal 8hotlagc ot abot cX8l
a aduslty. 1hca oay dd lhc caglas akc aa cactgclc dtVc
lo oblaa Ncgto abot.
o do aol tccbct lhc gtcal hogc o c cXodusT l
W cogatcd lo lhc aacgaloa cl. 1hc boulh was thc md
ot thc hataoh8, thc Notlh "lhc Laad ot to8c. 1bc cd bca o
piulim wa8 ogcamg ug lo gctl c Ncgtw lo ga. ul
c cXodu8 wa8 atcady gclctag oul a 1VZ. goyct8 had
ot abot thaa lhcy accdcd. 1hc cd ma a@aa owcd back
alo iu bota cout.
o8l lwcaly ycat8 haVc goac by 8acc lhc ass gtaloa
MM. 3cat8 bcotc, Ncgtocs, n sact oubcts, had bcca
bg@cd m aduHta gutsuls. 3cl l a wkow acl lbal
Dcgto wotkct8 haVc aol bcca gctllcd lo adVaacc lo lbc hghct
g8ag job8. 1hcy haVc bcca otccd lo lhc owcsl slalus ot a
oduHta wotkcts, lo lhc unskcd, hcaVyabotng jobs. 1oday,
D0 otc lhaa 1 gct ccal ot a lhc Ncgto wotkcts baVc h8d
cd ot skcd jobs. l s noI boausc lhcy cannol bc
8kcd wotkct8. M8ay o lhc atc. l wa8 a cooa occuttcacc
a thc boulh, cVcn bcotc lbc gtcscnl ct8s, lo bnd gtadualcs o
1u8kcgcc a8llulc, hghy ltaacd mhaac8 and lcacbcts, wotk
ag a8 bcboy8 a lhc boIcs. ul caglas ha8 aol gVca lhc
8ac oggottuatc8 lo lhc Ncgto tot adVaacccal aad ltaa-
og a8 l had gVcn lo whIc wotkcts. 1hc whlc wotkcts, l 8
Uuc, atc wagcsaVcs undct cagIas. 1bcy usI thct
abot lo aa cgoyct a otdct lo Vc. 1hcy, aso, atc cXgolcd.
ul l 8 ccat lo cVctybody Ibal Ihc Dcgto wagcwotkct s cXgolcd
Vco otc. Mc 8 hcd back lo lhc owc8l cVc o lhc wagcwotk
m, b 8 gushcd back by caglas cVcty lc hc adVmc.
adct tcsdcal ooscVcls "Dcw ca lhs slalc o aat8
ba8 bca omcay tccogazcd aad gVca a cga 8lalus. 1hc
dmtta Lodcs haVc gaccd lhc omca 8lag o lhc tcdcta
oVcDcal ugoa lhc doubc 8laadatd. 1hc dctcala wagc
labhcd by lhcsc Lodcs 8ad a cl thal lhc Wagc8 o Nc@o
Wotkct8 u8l tcan owct lhaa o ot whlc wotkct8. ac
0
cXamglc wll shOw hOw lhs wOtks. hc LOdc Ot lhc lumbct n
duslty glaCcd lhc mnmum wagc Ot thc Otlh al 42_ Ccnls
hOut, and Ot thc bOulh whctc mOsl O lhc l umbct wOtkcts
atc DcgtOcs, al 24 Ccnls an hOut.
Ow Caglalsm s ltyng lO cVCl lhc cgtO wOtk _
duslty Ot gOOd. Oday lhctc s an atmy O al lcasl I5,,
uncmglOycd n lhc 1ntlcdlalcs. mOng lhc cgtO wOtcts un
cmglOymcnl smany lmcs gtcalct lhan amOng whlc wOtkcts. hc
numbct O cgtOcs n amlcs On tclc nCtcascd tOm 2, II7,
n ClObct, I9J3, lO J,5, n anuaty, I9J5. many glaCc
cVcn j Obs whCh wctc always hcld by cgtOcs atc bcng gcn lO
whlc wOtkcts al lhc samc Ot cVcn lOwct wagcs.
Ot has lhc cgrO atcd any bcllct n lhc gtOcsOns. ctc
agan Caglalsm has hcld bak wt!h a hcaVy hand all chOtIs al
adanCcmcnl. n lhc whOlc COunlty lhctc atc Only ,78I cgO
ghysCans, l awycts and dcntss. hcy alsO haVc bccn VClms O
scgtcgalOn and dsCtmnalOn, suhctng tOm nadcQualc aOl
cs n hc way Olanng and gtaClCc, and cXCludcd tOm whlc
nsllulOns. Many O lhcm atc slatVng lOday. tOt a gOgalOn
O I2,, cgts lhctc atc Only 5, DcgtO lChcts,
mOsl O whOm atc nOl gctmcd lO lcaCh n whlc sChOOls. hc
ycatly salaty O mOsl O hcsc caCh Ocs nO XCccd $J.
ush ahcad n busncss, was anOlhct adVCc O OOkt .
ashnglOn. nc s cVcn mcl wlh lhs adVCc On all sdcs lOday.
ul cVcn lhc dcVclOgmcnl O a l atgc cgtO mddlc Class
gtOcn lO bc mOssblc undct Caglalsm. n lhc whOlc COuntty
lOday, hctc atc Only abOul 25, tclal slOtcs Ogcralcd by
cgtO gtOgtctOts. MOst O lhcsc arc small, OVctnghl, gcddlct
ahats. hy Ol bcCausc lhc cgtO s nOl Cagablc bul bcCusc
bg busncss has lhc mOnOgOly O COmmctCc and ltadc. bcgtcga
lOn OtCcs thc cgtO tclalct lO ll Only n cgtO ncghbOthOOds.
c has a gOOt Clcnlcc. has nO ChanCc agansl lhc Chan
slOtc. Oday, many small busncs mcn atc bcng wgcd Oul.
smal, wcllOdO Class, hOwcVct, has cclOgcd amOng lhc
cgtO gcOglc. hc cgtOcs alsO haVc a mllOnatc Ot lwO. ul
lhs Class has dcVclOgcd Only al lhc cXgcnsc O lhc tcsl O lhc
cgtO COmmunly. l galhcts Ot lscl a gOOdly shatc O lhc
gtOhls atsng tOm lhc cXglOlalOn O lhc cgtO masscs. l s
ltc lhal CagIalsm has nOl gctmllcd lhc cXslcCc O any latgc
DcgtO-Owncd ndusltal cnlcgtscs. hc whtc tulng Class s
1
lhc drccl cgo:tcr o |hC e

r mas8 on thc gantaton and n

:ndustry. ut thc cro uggcr cas8 has und athcr ay to
cgot thc Dgro massc.
t maks t8 tnts tk udVuu|u_ o st_rc

atun nd
h :a o " u u xunnc | thc
s s hc w hDu thUt many o thm haVc I:iuuu
thct ortuncs by sgccuat:n :n rca tatc n thc tcat scc
t:ons O arc c:tc8 and b ct:n ttcmc hh I'in|s rom
thcr PuyO tinaIt- u| t t ito m!1onurc )ohn
a:, scr tst, ctc.. thcrs haVc but u tht wah
n Itt: O0-mcI1c u:nis D\ cummcrcaz:n tht o wh| C
DCuu|y aamc L. . ak0t, lt. nnc unthon
tton ctc D|ll othcs haVc mdc thc: th : thc n
utancc and nk:n bu:ns cosy onn wth ta cstatc
gcuatOn nd anor:m nhony Vctton baud:n
ctc. nu t hcans and m:stct ha accu
ulu|0d 8mal lOt|uiIts, not n th:r gactcc but :n rca tc
hc gcQ f urt thc ody o th scrc8td cr cO
munty. hc U : aor o sraton and oggosc ctts
!o :c ut @C

u|tI. or t ou man cstn hc bu-1s o

thcr wcath.
t s ccar |hCII, that atam ha hndtd t t:ottnmC
Qtgr88 o th cto go. W:th thc cccgton o thc m
ycr o gara:tcs thc cro gcopc arc rctatdd hcd down
uhcd down to 1hC owcst cVc. h: s cconoc gror8 dut
n ycars cg:tat rccdom
1he `btgme o Kece`
hal ln Vr lhtc
hc8c wcrc th wotd wth wh:ch hom n:ht )r.,
Qrccutot n thc bott asc, r ! wu !ttn
urn lhc 8ccond tt:a al ccatur, b8m
hc8O wot8 cXgrc88 thc contcmgtuou8 uDu nutng 8tttudc
owatd8 cgrocs whch caQtasm brc. ccg thc cgro
n h8 gaccth8 8 thc watchword o thr modcrn 8aVc drVcr
oc8 ostrac:sm gcr8ccut:on, cgtcal nsut haVc tkcn tc
acc o lhc sVcowncr8 gatcrna:m utIu ul :mon s whg
hc acl8 o mLrowsm, ynch:ng, dscrmat:on arc 8o
gcncray known and arc o dccgy brandd :n thc hcart o lhO
cto mas8c8 lhat wc nd nl o nto dcta hcrc. ucc t to
8
say that the ru!ers o this country, espia!y and ost open!y
the 5outh, have made the Pegro a socia! outast, have treatcd
him not ike a human being but ike catt!. 1hey have gone t
thc grcatcst pains to rand thc Pcgrocs with thc mark o non
humans. Un street cars, trains, in rai!road stations and p!aces
o amusement, on drinking ountains, the ru!ing c!ass o thc
5outh has broadcast to thc wor!d: "n!y whitcs hcrc-ony
Pegroes thcrc1" n thc Porth they do not usc signs, but tha
is thc on!y diherence.
1hcre arc writtcn aws and thcre arc unwrittcn !aws. 1he
three most important written !aws with rcgard to cgrocs ar
thc I3th, Ith and I5th Amcndmcnts t thc Lonstitution o
the lnitcd 5tatcs. Jhcsc are supposcd to gusrantcc to rver
Pcgro thc u!! rights o citicnship and eua!ity undcr thc !aw.
but thcsc arc ony decorations on thc Lonstitution. cgroc are
notpcrmittcdto scrvc onjurics inhc buth. A cgro votc thc
bouthicithcr anobcct oa ynchnpartyor ahgh!ypriv!cgcd
charactcr. Athouh such practccs arc suposcd to bc unconstitu
tiona!, has thc cdra! govcrnmcnt, sincc thc pcriod immcdiatcy
ater thc Lvi! War, evc donc anything about it 1hcsc writtcn
aws are not cnorced. but thc writtn !aws in I5 statcs scgregat
ing hgrocs on pubic convcyancs arc vcry stricty cnorccd.
1erc is onc unwrittcn !aw which is aso vcry scvcrc!y cn
orccd. Jhat is thc !aw that !ynchcrs o cgrocs arc not to be
punishcd.
What is thc rcason or this vcry scvere persccution o the
Pegro massc t is not to bc ound in any "natura! harcd"
o whitcs or cgrocs. 1hese acts o hatred and o pcrsccution
are caused by capita!ism.
irst: 1hc ru!ing c!ass must usc scvcrc mcasurcs o oppressio
and pcrsccuton in ordcr to kccp thc Pcgro pcon on the p!anta
tion, in ordcr to maintain tha spccia! s!avery o tc 5outh. 1he
capita!ists aso makc usc o thc same measures to orce tc
Pcgro to takc the owcst p!acc in industry.
5econd: 1hc who!e idca o thc "supcriority o the whitc racc"
and thc practiccs o |im-row are uscd to ehcct a severe scpara
tion o the white masscs rom thc Pegrocs. Kace pre]udicc grew
out o thc o!d chattc s!avc systcm. 1hcn thc s!ac owner wee
araid o a union o thc opprcsscd "poor whitcs"wth the Pcgr
s!aves. apita!ism has takcn ovcr this prcjudicc and uscs it or
9
th same gutgose. 1h:s w: bc c1cat when one comgates the
oggtess:on o1 the Neytocs and o1 the t:1:g:nos by Amct:can :m-
get:a1:sm. 1hc :!:Q:nos atc aso an oQgtesscd QcoQc. ct
thete :s not as much Qtcudc :n thc U:tcd btates aga:nst ::-
g:nos as aga:nst Ncgtocs. 1hc tcason :s that about m:1cs
o1 ocean gtevent t1: asscs 1toc:ng u:
sttugg1es :n :mmcd:ate contact w:th thc mct:can masscs. n thc
othet hand, the wh:tes and Negtoes comc :nto da\1y and constant
contact m the Un:tcd btatcs, o1tcn cxQ1ot by thc amc boss
ot g1antct and cngag:ng :n common sItugg1cs !ot thc:t da:y
needs. 1hc tu:ng cass has thctc1otc uscd cxttmc and vctc
mcods to kccg them agatt.
ct us now codct br dtio nd hca1h.
e gub1:c shoo1 systcm :s suQQoscd to be oQcn to a!1. We
shou1d temembct that the Ncgtocs wctc grnc:ga11y tcsQons:b1e
!ot sta:ng a system o! 1tce gubc cducat:on :n thc bouth :m
med:atey a1tet the L:v:1 Wat. 1hc htst suQct:ntendcnIs o1 the
gub1:c schoo1 system :n many bouIhctn statcs wctc Nctocs.
1day the Negto :s the outcast o! thc Qub1c schoo sysIcm.
ne m:1:on Ncgto ch:1dten o1 schoo ac atc not :n schoo! at
aI1. Mote than a th:td o1 thc Ncto QuQ1s cvt gct bcyond
Ihc htst gtadc and thrcc-!outths nct dvaucc beyond thc
1outth. n many scct:ons o1 thc gantat:on countt shoo1s ate
ogen on1y 1ot two ot thtcc months dut:ng thc ycat
Motc than ha! thc oyuaI:on o1 M:ss:ss:QQ: s Ncgt. ct
the state sQcnds on1y #. a ycar ot thc cducat:on o! thc Ncgto
ch:d as comQatcd wth #. or a whtc guQ:1. n onc conty
:n abama t was > t id aud $1 Qct cyto.
1oday, many o! thc cto schoo!s havc bccn coscd down
1ot ack o1 1unds. LaQitaim s at:c:ng thc cduat:on o! m:1-
:ons o1 ch:dten.
hc h:gh dscasc and dath ruIcs among thc Ncgto gcoQ1c
tevca1 thc scvct:ty o! caQ:tat ixQ1o:taton. n 1waukcc, !ot
:nstancc, thc dcath taIc !tom tubctcuos:s among Ncgtocs was
e:ght t:mcs as gtcat a amon wh:tcs :n at1cm thrcc t:mcs as
gtcat as comgatcd w:th cw ot L:ty as a who!c Ucaths to
heattd:sca ate tw:ce as gtcat among Ncgtocs as among wh:tcs.
n Manhattan, whte the Ncgtocs const:tute on1y I2 Qct ccnt o1
the tota gogu1at:on, amos onc1otth o1 a1! :n!ant dcaths
occutted amon egtocs.
I
1h:8 hgh dalh and d8a8 tal :8 du !o Ih hatd xgo:la-
t:on o cgtoc8, to aCk o1 ho8g:la8 and o Cat, lo lh CtoWdng
o th 8gtgald 8OCl:on8.
n Vcw o lh8 aggang aCU, knoWng a lh bllt d-
la8 ot o0t day cX8lca0c, 8 lbctc 8ny ta8on Why W 8houd
gtm:l Cagta:8m lo Conl:nu
1he Keformert end fhe Kece Lrers"
1ht at 8l lho8 Who Woud haV lh Pgto ma888 b-
V thal Cagta:8m Can do bOllt lhan :l ha8 :n th ga8l. 1h8
gog tang tom oulandout taCtonat:8 lo lho Who CoVt
tcactoaaty gocc8 Wth tad:Ca dtagng8. Ll u8 8o What lbcy
baVc lo 8ay lo lbc Way oul.
1he booftfreg Lert
1bctc atc 8l maay oowct8 o ookct 1. a8bagloa lo
day wbo Woud baVc U l outV8 ug by out bool8ltag8, Whn
maay o U do aol cVca baVc bool8.
ul wc baVc atcady a, tom yat8 o cXgtaC, thal
Cagta8m h8s gctmll oay Vcty cw lo tal mc cXgca8c
o lbc tc8l o lbc gcogc. 1oday, wbca lbc Ct88 8 dcayag m-
oa8 cVca tbc batcN acc lc8 o c, ony a guack ot aa oul
aad-oul tcacloaaty C8n gVc 8ub Coun8.
ul lb8 knd o aglaloa 8 N Vcty 8ttong. Ck ug amo8l
aay Dcgto acw8gagct, 8lca lo maay o lh taC adt8 and
you W b adV:d lo bg bud gto bu8:n88. 1h8 W:
8oVc a OUI gobcm8, wc atc lod 1b XCutV Cttaty o
lh Dal:ona Dgto u8:n88 Lagu t8 u8. u8n88 go1nl8
tb Way lo a btakdoWn o th batt:t8 and hand:Cag8 Wh:Ch
ttatd gto gtogt88. M, and many olht8, Ca ugon th
Dcgto ma88 lo gattoDzc Dgto bu8n88, a8 lh mo8t Ct:V
man8 lo gtotM thm8V8 agan8l gt8Cul:on.
MoW ul:, hoW banktugt 8 th8 adVC` VtyWht lh
Cagla8t8 atc cwg dn gtoduClon, haV Cod 1aClot:8,
tduCd Ctog8. 1h bg monogo:8 and ltu8!8 at gtl:ng gtalt
Contto o manuaClutng and o1 th matkl. bma bu8n88mn
cVctyWbtc at gong banktugt. Vca lbc atg8t gto bank8
aad n8UIan Comg8n8, lbc gtc lbc oowcts o a8hng-
loa, haV Cta8hd. th tWo atg8l gto bank8, lbc :nga blal
and lh ouga88 alona{ lh Lag8lon o1 gt bu8n88
~tb Daloaa cacbl Lc a8utaa0c Lomgany o a8bagloa,

nd Othct8. hc a orgoraton u mgloyng

wOtkct8 8aw l8 at day8 dutng thc ct88
hc cagta8l tOad adVancc 8 now oul o thc Quc8ton.
hc DcgtO uggct ca88 u8c8 th8 8tgumcnl n an attcmgt to wn
hc DcgtO matkcl. t ha8 nolhng n common wth thc ca n
1he beof end the rewng Koom
n cOnlta8t tO oOkct . Wa8hngton and h8 oOwcr8 thcrc
atO8O lhc gtOug O mddcca88 tcotmct8. hcy wctc no! and
atc nOl loday cnltcy Oggo8cd tO Wa8hngton8 gho8Oghy. Wc
aVc n mnd c8gccay thc oundcr8 and grc8cnlday cadcr8 O
uch OtganzatOn8 a8 thc DatOna 88Ocaton ot thc dVncc
cnl O LOOtcd cogc and lhc Ltban Lcaguc.
c 88y lhcy atc nOl cnltcy OggO8cd tO Wa8hnglon and
hc u8kcgcc dc8 Ot lhcy Ony Obcctcd tO Wa8hngtOn8 cOun8c
8 l wOud b ctcmc Oy lO aglatc Ot 8oca cuaty.
hcy hOwcVct, acccgtcd lhc ba8c gatl O thc bOot8ltag tct8
gtOgtam lhcy acccgtcd cagta8m. n lhc ba88 o cagta8m,
t Om8 lO lhcm, l 8 8t go8sbc lO makc cconomc hcadway.
h8 D.L.. bcg8n On a waVc o trn!mcnl 8nd angrr
ag8n8l OOkct . W88hnglon8 bcltaya o thc hght ot cuaI.
cusc, kc Wa8hngtOn, thc ..L. acccgtcd cagta8m, t
tcccVcd lhc 8uggtt O mcmbcr8 O lhc whtc tung ca88 who
bccVcd n cOtm. hc b88c dca O lhc tcotmcr8 8 that t 8
gO88bc lO changc cagl88mOt thc bcct, that wthn thc mt8
O lhc gtc8cnt 8y8lcm, by gcaccu and gradua mcthOd8, t w
bc g88bc lO do away wth lhc Oggrc88on o lhc "rgrO cu.
ul aclua cVcnt haVc 8hOwn thc8O gcOglr lo bc comlcIO
ton LOndlon8 atc acluay growng much worsc un |'u
l88m. hc crmc cXgotalon o lhc cgro workr8
atmct8 8 nOt bcng dOnc away wlh on lhc cOntrary, t 18
:tca8cd. t8 O Voncc aan8t ^tgrOts hu C mul\l1ru.
hc mcthod8 O lhc D..L.. haVc gtoVcd to bc trcachctou8.
hc cadct8 O lhc Otganzaton atc atad to arou8c ma8s moV
cnt8. hcy gtcct O mcct tgrc8cnlatVc8 o lhc tung ca88 n
hc dtawng tOOm and makc cogrO8c8 wth thcm. wo r8c8nl
acs 8hOw th8 gany.
n thc LtaOtd ca8c, whcrc thc DcgtO dccnda wa8 chargcd
lh thc mutdct O 8 whlc arm amy n rgn8 thc D..
.. madc 8n 8gtccmcnl wth lhc gtosccuton a8 a tc8ul
I2
whch Lraword was scnt to gr:son or I t tucd oul lhal
can oustn o oward n:r8: who actcd a8 dcc8O aw
cr or thc P. .. d:d not ccn tr to groc thc nnoccncc o
Ltaword, athough hcr was gcnt o cVcncc to show lh8.
hc casc wa8 carr:d on Qu:t, no ma88 grotc8t w88 gcrmltcd,
thc 8cntcncc was t cVcn aggcacd.
tom thc Vcry bgnnng o lhc amou8 Dclsboto La8c lhc
...L.. attcmgtcd to wrcsl lhc ca8c rom lhc hand8 o thc
ma88 dccn8c moVcmcnt. hcy wacd a btlct 8lruggc agan8l
lhc ntcatona Labor rcnsc and lhc Lommun8t8. hy! c
cau8c thcy wcrc rad o thc mass moVcmcnt wh:ch had bccn
atou8cd. hcy wantcd lo haVc Qul sc88ons w:th thc abama
ynchcr8 hX ug thc casc bch:nd thc 8ccnc. h:8 woud haVc
mcanl 8acrcng thc Vc8 o 8omc o thc n:nc Dcoltsboro bos
and grson tcrms or thc rcst. hc ..., hwVr oughl lhc
abama ynh coutls and mob8, madc lhc ca known around
lhc wotd, rou8cd mon8 o gcogc. hcy ought ol ony ot
lhc c8 o lhc boy8 bul aso or thc r:ght o Pcgtoc8 lo 8crVc
on urc8 n lhc Douth and othct tghts o croc8. s a tcsul
o th8 mcthod o hght:ng, lhc Vc8 o lhc boy8 haVc bOcn
natchcd rom lhc cccttc chat out tmc8.
nc o lhc grnc:ga c8ons lo bc gancd rom c hght or
lhc Dcottsboro boys s lh:s t :s go8s:bc lo obtan rta:n Vc
torcs rom thc tu:ng ca8s but not by crngg, cc om ot
)udas mcthods. hc ony way such Vctor:cs can bc obtancd 8
b roun and orzn thc ma8c8, b ru:n to acccgl 8o8.
hc rcormcr8 haVc 8t anothcr dca. hc hac a grcat
rcVcrcncc or thc baol, lhcy thnk t can groducc wondcts. hc
cadcrs o lhc Doca:8t arty 8t: c:ng to lh:s od a:rytac.
hc workcr8 lhcy sa, can ccct thcmc nto gowcr and lhcn
paccuy br:ng about a changc :n cogta:+ t what : th
pta:sts rus to bd:LatC : ry ' | 8c thcn.
hc :acc o thc boIIt! hc bat an a thcy say
t can how arc lhc cgroc8 go:ng to u8c l whcn U c
grocs, cg:bc lo Votc, arc d:sranchcd hn to out o lhrcc
cgro c:gbc Volcrs arc not cVcn gcrm:ltcd nto Vot:ng boolh!
c 8ay lhal cgroc8 must haVc lh:8 rght t VotO, a8 wc a8
thc othcr thls o clcnshg. c mu8l ght ot hc tght8.
c say lhal thc workct8 and lhc oggrcsscd mas8c8 8houd u8c
lhc baot, lhO tghl o r 8gccch and a8cmby lo cOc thct
I3
own tegtentatves, and cteate thet own otganatons. e hght
aga:nst evety eott to tae these tghts away.
ut a thC same tme we emghasze that cagta1sm cnnot
b donc aay wth bj he ba11ot e be1eve n usng e1ecton
an out rc rr8cntatVc n e1ected bode8 lo ta1 the co c
agan8l caQta1sm. As 1 ong as cag:ta1sm getm:Is the tghts o
clcn8hg, lhc workn ass shou1d use these tghl8 aga:nst
Ihe cagla8t8. ul anjone who te11s you to deQend ugon thc
aot an rt or jout teJ s bctrang jou. or, a
ha8 hgQcn n rm n ta1 and usIr:, the caQ:Ia1sIs
takc cc t:hIs away, orbd the thI o ttee Qtess, !tee assem
bag, rc 8gecch and the vote. And what then ocs noI the
ru1ng ca8 n lhc Lnlcd Dlalc8 mote and mote deny Ihe tghts
o c:I:zensh:Q lo workcr8, haVc they not aaysdened Ihet:ghts
Io Netoes
1he Kece Lrert: bect Fefroftm
t. . . . uos, totmet edtot ot whotcnII
degatted ttom the N.A.A.L.., s today the c1eatest and toteoI
exgonent ot ack atrol and tace so1daty. e w11 exam
ne hs atgumeIs one by one, tot they ate the most comQ1eI
and mM atgumcnt8 !ot ths gont ot vew. e w11 then sho
how dangetou> 8uch a8 arc lo lhc 8truc o Pcgto rccdo
rr r 1he Negto uQget c1ass says t. uo: :s
not exgotcr o Dcgo 1abot.
e have ready 8hown thaI ths s not truc. t tt
tht thete ate vety 1ew Negt manutactutets ot 1atge 1andcs
ho hte abot and exg1ot Negto wotets d:tot1y ut thcrc
s a egto uggr ca8 hch Vc8 y eans o 8egrcgat:. t
s n the ntesI o! lh8 ca88 to de1end gtcalonq or l er
bass o Negro bu8nc88 o1d be wQed out n lhc othcr hand
segtegaton :s lhc wort caturc o the oggtc88on o thc Pcgro
masses. t 8 n thc bc8l tcrc8t8 o lhc8c ma88c8 lo wgc oul
tegaIon hc nlctc88 o1 thc masc and o lhc cgro uQyt
ca88 c1ash. n ordcr lo obtan tea1 egua1:Iy, whh can8 dong
awa wlh 8cgrcgaton, :I 8 ncccs8aty lo ghl nol ny agan8t
Ihe whlc tung a88 but an8t thc Dcgro uggr ca88 a8 wc
ulhctmorc t 8 ccar lhat thc nlctc8l8 o thc Dcro uggct
ca88 arc lhc 8amc a8 tho8c o thc whte tung ca88. oth
c1asses w8h lo mantan ctcgaton and wth t, thc bs o
eto oggtesson. h8 un o nlcrc8 8 8hown car
I4
act1on. n many occas1ons we bave en tbe soa1ed "tesgectabe
eadets o1 the tace ogeny coogetat:ng w:th the tu1:ng cass.
cond orgcnt 1he membets o1 the Negto ugget c1ass
sas Ut. Uuo:s "beat the btunt o1 coot gteud:ce becau they
exgtess m wotd and wotk the asg1tat:ons o1 a11 b1ack o1k 1ot
emanc1gat1on e goes on to c1a:m tbe egto ugget cass as
the 1eadet o1 tbe Negto geoge towatds a new 1utue.
We know that a c1ass wh1ch 11ves 1tom ctumbs o the tabe
oAme:canb:g bus:ness, o the Hockeeetsand the totds,wh1ch
accegts cag1ta1:sm as the bas1s 1ot 1ts own ex1stence, can not
ead a sttenuous and m::tant sttugg1e 1ot Negto 11betat1on. ut
uo1s tt1es to dts th:s ct1ngy watt1ot 1n sh1n:ng atmot, ot
he 1eats anothet c1ass. e 1eats the wotk1ng cass
1h wotkets as a cass ate the o1y cons:stenty tevout:onaty
c1ass :n gtesentay soc:ety. 1 gtoget1y otgan1zed and 1ed ey
can stog the whees o1 :ndustty. 1hey ate :ke an tmy b1g
1ndustty has tbtown the wotkets togethet :n 1atge d::g1:ned
masses 1hey otgan:ze :n un:ons to hght 1ot beet cond1t:ons.
1o w:n beet cond1t:ons they l hght aga1nst the cag1t1sts.
1h:s sttugge deve1ogs :nto a sttugge aga1nst cag:ta1:sm :t1.
1he wotkets ate the ony cass w:th the gowet to ovetthtow
cag:ta:sm and bu:d a new soc:ety. 1hey 1ead the test o the
exgo:ted gogu1at:on to th:s goa1.
t has been one o the most :nsg:ng 1acts o tecent h:stoty
1n the Un1d btates, that the wh:te wotkets have begun to ovet-
come wh:te gtejud:ces and ead :n the sttugg1e 1ot Negto t1ghts.
1h:s 1s n gatt due to the econom:c c1::s. As they hae 1ost
the:t obs, as the:t cond:t:ons have gtown stead\y wotse, they
have seen the necess:ty o un:t:ng w:th the:t e1ow back wotkets
agansI the emgoyets. ut :t :s so because o the hht o the
Lommun1sts aga1nst gtejud:ce and ot wotk1ng c1ass so1dat1ty
and Negto t:ghts. n the ast s:x yeats s:nce I929, he oow1n
h:hy s1gn:hcant events have occutted
A shate-toggets` un:on, undet Lommun1st eadetsh1g, as
been otgan:zed 1n Aabam and othet bouthetn states, w1th a
membetsh:g at the t:me o wt1t1ng, o1 c1ose to 1, membets.
1h:s :s the htst :me that such a atge and hght1ng un1on o1
hatoets has been 1 Io e\st to ead sttugg1es aga:nst the
ganIat:on mastets and to cont1nue to gtow.
hc Lommun1 atty has been otgan1z:ng wh1te and Negto
I
wOtkcts n lhc bOulh. s a tcsul, lhc ccng Ot sOdatly has
gtO cVcn n thc mcrcan tcdcralOn O LabOt LnOns n lhc
bOulh, as, Ot nslancc, n lhc Lnlcd %nc Orkcrs O mcrca
n lhc rmngham rcgn.
ndctcadcs hcOmmunsls,ghy lrugg 0
Ot DcgtO tghls s bcng wagcd n lhc bOulh. 1hc Oulslandng
cxamgc O lbs s mc bOllsbOtO Lasc.
n lhc DOtlh, atgcy as a tcsul O LOmunsl gOcy and
aglalOn, atgct and atgct numbcts O DcgtO wOtkcrs atc gatl
cgalng n lhc abOt mOVcmcnl. 1hctc s a gtOwng sOdatly
t whlc and DcgtO wOtkcts n lhc bghl Ot uncmgOymcnl n
utancc and tcc and n lc Mtuggcs O lhc ltadc unOns.
1hmOVcmcnl O sOdatty and O unly has asO bcn jOncd
by DcgtO ntcccluas, lcachcts, dlOts and Olhct gtOcssOnas,
whO haVc cl lhc tctOtmcts and undctslOOd lhc nccd O B tcVO
ulOnaty sltuggc agansl caglasm.
t. uOs cxgrcss lhc cat O lhc DcgtO uggct cass tOt
lhs mOVcmcnl. c s n aVOt O "racc sOdatly and OggOscs
lhc sOdatly Ot whlc and DcgtO abOt, whchhc ttcs lO gtcVcnl.
0rd ogcn c us an Od wcagOn O lhc whc tung
cass. c ltcs lO lurn lhc angcr and tcscnlmcnl O lhc DcgtO
mass nOl agansl lhc whtc caglasls and lhc NcgtO Lncc
1Oms, bul agansl lhc whlc wOtkcrs. 1hc cXgOlalOn O lhc
D@tO wOtkcts, n t. uOs Own wOtds, cOmcs nOt tOm lhc
back caglaslc cass bul tOm mc whlc caglasls and c
tOm whlc gtOclatal. c gOcs cVcn urlhct, ch8tgng lhc
whlc wOtkcts wlh causng lhc "Owcsl and mOsl al8 dcgtcc
O lhc suctng O DcgtO abOt.
1hc gtcjudcc O lhc whlc wOtkcts, accOrdng lO r. uOs,
s nbOtn and cannOl bc changcd. 1hc whlc wOtkcrs cannOl b
ltuslcd. 1hcy atc lhc cncmcs Ot lhc DcgtO mass. 1O bccVc
t. uOs mcans lO gVc ug a hOgc O bctalOn.
l cannOl bc dcncd lhal tacc gtcudcc cxsls amOng atgc
slOns O lhc whlc wOrkcrs. n many O>asOns, whlc wOtkcts
haVc garlcgalcd n acls O dtmnalOn agansl DcgrOcs. ul,
any nsbc gcrsOn w ask, whal s t0c c O lhs gtcjudccT
s t nslnclVc and nchangcabc1
c haVc atcady sccn lhal tacc gtcudcc atscs kc a slcnch
ttOm lhc ganlalOn syslcm and tOm caglasl cXgOlalOn. c
haVc cn lhal caglasm has Oslctcd lhs gtcj udcc n. Otdct o
ma:nla:n Ihe oQrs:on o |hi "cpro masscs ad QtCvr:1l lhr
urt1l] o lh0 hlt wOtkCts W:D lItU. huI WC h\ as s0cn
ths ptCjud:cC bCy:ns !o adc rto lhc back
=
round u IhC D1lt'
Wotkcr un1IC w:lh IhC PCgrOrs :n a ltyy!C !o obta:n lhC:r nCeds.
C shou d ao ttsk: hO utC lhC Ca catI:tr8 O gr0|uuRt
n IhC 1abor mOvcmenI! Pnd w0 Du8! uus: hal -rCl o
lhC abot moV0m0n| wh:ch :DCuUP- Iut mOt0 kIl0d, lhC bCllet
o 8C1:Ons o IhC Wok:s whu Du\c ben m-cd b lhC ac
and Icmpo1a1\ QroHQrt1Iy ttnd b !l1P ip 'uut'th:g o lht'
Pm0tCt:i Cdtral:On Ol abor. Jh:S st':un o !hc WuIk0l6 ha
bCn utd lo stg b thC um O QttQ'u wCbC:n ad
lD0 lICuthC:Ou- QtoD1sCS O Qrut0 nadr b ::um lteen. m8I-
Ihtv l, and lhC:t Cohot!8.
uI gtCj ud:c0 dQCnu so DutD uQon lDC Lo1:tonS undet
Wh:Ch WC :c lha rvcn Ih: sct1on o Ihc WOtk0ts :nu0nc0d b
lhC lt0in c1ovu :s tso chuity :|s a!lIudt lDWtI1d5 lDC PC_ru
WotkC1~. Jht rCusot r lh:s :- |ha| !hC-C at:-Ioctats o luhot
arC oy tht:r Qr:V:1tged [ O-t:On bCaur O lhC ccur1omc
c1:-. ur\ k:lCd wOrke:- hu\: lhOWn ouI ol CmQ1o
mcnt, Itr vayrs hJVt' bcu 1cdutcd. Ihcr yrnma! cOud:!|ns
arC wOr-c. hcv, Oo, ur l:ny utt'CU lo lIyDl :H nr: ln
hCj bc
[
u lO ICa:Zt !haI t Itul n1\~5 O uuuI
[
un12t'U votkt:s.
nc!u:n lhc ^cyrot>, musl DC Otjun:z :n|o un:on :|1 otdCt
!O uClnd Iht':I1~tcs au:sl lh0 alucks the CDOCro ttoO
! this :s |hc g1cat t Ol Itudt un:nn or_an:al:on and
Iu !hC cnunlt] In
hc "uuI1It't wr vH |It lIIu-! backvu1d sct:+
u lh0 ^uIt1i:uu wurkny -- H i or gccrul:on musl
QCr-IlCnl!\ ntucuId w:lh rut jtjnIi. `o. :n thC Cou-i* o
a gtoW:ny wuc O! slt1!i azan-t |!1+Q!ltrs h tC dtVC
tQ:n -nIUu:ly w:! |!i vItr-. Ott Ihuu uujunC csc,
wr tC!rt: |hn dl\ l vn
= ]
tt| uU:lt umtuy IhCsC
wOrkCIS. :\ huvr !td I -:II:t t!tr\. DuI ll1t' lIQDl or
btcad und r i~ -!ItIIytI |!I:I t]i. t u nlIu1t l1I1-.
n un :nuta Ci!\ t! lhn Cnulh Iht:0 wn- a D o abou!
u dOzcu vhl: vu1kt1~. mOs! |htI:I unmIvd u\1dcts, whu
b0cU\t' |IIlI'1t8l'1 | : umun:l ur!. ht\ vuu0 m001
onc \v!:t' | t:-tu- h ::luUl:un \v`ID J \nDDuu:~ I uryuu2Ct,
|1om t!i1 tv: iItr1 CX[tI:t:itC lDc\ knc aud :rccd lha :l
vus nttt-sa:y Iu ry:tt tngc!hm wlh l!it `yr Wo:krS :u
1
the same unons. or durng the great raIway shopmen`s strke
n I922 |her unon had been sma-hed by |he moyers smpIy
becausethe unonhad reused admttance to |he moIder`s heIper,
who ere ros. When |he s|rke broke OuI. man ol |he hero
orkers saw no reason or heIpng the wh|e workers who had
eu to em :n L e uon an g t or | e man s.
1he resut was that the empIoyers no pIaed the Pegro heIpers
n the moIder`s ]obs, at ower wages o course, and broke both
the strke and the unon.
but these whte moIders n ther dscussons wth the om-
munst organzer, objected !o socaI eua ty. nc conversaton
ran somewhat as o Iows :
khlc uOrkcr: don`t Ike Pegroes, and on`| see why
houId st besde one at a meetng or LI1 a street car.
LOmmunsl Pow you agree that wh|e and Hegro workers
shouId organze together n the same unon. tl us magne tha
theres a strke. 1here w I be a s|rke comm||e. nths strke
commttee there wII be both wh|e and Ner orers, or es-
pecaI yn |me o rue emu kc u o uo s|ro.
khlc uOrkcr: 1hat`s rght. We`II have to eep our pcke
Ines stron, and top any whte or Pegro scabs.
LOmmu0tl : t wI be necessary or ths strke commttee to
meetaImos con|na Iy. You wI not be ae to meet a pubIc
haI , lorthu n |e o ma e ou and ou canot
ahordto have the Ieadershpothe strkeput out ocomsson.
You may have to meet n your own house, perhaps.
khlc uOtkcr : Yes, there no other way out.
Lommunl : Your hoe s smaII. You wII have to use you
argest room, !h paror. You wII have Pegroes n yourarIor,
or you cannot ccIude Peroes rom |he strke cmmttee meet-
ng. 1hc tr|c s the most mportant thng. 1hs strke may be
a very hard on. Durng the most rucaI tme, t may be neces
sary to meet Ie nto the nght, and go nt acon agan carIy
n the mornng. 5ome ol the Negro memrs the Lmme
may I ve n tbe opposte end o town. Jhy cannot gohome. Jhy
ay have to |ay over. Woud you deny them the hostaIt
your home : 5oca euaI|y, you se, becomes a nccs| u |he
rke, o the cIass stugc. you do not practce |b sa I
euaIty, you wII Io |he support o th Ncro orcr .t rid
th tr|c wI be Ist.
I8
hc whlc wOtkct8 wctc a llc lakcn abac. hcy lhOughl
l wa8 dtVng lhng8 a llc lOO at alhOugh lhcy cOud nOl
dcny lhc Ogc O lh8 atgumcnl. Whcn n lhc Oca ccclOn
cagagn Ic LOmmunI atly tan cgtO wOtkct a8 canddalc
Ot ayOt, lhc8c whIc mOdct8 tucd lO mccl wIh lhc LO
mun8l Otganzct. ul lhct allIudc changcd ucky cnOugh.
bhOtly aIct, lhc cly cul dOwn On tcc. hc LncmgOymcnl
LOunc and lhc LOmmun8l atly cacd Ot a dcmOn8ItalO O
gtOlc8l. uy hVc lhOu8and wOtkct8, bOlh whlc8 and cgtOc8
tc8gOndcd. ul lhc gOcc btOkc ug lhc dcOn8ItaIOn mmc
dalcy, bcalng u Onc O lhc 8gcakct8 and attc8lng lhtcc. hc
wOtkct8wct nccnd Latgc numbct8 camc lO lhc ncmgOymcnl
LOunc h whch cOud 8cal nO mOtc lhan gct8On8. n lhc
Ong wOOdcn bcnchc8 wctc 8calcd whlc and cgtO wOtkct8 8dc
by 8dc lakng cXclcdy abOul lhct cXgctcncc8, and cut8ng
n cOmmOn Ictm8 Ihc gOcc and lhc cly admn8ltalOn. nd
lakng u8l a8 cXclcdy wlh a gtOug O DcgtO wOtct8 wctc
8Omc O lhc8c whlc mOdct8 whOm l had bccn hatd lO cOn
Vncc. hc aclua acl8 O c, lhct cOmmOn cctcn8 wlh
Ihc DcgtO wOtkct8, had btOughl lhcm lOgclhct.
h8 8 Ihc way wOtkng ca88 8Odatly 8 bul. tcudcc
may tcman, bul l bcOc8 c88 mgOtlanl, 8 8ugctdcd by lhc
nccd8 O lhc day 8ltuggc. hc whlc wOtkct8 OVctcOmc lhc
hndtancc O gtcudcc, bccau8c lhcy mu8l dO 8O n Otdct lO Vc.
Ow, t. uO8, n tOu8nglhccnmlyO lhc cgtOc8 agan8
lhc whlc wOtkt8, a8 dO Olhct ughOdct8 O tac 8Odatly,
hcg8 lO gtcVcnt lh8 uly. M lakc8 adVanlagc O lhc d8ltu8l
O whlc8 whch ha8 bccn mbcddcd n Ihc hcatl8 O lhc cgtOc8
by Ong ycat8 O Oggtc88On Mc an8 and bud8th8 d8ltu8l.
hc concluson . nd whal 8 lhc 8OulOn gtOgO8cd by t
uO8!
hc Ony lhng lhal wc nOl Ony can, bul mu8t dO, 8 VOun
laty and n88lcnly lO Otganc Out ccOnOmc and 8Oca gOwct,
no mwlcr hou much scgrcgdIon s tnuoucd.
DOw Ih8 8 nOl an Oul8gOkcn ccn8c and 8uggOtl O g
tcgalOn, wc dO nOl knOw whal 8. DcgtO 8aVaL x 8 lO cOm
lhtOugh gtcgaIOn, lhc walchwOtd O Ihc gata8lc8 amOng lhc
cgtO gcOgc
c haVc nOl much L add abOul lhc ncw aVcylc8 abOl
lhc mOVcmcnl cd by Ihc ack Mlct uh, lhc cgOncnl8 O
9
lhc lh blalc nd Olhcr smlar racc mOVmn!s hc arc all
bascd On lhc samc dcs cXQrcsscd sO wcll by r. uOs. c
lhcr l bc a rclur lO rca Or lhc crcalOn O a lh slalc Or
cgrOcs Or sOmc OIhcr such 1lOQan, unrcalzcablc schcmcs,
lhcc QrOVdc nO way Oul Or lhc cgrO masscs. hcsc Qlans
assumc suQQOrI and cOOcralOn O lhc whIc rulng class. hcy
dslracl lhc cgrO masscs rOm ccIvc sIrugglc agansl mcr-
can mcralsm. cy lcad ccQcr nlO lhc dangcrOus ncl O
racc scgrcgalOn, whh satscs Only lhc Qrcscnl nlcrcsls O lhc
cgrO uQQcr class and lhc rulng l ass O Ihc cOnlry.
hcsc mOvcmcnls IOwards racc scgrcgalOn haVc rcccnlly had
a ncw lcasc On lc. hc haV grwn as a rcsull O lhc crss
whch has runcd mn cgrO mddlc class QcOQlc, whO arc dcs
Qcralcly sccng a wa OuI. hc ncrcasd QcrscculOn and lcrrOr
agansl lhc cgrOcs has annd ths mOVcmcnl. Many QarlcQatc
bccausc lhcy hOncsll bclcVc lhal lhs s lhc wa Oul.
mOng lhc ncw mOVcmcnls O lhs characlcr arc lhOsc whch
m lO Oblan jObs O cgrOcs mOng lhc arc lhc Osln
mOVcmcnl n alImOrc lhc cgrO llancc n ashnglOn, .L.,
and lhc buh mOvcmct n arlcm. hcsc mOVcmcnIs Onhnc
lhcr aclVlcs lO ndVdul cslablhmcns lhc cgrO cOm
unlcs bO small and cw arc lhcsc busncs hOuscs, hal l s
clcr thal lhcy cOuld Only QrOVdc a lmlcd numbcr O jObs Or
crO wOrcrs and wOuld n nO way hclQ sOlVc lhc QrOblcm O
mass uncmQlOymcnl. hcsc mOVcmcnls, lhcn, haVc lhc chccl
O hndcrng lhc slrugglc Or uncmQlOymcnl nsurancc Or all
wOrcrs and Or adQualc rclc. hcy shunI lhs slrugglc nlO
a OlOscd allcy.
ul j usl as angcrOus lO lhc rcal n!crcsls O lhc cgrO masscs
s lhc chccl O lhs mOVcmcnl n slrcnglhcnng scQaralOn O lhc
whlc and grO wOrkcrs. Or lhc lcadcrs adVOcalc lhc rcQlacc-
mcnl O whlc wOrkcrs cmQlOycd n cgrO ncghbOrhOOds. 1n
lhs way lhcy drccl Ihc rcslmcnl O lhc cgrO wOrkcrs nOl
gansl lhc rulng clss bul agansl lhc whlc wOrkcrs. nstcad wc
shOuld drccl all Our chOrls lOwards Ihc OrganzalOn O lhc cgrO
wOrcrs lOgchcr wlh lhc wlc lhc OQcnng O lhc dOOrs O all
unOns lO cgrOcs, cQual OQQOrlunlcs Or jObs n uhlc uc
n cgrO nctghbOrhOOd, and lO ObIanng adcQualc nsurancc
Or lhc uncmQlOycd rOm lhc tcdcral LOVcrnmcnl.
nOlhcr mOVcmcnl csQccally angcrOus al lhs lmc s hc
Z
achc Moemenl o lhe aslern Orld, whOh hs as Is an
sogRn : "Ln|d ronl o Uarker haces nder eadcrshp o
Japan. hc agcn|s o Ihc Japancsc ru| ng Cass haVC otyJU| 2rd
und spOnsorcd Ihs omcnI n Ihc nIcd bIIcs. hr purpo-e
o Iry lO cctc cc lhe ru n_ U6ss O m0flCJ n
asc o a wa be|ween Japun and Ihc \nIcd blales. DuCh a wur
s n l w vcry posslca ar bIwcn IwO btands Or Ihc spo |
and rchcs o IhL tasl. uI Ihc Japanee ru|lng cass no mnrt
J tICnd o Ih ^t*to Ihan s Ihc ru| ng c| aso lhe \|e b|a|c.
Jhe Japanese ca!a| sls have noI hcsIJIcd Io subdu Jnd ruC
Orca wIh an ron hand a| |hough lhe horea ar a c| d
pope. hcy hae made a hasle |o prab anLhur H and olhe
seOlOns o OrIhcrn Lhn. hcy carr on J rc|cnlc var
againsl hc Lhncc people. h arc now nIcgu ng ccn n
rca and ar penelralng lhe lhppne |ands w | h lhe pur-
Qosc o sn_ rIor herc also. Al lhc ame |mr, hc Jap-
ar+ee run cass s carryng un lhe mosl tuth| ess knd O |er-
ror aga nsl

he Io ng massCs o n suppcsstig |radc utt o: -
and paanIs organzaIon, -ush!ig ti t
1n lh slrugge be|een |he ]uuncsc and Aercan ru| ng
O ass or lhc sOn O hc aI and or lhc rghl | o cp| ol
addIonu mascs o |o |crs w0 sdc wth Ihcr. c wh or
Ihc dccaI bOIh o |hc J apunese and o Ihc Am rcan tu|ng Ola.
c sh Io scc Ihn. bo|h ovrlhrown , ai || n )an as vc| |
a s n Ihc n lcd Dldtes dcsIroe. r lak s I hhl aat
Hmcrtcdn m]cr0m, j u ' Js lhe lask o th Japae:e Wurktts s
lo strugg|e ayans Japanese impc a sm.
Jananc5c Cap Ia sm s nOw nc o Ihc pr ncpa cnemc- o
Ic bovel \no I s sci2ng adIona IcrriI orv I n ^orlh
Lhna n Ord r Io be beller prcpared Or a war aan| Ihc b-
tcI 1non. Japancsr sIaIcsmcn tCCly admI1 IhIs .

)aQuUCSc
IrOoQs a COnCtt!tJICd On Ihc bovcl bordcts.
hc Cov r. ts dherenl rom a| | |he OIhcr re
n lhc wor|d. hcrc caplasm ha arady bn OcrIhrOwn,
lhc wrker and armers ru| e ; machncs. uc|ores, bank, ra |
road ad and ar n |hc hands o!ht | | es. Loored peopc-
o a | tuCCs l vc n lhe lerrlr |he D\ | non. 1hes
up|c e i | +v lh |u| | s| u | ad a or c
[1 n race Qrcj udICC n a crmc. Jhese acl
n u | y coii | med b suc' t pp|e U Ju hobc-on and
Z1
ulhCt QtOmnCnl DC_toCs whO havC ClhCt v:slCd Ot WhO l VC aud
wOtk n lhC OVCl 1n On. HOD non. a DC_tO CChanCg Is H
mCuDCt O lhc 1OsCo ov tI, !hP ch m gOVCrnmCnIal bOd O thc
CJQlal Ol lC *ovcI \n On. hc vct yovCrnmCnI has tCnOunctd
all IhC sQCCIJl QIIv CCs Ormtrly cld by lhC at n ! na.
Ctsa, uIkCy Jnd otr atcr COunIICs.
nd yCI lhC ayCnI- u CaQ tal Ism aIC sQrcadng thc
l C lhal lhC DoV Cl 1n On Onc O! lhOsC WhlC naI!iJt:s whCh
sCCks lu dOm naIC Iht co Ortd Qno Cs O lhCWOtd
ttOm L. uo: IhtOu Ihr ncw- CdIOns O Iatvty und
t nIt_UCs Ol JJQant-C caQ I ul sI IhCtC tUns a COmmOn sItCuk
taCC l oja! I\ tucc sO durI y, raCC Qlr oIsm' Ill !hCsC O vC
lht QtObCm Ol lhc DCytO QCOpl c* OI a tCQ\ On0 nCCd Onl y
aK . Mas sC_ICyJIOn -ol \Cd lhs QrOblCm: s I nOI IrUc t haI
sCgIt_a!On s Ihe QruD! cm, IhC VCr` I H ng WhCh has lO bC W Qcd
Ou! ! nd \hCsC sa\iJr- roQn-t IO !caQ t ! l morC and C\ Ct
morC scytC_alon uQon u-'
he heo o
u I h i | | j uutnu - n lP!n3uy uyz .
`1n CaCh

i t\ r |r: unC O Ihc nUC>I ds] i sIOn |

IhC l att`I I b t J nd Ihr j| ! t IIvC nJn vhO cJn ti n^I Iht |
by CCnIutJt- u - 0\ cr not b a:: cx1Crna i-h o Cv l zu
lOn. ^| l as-U J|On, J l tduCJI On s bOund IO a un aCCounI
Ol lhC taCal nbOrn Cu| u!c- O bOOd. LnC Can lhCtCOrC
undrts! Jud Wy n t DOu| hct IaICC j u .0t ta ] hCCt nct't:-
sI COmC - t H WDIIc ricC IO aC\ n an brrn Jnd QCthu Q-
Cv^n CruC i i au n| t Wc_O63. ud, O !5_ 5
lhC ^tyIOCs lhaI arC vncItd du noI | an\ tCyI0t.
DOCn l kC lCa

c o l u h h ux ' hs oxprcs885
IhC lttJl O lascsm tO Ic co shOu d I comC lO IhC \n | cG
"I uIC. hC CounIry wou d bc i GGna n lhi sUQtt-h. K. h.
hC ^~tO wOu d DC IhC chm \ clm o - QCC I
and murdCt. vnChng wuuld btcOmc lhC nalnna sQutI O IhC
laSCI mCtCCnatCs. A! ICady lht budd n
[
asCl Ot_anzal u| i n
lh s COUnlty huVC WtIICn IhC dcytadul On O lhC DCgtO nIO i
QiOytum H thCt mOI sacrtd Qr nt Q t.
asCsm s IaQdly _tOW ng n lhc \nlCd DlalCs lOdav. s
COnd!On8 tOW WOtsC, as lhC massCs Ol QCOQlC bCCOmC mOrc
and mOtC d5salshCd and stCk a Waj Oul O lhC m-CI\ mQO-cd
ZZ
b caQIaIsmq lhc Cag ta sIs |urn |O Ihc toud !ac sm. t -
hc asl tnc o lrcnChcs lOr CaQtIa sm bcure IhC onru>h O Ihc
ro lonary army. Vhcn asCsm COmcs n|O pOwcrq C CC
n thc asCsl COuntrCs O urogc, lhc ast bcr!Ics a:c Iakcn
Jwuy lom IhC massc. hc IIadc Unons and al tndcQcndCnt
o|yanaIon O lhc masscs arc sma-hcd ony gOvcrnm?nl or
mpn unOns and lasCIsI organzat ons arc gcrmtIcd. An
ogcn dCtalorshg o lhc Cap !a s|s rcs !c COunI:y. nc can
wel tmagnc wha! lhc o1 ol Ihc cgrO ptOQ! c wOuld bc nr
such a dICtatorshQ.
ndct rcsIdcnl HoOscvc|t, Ihc rOad s bcn QVcd lOr las-
c|sm. WIh lhc hcg o lhc . abor boad lhc aItcmgt
hcng madC lo orcc lhc workcrs tnlo Oomgany unons, lo abro-
gatc !hc rghl lo slrkc, or lo gacc lhc unons cn!rcy undcr
onmcnl conlro. oc and morc gowcr hasbcc cncclralcd
nlo !hc hands O lhc rcstdcn! who lurns morc dtrccly lo hc
htgh nana mouls o W blrccl or hs ordcr hcrc are
apd grcgaralons or war and nCrcascd groga_anda O na-
l|oal sm and galroltm
u\ lhc rcstcnt nd hs dcs carry ul lhc golCc8 undcr
COvcr o many Qhrascs and gromtscs aboul hcgng lh gcogc
hc QcOQlc arc radcamndcd ooscVcl, lhrcorc, uscs somc
radca Qhascs. hs aso a DcthOd O lhc asctsls, who haVc
dc dcmuyOgy a sugrcmc arl. c laks abou! Chsn_ lhc
inr rm Ihe Itr:Qlc, but at ds bg Dus ncss.
buI 1hCrc 8rc olhrrs Wtth hc cars cosc !o !hc ground who
go cvcn ur|hcr than OOscvclI n lc usc O anI"CaQ!al sl lan
a. hcsc r Ihc buddng ascsl cdcrs tkc alhcr Lough
n, t lam . Mcarst and Uucy ong. taIhcr Loughln and
Uuc ong arc Cccr mcn whO Ialk aboul thc ncgual lIcs and
n] usIcts o ap Iasm and bcausc o !hts cl a rcady rcspon
rom man QcOQc whO dO nOI ycl undcrs!and how lo do awa
w Ih |hcsc n] 8t ccs. Carsl lhroughout hs whoc tc has bccn
M o sCnemy O Ihc wOrkcrs and a oya dccndcr o caglasm.
rca| zcs !l Ihr lough n and Cng mclhods arc loday \hc
l u l|) ng Io pro! ong lhc c O Cag !asm+ c thcrc-
Orc suQQOrIs IhCm and ocrs lhcm lhc scrVccs o hts Chan o
mt-! abor csppcr uI I wa- WIth angUagc such as lhcsc
nen LC 1hu! t!cr bu! hs astsl slorm lroogs n rmany
cr oblJtncd ht unds rom Ihc D yycst ndus|r a sIs and hnan-
Z
ctcr- o lcrmany, ] uI a tcrIa n bty bankcrs in Ihc nt cd
DIaIcs arc Ioda bcyI nnt ng Io supQorI budd ng asctsIs in Ihe
LnIcd DIaIcs. NI cr aso Iakcd abouI t mtI ng orIuncs, dotng
away wIh uncmQoymcnI, rc-dtdny wca|h. cI. uI

hcsc on
rcmatncd cmQIy Qromtscs aIcr hc camc tnIo Qocr.
haI ucy ong, a rcQrcnIaItVc o Ihc g anIaIton masIcrs L
|hc DouIh, IhaI taIhcr Loughtn. t nkcd Io Va DIrccI Ihrough Ihc
LommtIIcc or Ihc PaIton, IhaI NcarsI, Ihc ktng o anIt abor and
anI-Pcgro QroQayandsIs, shoud haVc Io Iak ayatnsI ouI-Iandtng
cVs o caQtIatsm n ordcr Io sac I shows onc t.nQorIanI Ihtny.
LagIaltsm s on hc brtnk o desIrucIon. coQc nu ongcr bc-
l cvc n I. hc Iunng QonI n hsIory has com.
hc masvs o Pcgro QcoQc ccrIan haVc no dctrc Io scc
Ihc QrcscnI sysIcm o soccIy tn Ihc \nIcd DIaIcs conItnuc. I
has mcJnI morc suhcrtng and saVcry or Ihcm Ihan or an
oIhcr sccIton o Ihc QoQuaIon. WaI arc tmQorIanI changcs
whch haVc Io bc mad: How can Ihc bc madc :
. 1mc McwKL PM KcYLLU1 LM
1wo Kevo|utons n Lne
hc Qrobcm o Pcgro t bcraIon ha Iwo asQoIs. hc hrsI
s Ihc QucsIton o cQua t!y. Ncrc wc ask : whaI musI bc donc
Io rcmoVc Ihc basts o Ihc sgccta QcrsccuIton and oQQrcston o
Ihc Pcgro QcoQc, Io wQc ouI ynchng, scgrc
[
aIon, soca osIrJ
csm as c as cIracQotIaIt on on Ihc and and t n tndusIry :
hc soond s common Io a workcrs and cQotIcd, whcIhcr
Ihe bc h!c or Dcgro. Ncrc wc ask : whaI musI bc donc Io wQc
ouI wagc-saVcr

uncmQ omcnI, QocrIy, crtsc and war :

hcsc QucsItons arc noI cnIrc scQaraIc. buI arc connccIcd
wIh cach oIhcr. c sha hrs constdcr cach scQaraIc and
Ihcn show how Ihc so uIton or Ihc hrsI hows nIo Ihc souIon
or Ihc sccond.
1he Kebe||on o1 n LQQressed Mton
hc sQcca oQQrcston o Ihc Pcgro QcoQc tn Ihc nIcd
DIaIcs s duc Io Ihc hrm rooIcd rcmandcrs o chaIIc aVcry.
Lvcry onc knows IhaI wht e chaIc s aVcr was abo tshcd as
rcsuI o Ihc LVt War, rccdomsuch as ccn Ihc whtIc work-
crs haVc undcr caQtIatsmdd noI Iakc I Q acc. tcmcnIs o
Ihc od chaIIc 8Vc ssIcm rcmatn TO |hs Vcr day.
Z
hcsc rcmut ndcr ot cha\Ic sav cry can bc d| vtdcd | nto Ihc
cconomtc ad h soct a. hc most tmQorIant ccnomc rcmatn
dcr o sary arc Ihc QanIaIon sysIcm and sh r-croQptng t\
Ihc Couth, whch wc h8c a rcady dcrbcd. uI thc tt-tcc
o Ihcsc n Ih Coh noI on cnsac Ihc Dcs n Ihc at
cI, bu\ dra_s dO\ 1 |hc c_ro QoQu aIon IhroughouI thc COur-
Iry. I aso accts |hc wh| tc QoQu att on tn Ihc outh. hcrc a
many whtIc shart-cropQers h condtItons arc on y tt| c bItt
Ihan Ihosc o Ihc Pcgrocs. hcy w noI bc rccd rom \hc clI
ovcrs o Ihc chaIIcsac sysIcm uncss Ihc `cgrocs arc t bcraId.
hc most t mQorIanI soca hcrIagc o Ihc chattcsavc y
Icm s c dca o ` whtIc suQcror\y and racc Qcudtcc. hc
dcas wcrc noI wQcd ouI bccausc ChaIIc savcr was noI cnIrcy
wQcd ouI. CXandcr DtcQhcns, Ihc vcc-Qrcstdcnt o Ihc Lon-
cdcrac. sat d IhaI |hc coOcrsIonc o Ihc CouIh rs\cd ' uQon Ih| s
grcaI Qhysca, Qh osoQhtca and mora Iruth IhaI Ihc Dcgro
s ot cua to Ihe wh| tc man, Ihat savcr-subordtnaton to
Ihc sQcror racc--s hts naIura and norma condtIon. haI
rcmans Ihc Qt osoQh o Ihc rut ng cass o Ihc CouIh Ioday.
o Ly rca tzc how much o chaIIc savcry s\ rcmatns
n Ihc Couth onc has only toknoIhat thc argcst mass o `cgrocs
sI vc t n thc tcrrtIory o Ihc od av QanIaItons. hc Qan
IaItons havc rcmatncd and havc mQrsoncd a argc Qorton o
thc `C_ro QoQua\ on. i ths Icrrtory-Ihc ack ct-Ihc
cgrocs arc t n Ihc ma ortI o Ihc QoQuaIon. AcI Qrccsc
hcrc t s Ihc nr l thc cnavmcnI o thc Dcro QcoQc.
As n as Iht | antuItns :ind -harc-troQng rcmatn, t t w
bc mQos bc or "ro to obIatn cuat. or n ordc t
rsc aboc \h Q anIatto . I l rsI nccs-a Io rcmovc Ih
QanIaton and dt vtdc Ihc and among \hc t crs o Ihc so
hs can on b on b hc organztd Qocr ol Ihc masscs
ep o| ted sharc-croQps a d armcs on ht and. Duch a com
Qcc Iran-orDaI i on. howc\ cr. VV | noI comc vthI and can
bc succcsu n th rcsut o organt HIt on Qrcparatton and
QroQcr cadcrsh Q. 1h raQt d roh o Ihc Churc-lroQQcrs
\non o Aabama and o Ic anIs \non o Arkansas shows
thaI thc tt uatt on t- rQc or raQt oganzato.
hts and rcvouton w aso bc oncd by \hc hundrcd o
Ihousands o whIc sharccroQQcrs and Qoor armcs ho havc
sucrcd rom Ihc Q antaIton and CrcdI ssIcm. hc Ioo t
Z
W lhc nccty O IhrOwn Ihc argc landowncs lhcr u
cagng rOm lhc ranny o lhc crcdI malcrs and Ih UbUBq
nd O gng land IO Ih landlcss
bcvnlyVc ycars ao, lhc OrIh wcnl lo r t er Io
sIrOy Ihc gowcr O lhc slaVcOwncr. haI Ioo, wa a u
tOn. ul l as nolshcd ur lask s lo ntsh l.
ul lhc rcVo u|on wll nOl slOg wlh lhc sczurc O Ihc lnd.
hal wll j usl bc lhc bcnnng O a cOmglclc, rcaly basc chungc
n Ihc hOmcland O lynch lcrrOr tOr j usl onsdcr whcrc |ht
and rcVOlulOn wl Iac glacc grccscly n lhc ganlaIn
unlry, whcrc lhc rocs arc lOday lhc mOsI oggrcc ccIn
lh gogulalOn and w|rc Ihcy orm lhc ma orly O I g
aIon. cl us magnc such a rvouIon lakn glcc t hc
sssgg Vcr clla. crc hcrc arc hugcglanIalOns. n m
ounIs lhc cgrOcs arc as hgh as 9 and 95 gcr cnI Ihc
l|a gOgulaIon lhrOuhouI Ih arca Ihcy arc noI | cs an
gcr ccnl. l lhc gOwcr O Ihc glanlalOn Owncrs dcsIrocd
ncw knd O gOcrnmcnl wll bc scl ug by lhc armcrs and Ihc
rkcrs n ths lcrrlOr. Or lhc rsl lmc cgrOcs and Og
sscd gOOr whIcs w l rcally cnjoy dcmocracy. hc cgrO
l glay lhc ldng rolc bOlh n lhc land rcvolulOn and n Ihc
UW rcVOluIOnry gOvcmcnls.
hc sam ll cur lhrOughoul lhc glanIalon arcar
u|hcaI dOn Ihrouh lhc aolna nd cnIru
cora, acr lama, Msssgg an Outana, cucvn
nIo ransa und garls cnncsscc and cXas. Ow l b
h OggOrlun IO rcall lablsh lhc bass o cgrO rd.
s land, O hch Ihc cOcs hac bccn nsaVcd Or gcnu
Ons can Ihn c mud nlO a rcc land 1l can bc grOclatmcd
a ncw ounIry, n whch Ihc land has bccn rccd rOm Ih c
lOlcrs, whcrc lhc majorIlhc crO gcOglcrulc wIh Ih
OOgcraIon O Ihc whlc ascs n Ihc IcrrlOry.
hc whI mus n lhc land l suggrl Ihs nw Ovcrn
cnl Or tl tl man lhal lhcr rghl Io land s alsO rccOgnzd
al Or lhc r Imc Ihcy, lO, wll haVc lhc bcncIs o rc
ublc hOl uaIOn, rcdOm rm usury,

clc hc O d bOulh
t l n t mu. hc rs cOmc t nIo Ihcr Own.
hc ral Il O rccdOm or Ihc cgrO gcOglc n Ihc lak
ll lcs n h r rhl lO scldclcrmnalOn. nlcss lhcy can
hOc rl or Ihcmclcs whal Ihc rcllOnsh O Ih ncw

ornmn| w bc lO lhc 1n lCd bl8Ics as 8 WhOC thcy nOt

bC rcc. thc caQ1a! sIs atC sI n Owcr n ashngtOn C
Can tCsl assutCd IhaI thc wl OQQOsC 0nd try t crush thc c
bcon o lhC CgIu QCGQI t. hC DCgto QCO_!C nCd QOWcr1u
8 s lO C8tIy lhOu_h and lO dcnd |hS rcvoon or lr
dom. hy w! havC such au u y n Ihc wOtk n_ C! ass, th
!Cadng OtCC n lhC sIru!l5 o a! OQQtCssCd scc|ons Ol !h
QOQu aI On Ol lhC nIcd "|J|cs uan-| CaQla st CXQ!OIlal1On.
c mu-\ nOW constdr l !t' l uI Ol1 h ch lakC Qar C
lhIOuyhOuI lht cOunIry.
1he ro|etr n Kevo|uton
Latasm s ng b !|h Io r\ o u|on. nC \nlCd Clalr5

' as rCaltd 05 lhC t

-u l o a !i:\u u| I On aa st I h c|mnu
It On. 1I -ItCngIhcncU |s us l !c5uT Ol a tuvO!ulIOn a_uin-l lhc
s aVCOwnCI8 n 1. ^OW Cji1a t*D - dCCByn_. I Can 1L
ncr suQ!y lh0 ncCd O c !O IhOst whO QtOduCc. l s an
oulwOr sysItm. I mu-l pc Waj lO a nCw syslCm O sOc Cl).
A cOmQ ClC ltaIisutmJlOn musl lJkC Q!aCC, WhCh can comc
as IhC tCsu I O a sOCa! tC\O! ul n.
huI ba c chun_C nul LC QOducct n OdCt | du aWa)
W !h wa_Cs|cr
)
. uncm
[
!O
)
DcnI. ar : LaguI m | D8srd
uQOr lh0 g ac uv1r-hIQ O much nCs HLl OrC5_ a r and
und a l l ' Ub u! gruLI o. hc ans gtu n atc
n Ih hund u a smu c uss, lhC CaQ !ul sls. hc _cuIc$1 Qr -
CI p Cs O La_ ll ar Qrt\u| [lL[Cry und Qtull. I ons
O WOkOIs QOducC |c|hct lhc ncccssIc o c. uI l0C5
nCco$s| | 0> tCtDc |ht ct o lhOsC who Ovn lhC muthnC,
IhC !und. cIC. . whlc Ihc vOtkCts dO nOI hac Ih mOnCy Wlh
whCh IO buy hrm. L-cs OCCu, mas5t Ol QCOQ!C ouhCt. LO!-
On r- aC su zCd b\ lhC LaQi | US| Qoc n a taCC lO rOl~
and bol. LuQla! -m gcs btlh lO war.
nl y !1 | h n L1 aa t | Ins ot lhr c\| slCnCC O
cQ Ia 5m . lhC cQr

rt al| on O lh^ CQ I a sls. ukC lhC mC8n5

O QtOduClOn awa\ ltOm lhCm, Q!0CC thC n IhC hand5 O lh
WOtkCs whO w !! QOduCC, noI or QtOhl, Dul Ot IhC nCCds Ol
s0Cl[. hc wOtkI n C a-s s n a QO5l On lO bI n_ lh 5 Chont
abOuI. I al nC on rgancd and 5UQQ0Icd
lht rcI O lhC OQQtCssCd QOQualOn, can tC8! !y and lru y Ch8n_C,
ansm !hc sysIcm undcr whtch c !vC. h s Chan_C s n
Cvl8 C. hC WOIk!s ac dtI n !Owatd> l b caQIas tsc.

uI an atICmQI tO brng abOut suCh a basC ChangC wOuld m

cduIt mCCI IhC OQQOstIn O IhC CaQ1a Is and Ihc r bIatC
t. hs DIaIC QOwCr Lons bIs nuI Only O IhC bOd ts O Ov-
trnmCnI, buI o IhC army, IhC QOlCC, thC COurIs. n OrdCr tO
tQrOQruIC IhC caQIa s thC wOrcrs rst nCCd tO dcurd IhC
CXsIn_ OvCtI machncry and |o nsI IuIC a wOrn C ass
! i\CtmC| I I. Duch H tcvuluI Ot Wus suctCssu y catrCd IhrOugh
In Husu n 117 undtr thc lCJdcrsht Q O Ihc Lommunst arIy.
h8 s lhe uu8tc chon_e. DuCh rCvouIOn rCCs thC worCs
!rum Wa
[
C-sluVCty und rum Ogg|t88IOn D IhC CaQ1asIs. hC
Wurkct- arC n QOwCr. hC wurkCrs vOrnmCnt suQQrcssCs CCry
chOtI O IhC l` u Iu Io rC5turC IhC O d s,ysICm. \ndCr ths nCw
wurkCts OvCt| tI. whch uurantCcs IhC wdCs! dCmOCraCy lO
tht mussCs, IhC Duld rig Ol OCalsm bCgns. ln Ihn s t
Qus-DlC IO huC s u Qannng tO hll thC ntCds Ol tC
55t5. |u aDOl -h unt

mnI, I O ubol sh ar lOr QrO t.

uI n OrdCI IO accumQlsh IhC rCO uIOn and IO dCCnd Il
t1 wurkCts t:CCd Ih -ugQOrI O Ihe OIhcr CQ OIcd ctOns Ol
thC QOQu ut On. h i 1ht WOrktrs arC n a QOsIOn tO Oran
and lCad suCh a rc\ uI n. Ihy CunnOt Carry I IhrOuh D\ IhCm
sClvcs. hC hat a Cs n IC QOQul uIOn. hCsC a l Cs arC
1. hC ma-s ul pOOr and sma urmCrs, whO arC OQQssCd
Dy g Dus nC-- Ihf usts, Ihc munOpOles and IhC bankCrs ; alsO
Iht mdd cl a-- n h C I C-, suCh as IhC !tCnCans, hc QrO
tssOna s, 8ma bu- nc--mcn, cIC. , hO 0rc suCrn lrOm CaQ-
Ia t m and who ha\ t\ t|
}
lh |I g I O Qun undCr sOCalsm.
Z. hC oQ[Ht'-d `tyrO Qtn C.
. hC p u Iht mrcnn COlOncthC
|ht tQQnC and- , lua, tc.. und ol uIh and LCnlt Am
n h atC undr Ih dum na| un I h cJQ Ial -I- o Iht
HmOng lhe most tmjorlunt ulls o] lhc uOr|ig cuss s lhe
egrO cOt lhe uled ucs h aCt d!CrmnC thC rC-
aI on CIWCcn l|It | wn u-QCcIs O | |:t tt\ O| u| un whtch 5 tCvCl-
tip |y r i lh- CO|I |I! t \
1he Lombnton o 1wo Kevoutons
vOuI or | d and tcdOm n IhC buh and Ihe
tu|cturan tcvul u! ut n Iht Cu|InltV as a Whul C w l l dCvtluQ
Hand n hUnd. lach w ltnd t"nIh ind supprI I Iht nIhCr.
hC nu|kn th nh d ^tt w d uIh.
Z
O dOcs t cOmc abOut that thc wht Orcrs nOt Onl wll
bul mustlcndthcr suQQOrt O thc strugglc O cgrO lbcratOn
rst O all, bccausc thc wOrkcrs wll nOt bc ablc tO OVcr
lhrOw caQtalsm unlcss thcy haVc thc hclQ O thc cgrO QcOQlc
hs s why wc say that t s ncVtablc that thc whtc wOrkcrs,
cVcn lhc bOuthcrn whtc wOrkcrs, hght Or cgrO rccdOm and
suQQOrt thc strugglc O thc cgrO QOQlc wll dO s
ccausc t s ncccssary Or thcr Own VctOry
hc bOuthcrn wh!c wOrkcrs csQccally wll uQQOrt thc c
grOcs n thcr strugglc Or n thc bOuth thc QOcr O thc l and
lOrds and caQtalsts s thrcatcncd mOst O all n thc lack clt
crc thc class strugglc s Vcry sharQ hs s thc wcakcst rOnt
O caQtalsm ust magnc what cOnstcrnat wll scc hOd
O lhc rung class O thc cOuntry whcn thc strugglc n thc Qlan
tatOn cOuntry rcchcs thc stagc O rVOlut On hc rVlutOn
whch brcaks Out hcrc mght ndccd bc th sQark Or thc QrOlc-
taran rcVOlutOn lhrOughOut thc cOuntry hc whtc wOrkcrs
wll undcrstand that thc strugglc O thc cgrO QcOQlc Or rcc-
dOm wcakcns thc QOwcr O thcr Own OQQrcssOrs thc caQtalsts.
ctwccn thc QrOlctaran rcVOlutOn and thc rcVOlutOn O
!hc cgrO QcOQlc Or l and and rccdOm Ihcrc s a lVng lnk.
hs s thc wOrkng class. 1t s amOng thc Orkcrs that sOldarty
hrst dcVclOQs and slhc strOngcst. n thc ccs and tOwns O thc
bOuth and n thc bg ndustral ccntcrs O thc Orth ths sOldar-
t bctwccn whtc and cgrO labOr s Orgcd. crc rcQscs thc
ldcrshQ O thc wO asQccts O thc rcVOl utn
ut thcrc alsO must bc Qrcscnt a cOnscOus Organzcd grOuQ
J wOrcrs, whch rcalzcs thc ncccss!y O vOlutOn and whch
lcas thc masscs n thcr daly strugglcs twards ths cnd. h
s thc rOc O thc Ommunst arty. Lmmunsts dO nOt Only
talk abOut thc uturc rcVOlutOn ut ar actvc hgh!crs Or thc
daly ntcrcsts O thc masscs. n unOs and Othcr wOrkng cl ass
OrganzatOns, n strkcs n dcmnstatOns n clcctOns c
LOmmunsts cndcaVOr, whlc Qlayng a lcadng Qart n thc strug
glcs O thc masscs tO cOnVncc thcm O thc cOrrcct, rcVOutOnary
way Out. nd Onc O Our QrncQal lncs O actVty has always
bccn tO dcVclOQ nOw thc sOldarty O thc whtc wOrkcrs and
cgO masscs tO buld ths allancc n Our daly lc and strug-
glcs, !O assurc thc cOmbnatOn O th twO aQccts O th mcr-
can rcVOlutOn.
29
n bu:d:ng d:s c1ass so1:da:ty thete :s a d:v:s:on o1 abot,
ut w:th a common a:m, between the wh:te and Negto wotkets.
1be wh:te wotkets must tea:ze that the ma:n tesgons:b::ty 1ot
estab:sh:ng wotk:ng cass un:ty tests ugon the:t shoudets. hey
must ead the hght aga:nst tace gteud:ce :n the tanks o the
wh:te mases. 1hey must temembet that 1ot centut:es the Negto
geog1e havc been oggtessed by wh:te nat:ons. Among the Negto
masses thete :s a deeg d:sttust o1 a1 wh:tes. 1he g!antat:on sys
te and cag:ta:sm have cteated th:s d:sttust and :t cannot b
done away w:th metey :n wotds. Hace gtejud:ce goutes the
a:t :n th:s countty. Atet hav:ng been excuded tom a numbet
o 1abot un:ons, hav:ng been osttac:zed by many sect:ons o
wh:tes, tete :s no teason 1ot Negtoes to be:eve : wotds ony
1hey can ony be conv:nced by act:on. they ee atget num
t o wh:te wotkets actuay hghI:ng ot Negto t:ghts, hght:ng
aga:nst tace gtejud:ce, :ns:st:ng ugon egua tteatment:n a gaces
tot Negtoes, then they w: have cause to tey ugon the wh:te
wotkets as the:t ay. 1h:s :s the ony way th:s d:sttust can be
ovetcome. 1h:s :s why the Lommun:sts, esgec:ay th wh:te
Lommun:sts, v:g:1ant1y guatd the:t atty aga:nst the nuence
o tace gtejud:ce. No wh:te wotket :s desetv:ng o the name
o1 Lommun:st un1ess he constanty catt:s on a sttugge aga:nst
vety man:estat:on o tace gtejud:ce among the wotkets.
1he Negto wotkets, :n otdet to ach:eve wotk:ng cass so:at-
:ty, have the ch:e1 task o1 hght:ng aga:nst "b1ack gatt:t:sm
and "tace so:dat:ty. 1hey must constanty hght aga:nst the
:deas o1 such gog1e as t uo:s 1ot, as we have seen, they
ttengthen the Negtos d:sttust o the wh:te wotkets. No Negto
has the t:ght to ca11 h:mse a Lommun:st uness he hghts con-
stanty aga:nst the Negto "tace eadets, uness he :s aays
exgos:ng the to1e o those ho ca1 1ot segatat:on etween wh:te
an Neto, un1ess he :s constanty exga:n:ng the un:ty o :n
tetests o1 the Negto mass and othewotk:ng cass 1he Negto
ommun:st :s htst and otemost the exgonent o de on
evo1ut:on, 1ot he tea1:zes that th:s aone w:1 guatant not ony
teedom ot the Negto but a!so emanc:gat:on o a to:ets.
fhe quetfon of bef-efermnefon beffed
1be Lommun:s hght 1ot the t:gt o he 1ack et tet
tty to se11detetm:nat:on. 1h:s means not on1y that the Negto
og1e sha11 no onget b oggtessed but sha11 come :nto the:t
M
rghIul gOstI:On as IhC ma OrI l IhC QOQulatOn n IhC laCk
Ct. t mCans IhC tyhI O thC laCk tI rCCly
tO dcICrmnC ts rClatOns IO thC DatCs.
LnC C8nnOt tC l n adVanCC undCr what CrCumstanCCs thC
uCslOn Ol lhC rght Ol sCll-dCtCrmnatOn lOr Ihc cgrO QCOQlC
n thC ack Ct wll arsC O dCntC -ul uI Or. hCrC arC
twO dsInCI QusbltCs.
lrsl : hC rCOluIOn n IhC ganlaIOn LOun|ry mg maturC
sOOnCr han hC QrOCIaran rC\uu!n n IhC Ountr a H whOC.
hs s a QOssblIy bCCausC Ol IhC laCt that CaQt8lsm i CakCst
n thC DOuIh and IhC cns uvCd PC_rO massCs n Ih and arC a
rCVOuIOnary OCC Ol _rCat gOwCr. I s ccrIu . OC\cr, lhut
lhC rCVOlutOn n thC QlantB1On COuntry CannOt cOmC t a hCad
and QrCss lOr vCtOr unCss CaQtalsm thrOughOul thc COuntry
n dCulICs, alrCad bn_ thrCatCnCd scrOusl b IhC rsn_
Or

n_Class mOVCmCnt. n ths stuatOn thC rCbCll On Ol

C_rO QCOQlC wOud gvC nCw slrCn_th lO and haICn thC QrOlC
taran rCVOlutOn. h wOrkn_ Class, lCd by thC mt
arty, wOuld COmc tO Ihc ad u thC m8sscs n thc DOu!h lO QrC-
VCnt thC CaQla sl ul i ng clus ! IhC ^OIh ru uQQrCssn_ tC
rCOlutOn thC laCk Ct. LndCr IhCsC CrCumstanCCs lC
g
Om
munsts n lhC laCk Cl! wou| d laVOr, and wOud dO CVCrythn
n thCr QOCr tO wn Ih ab QCOQC l thC laCk Cll l
laOr COmQCIC i dtgcndti : rum thC caQI -ulCd rcQublC
O hC POrth. Or COmp| t|i ndcQCndCnCC O IhC laCk clt V
_O wOuld thCn m@n _rCaICr rCCdOm lOr IhC `CgrOCs 8nd B
rOus wCakCnn_ O Ih QOwCr Ol CBQtalsm n thC COuntr as
a whOlC. l mu i| wOud dClCnd thC rht O Ihc PCgrO
QCOQlC tO mak tht r chOCC.
DCCOnd hC gro c|atan rCVO utOn may OVCIrOw CaQtal sm
and Cslab8h a DOcI LOvCrnmCnt lOr thC COunry as a whOC
bCOrC IhC rCVOlutOn COmCs tO a hCad n lhC lBCk Clt. MOw-
CVc mus! bC kCI mnd IhaI IhC lwO QhasCs Ol lhC rCVulu-
O wl no1 dCVClOQ scgaraIC| y. hus, whlC thC wOrkCrs arC
Cadn_ thC Onslau_ht aansI CuQlalsm, lhC rcVOlutOnBry sCurC
hC glanlalun land ad largCsCalC l8rms mBy al lhC s8mC
l r rOCCcdng lhC *uuIh. ul OCC thC wOrkCrs COmC tO
QOr ti IhC \nIcd "talCs IhC C\OlutOn lOr Bnd and lrCCdum
wll bc hutCnCd and cOmQlcICO. LnC O lhC rst Ol thC
Ccntu ct grmcnt b 1O grant thC rght Ol cll
lO thC PC_r n
hs woul mCan haI Ih r CoQl n |hC ak Cll w l
hr l hC hl l o Cho or IhCm-lv'r rI ttn drraI on wlh
or rQaraIon rom lht nItd IaC- as u vho. hC 'C
owCr lhC wurkt r anl IhCr goCrnrnI w l uaanIr I h|
l rsl bCCau-C lirC w l l bC no rCaon or hC urc hl r
nnralon o lhC Cr rgubl C. Ih lh oCrIhrow o aa
sm lhC bass O a l l rQl oIalon w l l ha C bCCn ClnaICd
!h b al-n h a| s or Iht cQl uIa| on and orCs- o o Ih
gro gColC tt:utid !hC rCC un| on nplrs on Ihr as o
Cual I Qossblr onl lhrouh rCC ho| r arr VCd al b lt
r ly o |hr QCu C. hC VCry aCI lhaI | hr VClorus work i | y
Cla88 and Is o\ Cl oVCrnmrnl would guarnICr omQlClC |r
unlI rrdum o ChoC would n | sCl C a guaran u
rCrdm n Ihr ul l sCn-C o hC wor. ndtr suh | rumsI -
| hC Cro umun -| vuul d ur nd Ihl r cdrI on v| h
IhC o\Cl rCguhl o lhC nlCd lalrs ur lh ourC wu
br I o lhC brsl n|rCIs u Ihr Cro QCnplC and al l orkcr. n
h rVCnI, howtr IhaI IhC choCC - ua ns| CdCraIonIhC
ummun sI arI n lhC ol gori tt'n| vould rCsCI t
w l o IhC Wt_lo Qcu c.
n I | n our :| | | on un Ih s uCI | n| t' ar udt nnI
unl b Iht Ihtur | l Qr n lCs u Ihc tmmuI ur u|
l so lhc luu t rr | o Ih u-| n ol uI | nn
u nucr n Ht \ t oQn uI s n Ihr u ulut u | hC QurI ut n cl
drrtn | | | | nn | " | u | ituu h lrtnI Hu| n.
vhst rul n -s uQ[ : !' lhC u| Cr np v Ih n Ih sr|
ti rt, t npr -td u v | r ucDI n Ih Qoula| un
| t nl d u-- u. o|h d r| ny Ih IrI r I u| n urh I
vhtn Ih ar w nvtr| hruwn, und l rny | hC scnnd rn u
| nn u v tmt 1'!(. whcn Iit: r u | h r | Iul -I - u|
lulwtitr- a t|rnt nd I h "' | lo\ tnmtn1 t-| |
Iht urtr had Il sugorI u I ptu an| - nnI n | t t i ti| ru
ua uI al s n a numl:r ouI | I i r o| | ht -
i rt-std n| | unal :pl l | d u| | t r v u| u u| | d| d :
ttv l o tv| l v t t vv rt. dCr | t-t i | w -
hc

usI | u| | u t | l|r| t a| un | l rd
hC r-I a u i i v ic u t i tnt| v | n sut u lt t
raI n lht r | h| u -t dtr n| nu| | uti | al | i u| nn- I | i :
rmr Hu| un tm| rc ad ul f"! [l r h| w| | h| n| h || i i u
nI Hr: |-. i hur |ty| | wh h V!' f' nuI t p| d
3Z
ttoog8 o lhc otcgn gOwct8 and whctc lhc wotkct8 and gca8anM
had 8uOOccdcd n c8lab8hng aulonomou8 boca8l boVcl goV
ctnmcnl8, lhc boVcl goVcDcnl8 al onOc cdctalcd lhcmMVo8
lo thc Ocnlta u88an boVct cgubO. ny a8 lhc tcVoulon
doVcogcd n thc olhct tcgon8 and a8 lhc OountottoVoutonaty
ulctVcnlon atmc8 wctc dccalcd, wctc boVcl goVctnmcnl8 tab-
8hcd thctc. lhough thc wotkng Oa88 o ccnlta u88a gaVo
dtccl ad to lhc 8ltuggo o lho gcoQc8 o lhc outyng tcgon8
agan8l lhc nlctVcnlon atmc8 and tho OounlcttoVoulon8M,
nonc o lhc8c tcgon8 wa8 otccd lo cdctalc wlh lhc olhct boVM
cgubO8. 1o th8 Vcty day, tho Oon8ttmon o thc boVH non
gctml8 lhc tght o -dclctmnalon to a lhc naton8
gtcnl n lhc non.
1hctc wctc a8o olhct dcVcogmcnl8. n 8omc tcgon8 tho
gcogo woto 8l mdot lhc 1nuonOc o toaOtonaty cadot8
wcto 8uggottcd by otcgn gowct8. lhct c gtoclatan toVo
ulon wa8 8uggtc8d ot lho gtoclatal wa8 nol ycl 8ltong cnough
nOt ndcgcndcnl cnOugh tom lhc bOutgco8 cadct8 lo catty
thtoughlhc tcVoulon lo VOloty. buOh a Oa wa8 tnand, whOh
al onc lmc wa8 a gatl o lhc uan mgto. 1owatd8 thc cnd
O lhc otd at tnand Oamc undct tho domnalon o lho
ctman tmy, wlh who8c ad lhc t1nn8h tungOa88 8uggtc8d
lhc gtoctan tcVoulon and c8lab8hcd an 1ndcgcndcnt tc-
gubO undct lhc domnalon o lhc Oagta8t8. d lho boVct
oVcOmcnl lty lo otcc tnand nto lhc non o boVct c-
gubc8f n lho Oonltaty, nu, a8 thc Ohatmau o tho LowO
o cogc8 Lomm88at8 o lho boVct cgubO, hm got-
8onay acknOwlcdgcd lo a tcgtc8onlalVo o lho tnn8h ogubO
lhc tghl o lhal Oounlty lo 8ocdo d gaVc hm oOa 8anOton
to do 8o.
" VcQ Mc tcmcmbct tbo 8couc 8t tbo Dmouy, 88d
8tot, Mbcu t c to my ot to gt8ut tbo cb8ttct to DVuKboWd,
tho tcQtc8cut8tVc o tbc uu8h boutgco8o Mbo b8d Q8ycd tho
Q8tt o h8ugm8u. Mo 8m8by 8hooK my b8ud aud Mo Q8d oacb
otbct comQmcut8. MoM uuQc88aut th8t M88 ut 1t b8d to
douo bcc8u8o 8t tb8t tmo tho boutgco8o 88cy Qct8uado tbo
QoQc, tho toug m888c8, to booVo tb8t tbo mmOVt Motc
ch8uVu8t8 8ud th8t tbo tc8t u888u8 M8utcd to cW8h thc uu8.
nd lhc boVcl oVctnmcnl had not gtantod lho tnn8 tho
tghl to 8cOcdo and allcmglcd lo kccg thcm by otOc, lh8 woud
haVc mcanl anncXalon. 1hc tnn8h ma88c8 woud haVo ooko
ugon thc boVct oVctnmcnt a8 a otcgn oggtc88ot, no than

at. oday, lhc tnn8 atc undct thc hatd ad bula cac
tonaty dclalOtshg o thc tnn8h boutgcOc, but lhctc w bo
nO doubl lhal Oncc lhcy haVc OVctlhtOwn lhs bOutgcOsc lhcrc
w bc nO hcslalon lO cdctalc wlh lhc boVm LnOn.
1hc boVcl OVcmcnl and lhc Lommunsl atly tccOgnd
lhc tghls o a .lhc nalOns whch had Ormcty bccn Oggtcsd
b 8atdom. 1hc bOVcl LnOn s cOmgod O motc lhan 1
dctcnl nalOns and nalOna mnOrlcs. 1hc OggtcOn lhc
nalOns s nOw mgOssbc bausc thc ma88 o thal nalOn whch
Otmcty Oggtcsscd lhcm haVc OVctlhtOwn thc bOutgcOsc and lhc
andOtds and arc budng sOcasm. hc numctOus nalOns
Vc n cOmgclc hatmOny wlh cach Olhct. 1hcy haVc tcccVcd
drccl ad rOm lhc tcal ussan8 n budng lhcr nduslty,
mgrOVng lhct agrculurc and achcVng cOmgclc ccOnOmc
cgualy wlh lhc Olhct gcOgcs O lhc bOVcl LnOn.
1hc gtOclatan tcVOulOn btsl wgcd Out lhc bass O na
lOna OggrcssOn. 1hcn l bcgan tady lO ay lhc bass O
cgualy. tOt many O lhcsc Ormcty Oggtcsd gcOgcs had
mcn tclatdcd and hcd back by 1satdOm. l was nccc8saty lO
0atty lhtOugh lhc dcVcOgmcnl O nduslry and agtculurc n
lhc rcgOns whcrc thc ormcry Oggtcsscd natOns Vcd, al cVcn
a guckcr gacc lhan n Lcnlra ussa. c havc wlncsscd hcrc
lhc mOs ragd dcvcmcnl O gcOgcs lhal a O hslOty can
shOw. DOmadc gcoos wcrc |cd Oul O lhcr bacwatdncss,
amOst OVcrnghl dcVc cd nlO an nduslta and mOdcrn agr
culuta gcOgc wlhOu vng lO gO htOugh lhc slagc O capla
8m. Lulura dcvcOgc s cguay swl. 1hc bass Or n
cgualy s ragdy dsagcarng cvcn mOsl backward arcas.
1hc Cmcl LOn has gOvcd lhc cOttlcss O lhc Lom
munsl gtOgtam. n lhc Ormct "grsOn O nalOns, whcrc
thc gucslOn O nalOna bcralOn and O nalOna gtcjudccs s
Vcry much mOtc cOmgcalcd lhan n lhc Lnlcd blalcs, such
sgna succcss has bccn achcVcd, can lhctc bc any dOubl abOul
lhc rcaalon O cgua and cVcn grcalcr succcss hctc!
1he Kevoufonery ay
c haVc sccn lhal On a basc changc can guaranlcc lO hc
Ncgro lhc gossbly Ot a dcccnl VchoOd, thc tghls O human
bcngs and an cgua, hOnOtabc and rcpcclcd slalus n a gub
c 8nd sOca c. hc rug cass w n pcrml such a changc.
he ma88c8 o cXgolcd mu8l lhcrcorc or_anc n ordcr l
e o lhCr r_hl lo rcVOulon.
coulon 8 nol B mBllcr o our own ChOo8n_. 8 urCod
ugon us by CBglB8m :l8c, whCh dc_r8dc8 u8, _rnd8 u8 duwn
nlo lhc du8l, mBkc8 c unbcBrBbc. D8 ong a8 cXgOlalOn
Bnd oggrc88On hBVc CXcd lhCrc hBVc bCcn cVoul:on8.
hc rcVOuIOnar way ha8 BwBy8 bcn lhc wBy ul hum
grOgrc88. LBglB8m camC nlO bcn_ B8 lhC rc8ul o B rcVou
lOn B_Bn8l cuda sm Bnd lhc nob ly n Lurogc. bocBsm
camC nlo bng n u88B a8 lhC rC8ul o B rCVouon a_an8l
caglBsm. cVou!On hB8 markcd lhC brlh and gro_rc88 o lhc
Ln1lcd DlBlc8. Ow anlhcr rcOulOn s nccc8 *Bty lO rcmuVc
B doayn_ 8y8lcm Bnd mBkc wB or urlhCr gro_rC88. ul lhc
gruClBrBn rcVoulon dhCr8 rom B lhC olhcr rcVoulons ot
hMor. grcVou8 rcVuulon8 rC8ulcd n 8 nCw cXgoln@
cn8 Comn_ nlo gowcr and 8uggrC8ng lhC majOrly o lhc
gcOgC. he groclBrBn rCvOulon rC8ul8 n lhC majOrly Comn_
tnlO gow, 8uggrc88n_ lhC Cgolng mnOrl Bnd rcmOVn_ lhc
btis8 O B cXgOlBlon and ggrC88On. Lny lhcn lhc go
bIly CrcBlcd Ot dung Bwa wlh a Oas-Cs. Drly, Organ
Cd ti B ncw 8Oca and Ccutimc stCmlhC Dtt: a-1 y8lC
tttrt nOw grodC lhc nrtc88 Ir- u l lQ tt abundantc.
hc rcVoulOtiary way h88 nOI bCCn slranyt Io thr Cgru
gttC n lho LnlCd DlalC8. Cu|Onr slru_c8 ha\' gOr
1icd IhCt h8lOry. Havc wc Orgl!Cn lhC t ourBgCu Iruygc8
ol Ihr rIC8h gtogr8 lOt lc dnd bCtly a_aIn8l lh a\`c mCr
t:hnnls o LutOge and Ihc ccBn tOOnC! Lrn IhC cw
|nn| hOh havC bccn c8tVCd tt wr llCn hlOr lCly
hC dClrrmnCd I ru__C ul thc Ncgruc ayansI rnsaVcmrnl
m lhC rr bcgnn ng hC cgr gCOgC Can hnd n8gBlun
n hc tCV ul uar aIIrmgI ul L8btc , Cnm8tk Csr, Bl
urh0t 8nd uId lhu-u:d8 Ol t_hlCr : lhc numcruu8 8 Bc
rcvO| I8 n IhC L' n ctl ClaC8, aud n lhC undctgtOund rBrOBd.
ma rgrOc8 g8lcgBlCd n lhC rCOulonay wBr ul lhc mc
Cau cOOnC8 agBns IhC tlh4 h0 L v War Iscl wa8 a rCVO
ulO n whOh lhC CgrOC8~lhOsr whO wCtC r8lda chall
s ct ct 8nd Bhd ct
hBl gOOu8 L W8r dCc8dC whcn thC cmbIltd cgru
uughI wlh gun n hand agan8l thc bOOdhOund8 o tCuCIon or
lhc tghl8 O CI2Cnhg Bnd O l uttd 8 lOdBy an hrroC, rcVu-

tOnary and Vng cxamQlc hrng thc sQratOns O thc DcgrO

QcOQc Or lrccdOm n mOrc rcOcnl lmcs, Oan wc Orgcl lhc
hcrOO struggc Ol thc anc, rkansas [ 19I9) , Lamg and
cctOwn, abama [ I9JI nd I9JJ) sharc-OrOQQcrs agansl thc
gantatOn mastcrs : r thc thOusands Ol DcgrO wOrkcrs whO
hac lOught shOudcrtO shOudcr wlhlhc whlc wOrkcrs n slrkcs
and On QOkct ncs: nd n Othcr Qarts Ol lhc wOrd lhc gOr-
Ous tradtOn Ol thc atan cVOutOn, Ol thc marOOns O a
maOa, O thc VOtOrOus rcbcs Ol utOh Lunca, bOOtlsbOrO
dcmOnstratOns n Luba and rOa :
urng thc LV ar, and mmcdaty alcr, lhc DcrO
masscs lOught br0Vcy. hcy wcrc dclcatcdlOr thcy had nO
a cs. hc DOrthcrn rung Oass bctraycd lhcm. ut lOday thcy
hac a QOwcrlu, thOrOughy dcQcndablc ay, lhc wOrkng O as.
Ogcthcr thc Oan Orcatc a ncw wOrd.
| . 1Mb NbwKL N bLYb1 PMbKLP
hat w ur rcvOutOn Orcalc: hat v lhc ncw word
bc kc: hat w b thc gaOc O thc crO QcOQc n ths
ncw sOOc1y:
c dO nOt nccd tO bc grOQhcts. n lhc bass Ol Our Qrcscnt
QOblcs and O lhc ncw Qaths a rcad a barc n thc bOct
LnOn, l s QOssbc tO at cast Outnc hc man lcaturcs Ol thc
ncw sOOcly. hcsc arc nOl cmQly VsOns, drawn Out Ol thc thn
ar. c knOw thc Oauws Ol Our Qrcscnt OOndtOn. c kn
hO tO rcmOc thcm. cOan lOrcscc wth Ocrtant thc mnm
O what Oan bc dOnc Onc c0Qtasm | cpacd b sOOasm.
hs knOwcdgc shOud hrc us th grcat ca n Our Qrcscnt
tas O OranatOn and struggc. Or vc knOw wt Ocrtanty
hat c arc tng Or.
1he bove1 Un1ed b1fe
hc pcOpcs o thc Dt LnOn had tO OVcrcc gcat dl
hcul tcs n thc budng Ol bOcasm hc cOuntry was a bak
ward On thc wOrkng Oass ws rcatVcy sma and untrancd.
cw ndu|cs had tO bc but. c Qcasants had tO car mOdcrn
mcthOds n agrOuturc
hc bOvct n1cd atcs, On thc Otcr hand, w ac c
OcVcd a trcmcndOus hcrtagc Ol argcsOac ndustrcs, Ol thc
mOst mOdcrn and uQIOdatc tcchnuc. t w haVc at ls ds
M
gOsa Ihc largcsI ndusIrtcs O Ihc wOrld. n mOsI gars O thc
COunIry Ihc armcrs wtll alrcady haVc bccn Irancd n mOdc
mcIhOds O agrCulIurc. hcrc s a skllcd wOrkng Class Irancd
n Ihc ways O hghly dcVclOQcd IcChnQuc. arOads Ihrcad Ihc
whOlc COunIry. LrcaI wcalIh has alrcdy bccn CaICd
n addIOn, Ihc COunIry s rCh n naIura rcsOurCcs, suCh as
and COal Orc, Ol waIcr QOwcr, lumbcr, cIC, whCh Can bc
turncd nIO sOurCcs O undrcamI O QrOsQcrIy Or thc gOQulaIOn.
nCc Ihs wcalIh s nO lOngcr grVaIc QrOQcrIy and has bc
COmc thc grOgcrIy O Ihc OVcI rcQublC, tI Can bc ud, nOI Or
hc QQOsc O cXQlOIng human bcngs, buI IO ul hl all Ihc
ccds O Ihc gcOglc.
day hcrc s O wOrk Or mtllOs whO a U csulI o nOI
hac Ihc mcans IO lVc. 1ndcr a bOVcI mcrCa Our ndusIry
Can bc QuIIO wOrk aI ull blasI, Iurnng OuI a IrcmcndOus amOunI
O Ihc ncCcssIcs O lc. lmOsI OVcrnghI human wanI Can bc
madc IO dsaQgcar. uI nOI Only Ihs. Ong hOurs O wOrk, n-
human sQccd-ug, Ihc hard labOr O Chldrcn and O Old gcOQlc
wll nO Ongcr bc ncCcssary mdsI Ihc grcaI abundanCc O hc
COunIry I wll bc QOssblc IO CuI dOwn On Ihc lcngIh O Ihc wOrk
ng day csIablsh a mOrc hcalIhy QaCc O wOrk, and ycI QrOduCc
mOrC Ihan s suCcnI IO mccI Ihc nccds O sCcIy and IO CrcaIC
ncw CaQIal Or uIhcr grOwIh and cQansOn. hc OgQOrIunIc
Or cduCaIOn and CulIurc wll bc bOundlcss.
ll Ihs musI b kcQI n mnd whcn COndcrng hOw Ihc
os wll arc n a bOVcI mcrCa.
n Ihc hrsI QlaCc all hndranCcs, barrcrs, dsCrmnaIOns
tll bc rcmOVcd ll Ihc OQQOrIunIcs CrcaIcd by a bOVcI mCr-
Ca wl bc sharcd by Ihc cgrOcs as cll as Ihc whIcs. 1ndusIr,
arulIurc, QublC and sOCal scrVCc wll bc OQcn IO Ihcm On
hc amcbass as IO all OIhcr CIzcns O Ihc bOVcI cQublC.
uI Ihs wOul nOI bc suCcnI. LagIalsm has lcI a hcr-
Iac whCh has IO bc OblIcraIcd Ihc QOssblIy Orcal cQualI
s IO XsI LaQIalsm has rcIardcd and hcld baCk Ihc adVanCc
O Ihc cgrO gcOglc wIh Ihc rcsult IhaI Is wOrkcrs haVc nOI
had Ihc samc OgQOrIunIy as Ihc whc wOrkcrs IO bCCOmc skllcd
cOcs haVc nOI bccn QcrmIIcd IO bcCOmc hghly Irancd IcCh-
nCns and cXQcrI dCmnaIOn has barrcd IhC cgrOcs rOm
ual OQQOrIunIs n Ihc l nc O cuCaIOn, scnc Ihc grO-
Ons, manacral knOlcdc, cIC bOvcI mra wuld IhCrC
1
otc bc accd wth hc nccd o obtcratng ths ncguaty whch
l w haVc nhcr|cd rom cagtasm.
1hc undamcnta gocy o a boVcl LoVcrnmcnl wlh tcgard
lo lhc Ncgro gcnctay woudlhcrcotc bc lo crcatc cVcn tcatVcy
gtcatct oggorlunlc8 or adVancc and gtogtc8s or lhc Dcgro lhan
ot lhc whlc. bgcca cmgha88 woud b gaccd ugon lranng
motc Ncgto 8kcd workcr8, ugon lhnca and olhct orm8 o
cducaon, ugon nducng atgct numbct8 lo lakc ug cngncctng,
cncc, ctc. 1hc lcchnca hoos, cocgcs and unVct8lc8, mo8l
o whch atc loday cthct oul o thc tcach o ot cod lo Dcgtoc8,
woud bc gaccd al lhc dgo8a o Dcgrocs cVcn lo a gtogotlon
atcy gtcatct dcgr lhan o lhc tl o lhc gogualon. 1h8 8
lhc ony way lhat 8gcca grVcgc8 ot lhc whlc8 bc donc
away wlh. bocl oVcrnmcnl musl conct gtcatct bcncbl8
ugon c Dcgto8 than ugon mc whl, ot lhc Dcgto8 haVc
8 wl c. 1h8 8 lhc tca lc8t o cguaty. 1h8 8 thc ony
way mal lhc ba88 ot tca cgaty b cHab8h.
y act o dtmnalon ot o gtcjudcc agan8 a Ncgto
w bomc a ctmc undct lhc tcVoulonaty aw. hc b8 o
taw gtcjud and oggtc8son w no ongct cX8t bau cag
w no ongct cX8t. ut t woud m cnttcy Ltogan
to mmc al lhc day attct mc tcVoulon a gtcj udcc w
dgcat. Lagta8m caVc mc o l mhnd c a 8lcnch,
ju8l kc l w caVc bchnd olhct cagla8t dca8 and gtcju
ut lhc w b 8y8lcmalcay oughl by lhc boVct
oVcmcnt and lhc LommunH atty unl lhcy atc cXtngu8h0d.
1cn t w no ongcr bc a guc8lon o wgng out lhc ba88 ot
8uch grcj udcc8, bul o mcrcy oblcralng hc tcmnanl8. boca
w tcmakc man. 1o lhc bt8t gcnctalon o ncw bocl
ctcan8 racc gtcudcc and d8crmnalon w aggcat kc
& hottbc dasc o a ga8t agc.
n aat8 o blalc, n lhc gotca aclVlc8 o lhc counlry,
managcmcnt, n a ghasc8 o gubc c, wlh lhc tcmoVa o
a dtmnalon8, lhc Ncgro w bc gayng a gromncnl gatl,
juH a8 cotgan8, 1adks, Ltanan8, clc., atc today among thc
cadct8 o lhc boVcl Lnon and l8 Lommunst atly.
1hc hottor8 o scgrcgalcd, oVct-ctowdcd ghclloc8 w d8
aggcat. tc8dcnla scclon8 o lhc cly w bc ogcncd lo
c Dcgto. 1hcrc w b no 8cgtcgalcd atca8. Dcgtoc8 8h
to tcman n arcm, or n8lancc, lhcy w bc gcttccty t to

do sO, tO bcautly t, tO buld t ug. ut l thcy wsh lO Vc n

Othcr scOtOns Ol thc Oty, bctIcr OOatcd, O Oscr tO gaOcs Ol wOrk,
Or lOr Othcr rcasOns, thcy w asO bc lrcc IO dO e n laOt,
Ihc vng n c Osc OOnIact and Ihc mxng Ol gcOQcs Ol a na
IOnsand O a cs wi bc ncOuragcd, lOr ths i hascn thc
cstruOtOn Ol u orms ol scQaatm Qasscd Own as a hc
Iagc lrOm caQIa sm, w tcnd to lrccy amalgamaIc a gcOQcs.
hus, n gnra way, wc scc Ihc trcmcndOus gOssbItcs
lor thc cgrO n a Ovct PmrOa. DO Qrvcgcs lOr thc whtcs
whch thc cgrOcs dO nOt at Ihc samc Imc havc, lu cgual
rhIs|hs ts Ih mt nmum IO bc cxQccIcd lrOm a DOvctmcrtOa.
ut tOday sOmc cght mOn DcgrOcs~twO|hrds Ol hc
cgrO QcOQcvc n and arOund Ihc Q antatO rca, n Ihc
mOst baOkward scOtOn Ol thc OOunty. hc basO Ork wl haVc
tO b dOnc hcrc. crc thc rcal cOOnOmO bass lOr cguaty, thc
and QOIca rcazIOn Ol cguaty, s tO uarantc
1he bovef Negro Ke
[
ub|c
c assumc hcrc Ihat thc ncw DcgrO cgublO Orcatcd s a
rcsut Ol thc rcvuIOn Or land and rccdOm s a DOvcI cQu c
nd that Ihs Hcgubc has ttcd thc gucstOn Ol scl-dctcrmna
tOn n lavOr O cdcraIOn wth thc DOVct Lntcd btaIcs. Lndcr
suOh OOnIOns, wc w Iry tO QOturc n ts man lcaturcs thc
translOrmaItOn whch can and w l Iakc QaOc n tcrrIOry.
hc aOIua xIt Ol |h| s ncw cQubO wO n a grob
t t|y bc QrOxmaIc y Ihc prnI ara n whc thc DcrOs
cttutc Ihc ma OI o |h pou uI| On. n Othcr Ords I woud
bc QQrOxmaIy |h cnI p a a| on arca. t wOud bc ccr
Iat n O t ncudc suh ias Hchnnd and DOrOk, LO u
ba and Lharcs|n I anIu,uusI Davnnah and MOOn
cora, MOnIgOcry A abama, cw rcans and bhrcVcgOrt,
a, II Ock, ArkanH, cmhs, cnnscc. n thc
actual |in|on o |hc ori Ol Ihc cw cQub c,
OIhcr nduIra OtIts J bc nc udd. hc aOIua scIIcmcnt Ol
hc gu!ton ol bOundurs | ccnd urcy On Ic IcQs akcn
IO asurc wcrOundcd cconomtO dcOQmcnt I Ihc DcgrO
cQubO. hts gucsIOn wc w dscuss shOrty.
hat w bc Ihc bass Ol QOt!ca QOwcr : hO wl hOld
thc QOtca gOwcr tn Ihs tcrrtIOry:
t Ihc QrcnI t m QO tIca QOwcr t t n Ih hans O th
39
lnlalOn maslcrs and lhc Caglalsls. hc dcmOCraCy whC
gcrms lhc VOtcrs lO clcCl lhs Or lhal rcgrcscnlalVc O lhc n
lcrcsts O thc largc landlOrds and lhc CagIalsts s lmlcd Only
tO a scOn Ol Ihc whlc gOgulaltOn. hc cgrOcs arc graClCally
cnlrcly cXCludcd. hcrc s lcssdcmOCraCy hcrclhan n any OIhcr
garl O lhc COunlry.
s a rcsult Ol lhc rcVOlutOn thc glantalOn mastcrs and lhc
Cagtalsts wll bc OVcrthrOwn. hc Ormcrly cXglOtcd Classcs
Ol thc gOgulaIOn wll COmc lO gOwcr. hcsc wll bc thc wOrkcrs
lhc lOrmcr shac-CrOggcrs, small lcnts and small ndVdual
landOwncrs cCausc lhc cgrOcs arc n a maj Orty, csgcCally
OlthccXglOIcd Classcs, lhc ncw gOVcrnmcntal bOdcs wll bc grc
dOmnanIly COmgOscd Ol cgrOcs. hc aCtual wOrkng Out Ol
rcal dcmOCraCy n lhs tcrrIOrydcmOCraCy Or thc majOrty
Ol thc gcOgc and nOt lOr thc mnOrIy as undcr Caglalsm
wll rcsult n thc cgrOcs glayng thc grnCgal rOlc n thc ncw
gOVcrnmcntal aulhOrty
I wOul, hOwccr bc wrOn O sa IuI thc ncw OVcrnmcnI
wOuld bc a dCtaIOrshg Ol lhc cgrOcs. OltCal gOwcr s bascd
nOl ugOn raCal CharaCtcrsICs but ugOn Classcs. hc ncw gOl-
lCal gOwcr wOuld bc a dCIatOrsh Ollhc wOrkcrs and Ihc small
armcrs. bnCc mOsI Ol thc wOrkcrs and Ihc small armcrs n ths
tcrrtOry arc cgrOcs thcy wOuld naIurally COmgOsc thc grcatcr
garl Ol lhc gcrsOnncl Ol Ihc ncw tOn, IOshg, COunty and rc
gOnal gOVcrnmcnt bOdcs.
hc bOVcI has grOVcn tO bc lhc ntcrnatOnal lOrm Ol Ihs
knd Ol gOVcrnmcntal gOwcr. hc rsl bOVcts wcrc Crcatcd by
thc ussan cVOlutn Ol I905, and wcrc csIabltshcd as Ihc
Orm Ol Ihc dCIaIOrshg O Ihc rlIa taI a rcsulI O thc
ussan cVOlulOn O I9I7. bnCc Ihcn n rcOluIOns whCh
haVc lakcn glaCc n crmany, ungary, ustra, bgan, Lhtna
Luba and Othcr COunlrcs, bOVcts haVc alsO aggcarcd as thc
Orm Ol gOwcr Ol Ihc wOrkcrs and gcasanIs. hc bOVcts whtCh
wll arsc n thc Old bOuIh wll bc sOmcwhaI as Oll Ows
hy wll arsc lOCally, hcrc and thcrc, as lhc rcVOlutOn
slarls, and sgrca as l dcVclOgs urlhcr. ct us lry lO gCurc
lhc COmgOsIOn Ol Onc Ol lhcsc bOVcts, whCh wll hOld gOwcr
m a Ccrlan lOCally. n Ihs bOVct thcrc wll bc rcgrcscntaIVcs
hc sharc-CrOggcrs, lcnants and wagc-wOrkcrs O lhc glanta
Ons lhcn rcgrcscnlatVcs, lct us , O Ihc wOrkcrs n a al
%
8wm Or O a lCrI zct Qant, COIIOn _n, CoIIOnsccd O lac
lOry, Or ncrby IcIc ml l IhOrO mhl bc O Or !wO gOOr and
small andOwnOr8. h8 bV "t wll rCprc-CnI IhC nlrC8Is h
wOkr8 rOm lhc m8 a | l g| anlaIOns and |ht" gOr rmcf8.
l w OmbOdy Ihr ul i anCu JiIwCc:i IhC wOrKrr- Und !hO gOOr
armcr8. I w ll bi: a dCIuIu|-hg O Ih lss, un Is
gOwcr lO ccnd i o Ol h ouIOn and cI ull al
IcmgIs O Ih lOrm panIa1 on ma-lCI8 uni1 CuQIal I uI 1lU*
IcrcVOluIOn.
8 lhc _ans Ol |hc tvuluI On utC COttsudaItd |h uVI
IcrIOrcs w l u Ic I lOrm thc 11W DOVlI C
hc CCnIra bOI bOyOl lhC i w l O COgOcd ol lhC
trQrc-cnIH|Vcs u Ih! a i oIctt-| Wh ch u|C Iu hc lOud n Iht
lUCHl DUVCIs. hc ICrm boVcl DC_rU HCgub C, Ihcrcorcy dOC-
mea a _ub| L u| a guVCIuIrt rtI Comgu-Cd iIy Ol
c_Ocs. hIs s wc| CrOL- w l urIC QuIC n Ihc nPw
grhIc wor|ns a- w I us i^Cpt wu|Lt|s, wh It -hu t0
t:toj:jii:rs as wcl us DCg|O -harC-Cru
j}
t:t-. uI Ihc nutt|c ` DOVu1
cro cgub| C ocs uxQtC88 Ihc aCI IhuI COmg cIc muCruCy,
and Ihc mgorIunI rOlc gayCd by CyrOi'- i oIh VOl un IsC ,
huv- lCcd IhC DCyIut- |hr bOs oyu\t|' tlnlII narut
wi Ih !hc:r rc8 ma OrIy
l musI alsO bc bOrnc n mind IhaI thO grcnI ru ng Clu8-
o Ihc bOuIh s COmgOscd cnIrcy O whIcs. hc rcVOluIo w l
dslrnChsc nd cXgrOgralO lhO grO8CnI cXglOIng and rul n
c s hs Oursc wll bc dOnc On Ihc bss Ol as ds
tnCIOn and nOl racO d:tnclOn cVOrthc88, l wll rcsu| I n
cuIi n_ dOwn hc cr Ol cnltanCh:ct! whIIc C I zt! <.
WO haVO sOmcwhat Ol a smlar 8IuuIOn n Our n hIr
n thO ycar8 a rVOuOnary dC|lOrshg ru|d Ihc
bOulh. hO gurgO8c O lh8 dclalOr8hg w lO grcVcl lhc Or
mOr 8aVOOwnOr8 rOm rclurnng lO gOwcr. h8 wa8 d dlClaIr"
shg O lhO OrlhOrn cagl8l8 and bOulhcrn mdd c Class, sug
gOOd grncga by lhO OrmOr OgrO 88VO8 mn O whOm
wOrO n lhO 8rmy whch g8lrOOd lhc Oulh Or n Ocy Oran
Od rO cub8 andml88. hO dClaIOr8hg wa8 a8O uggOrlcdq
O8gOc8y 8l lhO 8l8rl, b hO gOOr whlO 8rmOr8 O cOunl
gOVOrnmcnl8 n lhO ganlalOn arca8 wOrO cOmgO8cd amO8l On
rOy O OgrOc8. n a numbOr O 8lalO8 lhO OgrOO8 wCrc n lhc
majOrly n lhO Og8alurO8, 8nd lhO hcd many O lhO gOrlanl
4I
state ocs A numbet o Negtes wete eected to the benate
and ouse o HeQtesentat:ves :n Wash:ngIon. at that t:me u1
demotacy had been :n otce the Negtoes woud have had even
atget teQtesentat:on :n the state and aat:ona govetnmenIs.
tet the deeat o tese tevout:onaty govetnmenIs, the Ngtoes
wete comQetey d:stanch:ed.
Undet the tevouI:onaty govetnment o the bov:ets, howevet,
tu democtay t the majot:Iy w: be assuted by cteat:ng Ihe
econom:c bas:s ot t:s democtacy.
1he bconomc oundefon o bque|fy
1Mb LN
Amoag Ihe htst act:ons ot a bov:et govetnment woud be
dectee tooga:z:ng the conhscat:on ot the atge andown:gs
wete th: has taken Qace ot authot:z:ng such conhsat:on : :t
has aot yet taken Qace, convett:ng a gt:vateyowned and :nIo
the QtoQetty o the whoe QeoQe w:Iout comQensat:on, and the
conhscat:on ot a :vesIock and :mQements o Ihe atge and
ownets ot the use o the QeoQe.
1hus woud the desttucI:on o the ganIat:on sysIem :n Ihe
bouth be auIhot:zed accotd:ng to tevout:onaty aw.
1he and woud now be

he QtoQe1Iy o the QeoQe as a

whoe. oca bov:ets ot and comm:ttees, comsed o the Qoot
tatmets and the tatmwotkets, coud now detetm:ne the aoImenI
o and to the otmet tenanIs and shate-ctoQeQts. Whe Ihe d
woud tema:n the toQetty o Ihe HeQub!:c, :t woud b d:v:ded
uQ among the Qoot atmets who t:ght to t: the:t tatms woud
be econ:zed 1hose who ateady have a sma ho!d:ng o and
wod be Qetm:Ited to cont:nue wotk:ng :t and they m:ght even
b g:ven ote and aIet the needs o Ihe and!ess ate sat:she
A! Qtv:ousdebts and ob:gat:ons woudbe canceed. :nan
c:ng, the b+nks and cted:twou!d now :n Ihe hands o Ihe bov:et
saI. W:Ih Ihe temova o a tesIt:ct:ng otes, such as the od
cte:t :nsIIuI:on and the QantaI:on system, a comQ!ete ttans
otmaI: on agt:cu!Iute :n the bouth woud nowbe Qos:b!e 1he
most atea undet caQ:tasm coud now be Iutne :nto a
soutce o we-be:ng ot :ts QoQuat:on. LoIton, the most :m-
gotant c

mmetc:a ctoQ, wh:ch undet caQta:sm :s

he scoutge
ot m::o

s o to:ets, can now be tutned :nto the :nsItument ot

tag:d ecnom: and so:a1 deveomet.
tothe huge Qantatons they ex:st today two k:nds o
agtOuluta cnlctgt8 atc kcy to dcVcOg n lhc bt8t 8tagc8 o
boVct Owct. 1hctc atc abOul %, ganlalOn8 n lhc bOuth.
1hc 8zc o lhc aVctagc ganlalon 8 aboul 1Zb actc8, but ony
8ghly mOtclhan ha o lh8 aOtcagc 8 wOtkcd by lcnanl8 and
8hatcOtOggct8. 1hc tc8l 8 wotkcd by thc andownct hm Wlb
wagcwotkct8. LollOn 8 gtown n thc lcnanl 8ccton o lhc gan
latun, and lhc othct 8cOton 8 a8 a tc8ctVc O and and Ot
thcgutgo o gtOwng ccd Otog8. n thc onc hand, lhc gtc8cnt
tcnanl hodg8 togcthct wlh a mttan Olon O lhc ttVc and
Ouud b tu1ncd nto 8ma atm8 wOtkcd by lhc Otmct lcnanl8.
n thc Othct hand, a goOd gatt O thc wagcabot 8cclOn O lhc
gantalOn cOud bc tutncd nlo mOdc 8lalc a1m8 Ot cOccUVc8.
1hc8c OOud tVc tOm lhc Vcty bcgnnng mmcdalc cXamgc8
Otlhc 8uttOundng 8ma hOdct8 o and a8o to otm cOcclVc8.
Ot lhc adVanlagc O lh8 Otm o atmng, lhc 8Oca8l otm,
wOud mmcdalcy bcOOmc aggatcnL
bomc O thc8c ganlalon8 atc on a ttcmcndOu8 8cac. 1hctc
atc oVct % gantalOn8, ot n8lancc, whch haVc an aVcragc
actcagc o abOul ,b o whch 11 actc8 atc loday wOtkcd
by lhc andownct8 lhcm8cVc8 wlh wagc wOtkct8. 1hc atgc8l
ganlalOn n lhc wotd 8 8lualcd al bcOlt, m., and 8 Ownc
by 8cat )Ohn8On, Onc o lhc hgh oOa8 now n lhc . 1h8
ganlalOn coVct8 1, actc8. n ganlalOn8 O lh8 knd thc
u O modctn machncty and lhc alc8l and mO8l 8ccnlhc mcth-
od8 O agtculutc, lhc bcnchl8 o whch w bc 8hatcd by thc
gtoducct8 lhcm8cVc8, w 8ctVc a8 ltcmcndou8 cncoutagcmcnl
ot lhc ctcalOn O 8mat ganl atm8 oul O lhc 8ma hOdngs
1hc lcchnca ltan8otmaton o agtculutc w nOw Ot thc
bt8l tmc bccOmc go88bc n lhc Od boulh. 1Oday untod
wcalh 8 bcng o8t n 8o cto8On whch 8 Oau8cd by c baO
watd mclhOd8 c8lab8hcd by thc ctcdt and ganlalon 8y8tcm.
1hc goOd 8o 8 bcng cXhau8lcd Ot 8mgy wa8hcd away. m
thc ad O ttancd 8gcca8l8 8uggcd by lhc boVct OVctnmcnt,
ncw mclhOd8 O agtculutc w bc n8llulcd. n8lcad o a onc-
8dcd, oncctog agtculutc, whch 8 dcmanpcd by lhc bankct8
and Otcdlot8, t w bc go88bc to haVc a tOundcd and ganncd
agtOututc. nctot and ma bc wthdtawn and tcganlcd
wbct, OOd OtOg8 may bc ta8cd on olhct and and thc 8o
tc8lotcd by totaton ot Otog8 and thc OulVatOn o totagc, -
LVc-8loOk btocdng w tcga mucbtccdng, a8thc ttaOtot

Othcr agrCultural mChncry rcglaCc thc mulc. hc hugc COllcC

tVc arms Can bc IrccndOus COttOn-grOwn CtOrcs. hc land,
nO lOngcr dVdcd ug nIO small tcnant lOts Cun nOw bc glOwcd
a traCIOr, glantcd by a sccdng aChnc ChOpgcd by mOdcrn
mcnI. hc mcChanCal COtIOn gCkcr whOsc
dcVclOgmcnt hus bccn rc!ardcd by Ihc grcscnI ssIcm O rowng
COItOn, COuld w bc cplOycd grOtubly. hcrc wOuld $
trcmcndOus san n human abor. unr o Ihouands o
arm amlcs Ould now hvc Ihc gOsslIcs Ol lcsurc and
gcaCc, glcnty and abundanCc, cduCIOn and Culturc.
bOCal glannn wll makc Ihs gOsbc. hc rcst Cagtal-
sm has COmc tO glannng s IO glan thc dcsIruIOn O mllOns
O aCrcs O COItOn undcr Ihc ... and Ihc UnkhCad ll hc
nc glannng wll gln, nOt dcsIruCton, buI guon and ds-
trbuIOn
hcrc wll Ih0 rouccs ad apIa b ObIand lor ths
transOra!On Ol OuIh0rn agrulIurc l Ihc gcscnI tm Ihc
ankcrs, OIhcr CrcdtIOs largc CmnsO and mcrChanIng
hOus and Ihc largc landowncrs ObIan grcaI grOts rOm thc
COtOn COuntry. uCh o Ihc surglus nOw grduCc n thc CoIn
OunIry s aCCumulaIcd by Ihc nanC0rs n thc orm O corb
Iant ntcrcsI, n o ass ahn as hh U 7 gr cnt gr
annum. hs garasIm wll nO cr cst. ll COIIOn wll
bc sOld drcCIl IO g mcnI acntcs cIhr rom Ihc CO lcCIc
or sIaIc arms or by |hc CoogcrIVcs Ol th ddul Owncrs.
OVcrnmcnt Crcdt wll bc ac aValablc, n 0us t0rms IO thc
gOOrcst scCtOn Ol thc atn pguaIn n IO Ih OllCtcs.
hus thc Cagtal grOducd by IIon CulIVaItn wll noI Ow ntO
hc COhcrs O all bIrcct but wll b uIlcd lOr mgrng
Outhcrn agrCulIurc and thc CondtOns O Is wOrkcrs.
uI ths ll Ot bc Ihc Only OurCc Ol Cagtal. hc OVcrn
mcnt O thc r cgublC Could aloaIc tO agrCulturc add-
Onal unds rOm thc rcVcnucs Othc bta!c, largcly Obtancd rOm
btatc-Owncd ndusIry.
hrdl, Ihc would bc ccn grcatcr atd rom Ihc Lcntal
bOVct LOVcrnmcnI O thc ntcd btatcs. hc grnCgal gOlCy
O thc LcnIral bOVcI LOVcrnmcnt wth rcgrd IO !hc cgrO c-
ublC wOu d bc IO csIablh Ihc bass O ull cQualIy by ragdly
rasng !hc cCOnOC lcVcl O ths rcgOn. unds Ould mmcd
tcl y bc alloCacd lOr agrCulIural and ndustral dcVclOmcnt n
%
thc bOuth thc ncssary skllcd !cchnca and cXgcrIs wld
bc sugglcd. hs was grccscly thc gOcy OllOwcd by Ihc
gOVcrnmcnI O Ih bOVct 1nOn n rclaIOn IO Ihc backward arca
whcrc thc Ormcrly Oggrcsscd naIOns lVcd. Ihc bOVct 1nO
cOuld dO Ihs, wIh Is rclaIVcly lmIcd rcsOurccs !hc Lcntral
bOct LOVcrnmcnI n Ihs cOunIry wll bc ablc IO dO t On a
much grcaIcr scalc. hs QucsIOn s cOnnccIcd wIh !haI O Ih
buldng O ndusIr Ihc bOuIh.
I NDU51kY
n cOmgasOn IO Ihc rcsI O Ihc OunIry, Ihcrc s a Vcry un
dcVclOgcd and unbalanccd ndusIry n Ihc glanIaIOn arca O Ihc
OuIh tOday. Ih Ihc cXccgIOn O cOIIOn mll IOwns, !hcrc arc
nO mgOrIanI largcscalc ndusIrtcs n thc la clI. hc Only
hcaVy nusIral ccntcr s n rmngham whch s usI O Ihc
nOrIhcrn Ig O Ihc labama lack cl!. hc IcXIlc ndustry by
arthc l argcsI ndusIry n IhcbOuIh s ccntcrcd n Ihc OrIh and
bOuIh LarOln tcdOnI and n Ihc OrIcastcrn garI O LcOrga.
hc rayOn and IObaccO ndusIrcs arc alsO rcmOVc rOm Ih
glan!aIOn arca hc Ony ndusIrcs wIhn Ihc glantatOn arca
Il arcIhOsc whch arc lcel cuuee wIh agrculturc, suc
as rI t cr cOIIn n, OIIOs o| | | umcr, IurgcnInc
hc basc gOlcy O Ihc bOVcI gOVcrnmcnI n Ihs rcsgccI
wOuld bc IO ndusIralc !hs arca. buch ndustrcs as alrcady
cXsI wOul gass nIo Ihc hands O Ihc bOVcI sIaIc. Vcn bcOrc
ncw ndusIrcs ar bulI Ihc hrsI sIcgs arc lkcly IO bc tO Ogcn
Ihc IcIlc ndusIry !O cgrO wOrkcrs, tO ncOrgOraIc such an
mgortanI arca as rmngham n Ihc IcrrIOry O thc cgrO
gublc n Ordcr IO crcatc a bass Or Ih achncbuldng n
dusIry IO mOdcrnc and mgrOVc Ihc crIlzcr cOtIOn-nnn
and OIhcr smlar ndus!ral glants Ihc usc O sccnIc mcthOd
n Ihc cXglOIaIOn O Ihc gnc wOOd, whch undcr thc cOm
gcItVc cagIasI systcm rc nOw bcng Quckly cXhausIcd IO
dcVclOg Ihc urnIurc ndusIry n cOnnccItOn wIh l umbcrng.
nc O Ihc grngal grOlcms wOuld ccrIanly bc Ihc sugly
O agrculIural machncry. hc dcVclOgmcnI O such a largc
alc ndustry n cOnnccIOn wIh Ihc rmngham arca wOul
b On Ih Ordcr OIhc day. rmnghm has nOI bccn dcVclOgcd
IO Is ull gIcntalIcs bccausc O Ihc cOmgcIIOn O thc nOrth
crn s!cclgrOducng ccnIcrs. cI rmngham s cOnccdcd by al
sgccalsIs n thc cld IO bc dcal as Ihc ccntcr O hugc cIa
%
ndslty
hcc atc COsc at hand thc ncCcssaty COa, Otc and
dOomlc hs cOud bccOmc thc gtcal manuaClutng ccnlct O
ttaCtOts 8nd Othct agtCultuta machncty whch w bc a gtcal
Ot n btngng abOul sOcalsm On thc Otmct saVc and.
hs atca s 8sO tch n wact QOwct. LaQtasm has Ony
] u8l bcgun lhc dcVcOQmcnt O clcCttCQOwct n lhc bOulh and
ths gtOwth has bccn tctatdcd bccau lhctc s nOl succnl
ndustty tO makc usc O lhs QOwct. ndct thc Qanncd ccOnOmy
O 8 bOVcl s1alc, Od ndustty wOud bc tccOnsttuCtcd, ncw n
dusltcs wOud atsc
c haVc Ony ndcatcd sOmc O thc QOssbltcs. bll gtcalct
Oncs wOud unOd n a bOVct mctca. hs much s mQOtlant
and Ccttan wlh thc OVcthtOw O thc andOtd-CaQtast QOwct
and thc cstabshmcnl O 1hc bOVct DcgtO cQubc, thc mOsl
baCkwatd scctOn O thc Lntcd btatcs wOud dccOQ ntO an
8dVanCcd wcathy atca hc tCh tcsOutCcs O thc tcttlOty, unt
nOw wastcd and Qlundctcd by lhc caQlasts, wOud bc lutncd
tO lhct Own accOunl by thc wOtkcts and atmcts, wth thc ad O
thc wOtkng cass O th DOtth and nOtthcD tcsOutCcs. hcn
wOd lhc bass O DcgtO cgualy bc cstabshcd. nd thc
Cacd QOOt whtcs wOud alsO bc lbctatcd tOm QOVctty, cXttcmc
cXgOtalOn and b8ckwatdncss
1he Kezton of boc bquty
cn thc slaVcs wctc bctalcd n thc bOuth as a tcsut O thc
V at lhc saVc bOcks and auclOn hOus wctc butncd lO
thc gtOund by lhc Otmct chattcls. nc Can wcl magnc wlh
whal catOn lhc bctatcd QcOQc O hc bOuth nOw buD
hc jm-ctOw sgns, symbOs Othc C8Qlast slaVcty O wh:tc and
DcgtO akc hc bOnhtc O jm-CtOw sgn w ghl thc way
lO tca tccdOm.
hc QOwct O thc wOtkcts and QOOt tmcts w ctcatc Ot
lhc tsl lmc a Cullutc Ot lhc masscs O thc bOu1h. Dcw, mOd
c hO budngs w atsc by thc thOusands. tctacy, lhc
shamc O thc bOulh, w: b wQcd Oul. cchnCa schOOs and
unctstcs wl asO bcCOmc a sOulhctn QtOduCl. c thnk l
cnltcy sac lO QtcCt lhal thc QubC schOO systcm n 8 l8
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