AIS Sats Aff

Grizz Debate Nova Scotia We affirm Resolved: The United States Federal Government should substantially increase its exploration and/or development of space beyond the Earths mesosphere. 1 Contention 1 is the status quo: 1) The US has no SAR or AIS satellites in orbit. Only the following countries have a sateelite equipped with either one, but none have one equipped with both. Thomas, Guy. "Homeland Security Starts at Sea." Earth Imaging Journal. (2011): n. page. Web. 7 Jan. 2012. <http://eijournal.com/2011/homeland-security-starts-at-sea-2>.
The Canadian government currently operates two SARsats in a public-private partnership with McDonald, Dettwiler & Associates
(http://gs.mdacorporation.com/). It launched the first one, RADARSAT, in 1996. A more capable system, RADARSAT 2, was launched in late 2007.

Canada is expected to

launch an additional three to six radar satellites within the next decade. These systems operate in five basic modes and, at low resolution, have wide sensor swaths. Most, if not all, of the coming SARsats will be equipped with AIS receivers. Germany, Italy and Israel also have launched radar satellites, and several other countries are moving that way. On June 21, 2010, the Germans launched TanDEM-X, a second radar vehicle
to fly in formation with the first TerraSAR-X launched in June 2007. Italys COSMO-SkyMed system has four operating satellites, launched between June 2007 and November 2010. TecSAR, the first Israeli satellite to feature SAR technology, was launched Jan. 21, 2008.

Each of these satellites carries a SAR sensor that can see through cloud cover and detect vessels and their wakes day or night. These commercial radar satellites represent a significant improvement over previous commercial radar systems, including images with resolutions as good as 1 meter and special collection methods that can vary the polarization of the energy their sensors transmit to the ground. This permits image collection in different polarizations simultaneously, which can characterize Earths surface structure in interesting new ways.

The International Maritime Organization and the International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities designed AIS to identify and locate vessels by electronically exchanging data with other nearby ships and vessel traffic service stations.

On

April 28, 2008, Canadian company COM DEV International (http://www.comdev.ca/) launched a space-based AIS nanosatellite designed to detect AIS signals from space.
onboard an ORBCOMM (http://www.orbcomm.com/) communications satellite. Prior to that, the U.S. Coast Guard funded the development of a capable AIS collector

SpaceQuest (http://www.spacequest.com/) also has launched

space-based AIS collectors. The initial results of these efforts are promising, and all three companies are planning additional capabilities. Currently there are eight AIS-equipped commercial satellites on orbit, with many more being planned.

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Grizz Debate Nova Scotia Thus, we present the following plan: Plank 1: The United States Coast Guard should launch satellites equipped with automatic 2 identification systems and synthetic aperture radar imaging. Plank 2: USFG (Specifically, the Coast Guard) Plank 3: Telecom Tax Plank 4: We Claim all Forms of Fiat and the Right to Clarify

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Grizz Debate Nova Scotia Contention 2 is the Cocaine Trade: 1) The Cocaine trade is increasingly moving to submarine, making it nearly impossible 3 to catch them. Otis, 2k11 (John Otis, BBC Reporter Specializing In Colombian Affairs, Drug submarines: Colombia's underwater cocaine traffic 4/26, Online [FH])
According to Jay Bergman, who heads the US Drug Enforcement Administration's Andean division, subs have created a whole new challenge in the battle against drug smuggling. "Without question, it has us all going back to the textbooks and the drawing boards and figuring out what are we going to do about this," he said. Mr Bergman pointed out that so far, no drug submarines have been detected under the sea, but seizures of semi-submersibles have dropped dramatically in the past two years. That could mean that traffickers have already made the switch to submarines - and that they are evading detection. "For the analyst looking at emerging threats," Mr Bergman said, "when they see this precipitous drop in semi-submersibles and then the advent of these two submarines, there's a concern that's raised. What are we missing?" US and Colombian officials said they will seek to target the submarines, but in the meantime, there's no shortage of people willing to risk their lives on board the drug subs. The captain said he was recently offered $500,000 to make another trip to Mexico, but he turned it down. "I told them: 'Thank you very much. I wish you all the luck in the world. But I'm not interested.'"

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Grizz Debate Nova Scotia 2) Narco-Subs Are the Method of Choice for Colombian Traffickers They
Carry Seventy Percent of Cocaine Exports and Evade Detection By Status Quo Technology Otis, 2k10 (John Otis, BBC Colombia News Correspondent, Drug traffickers move

underwater Global Post, Published 4-15-2009 and Edited 5-30-2010, Online [HT]) Today, smugglers are moving tons of drugs towards the United States in so-called semisubmersibles, homemade vessels that travel just below the oceans surface and cover distances of up to 2,000 miles. Because they leave tiny wakes, the crude subs are extremely difficult to detect visually or by radar. Even when they are spotted, crew members quickly sink the vessels to get rid of the evidence and avoid being prosecuted for drug trafficking. Authorities seized 14 semi-submersibles last year, and another six have been captured this year, according to Colombian Navy Capt. Mario Rodriguez. Most of the vessels move between Colombia and drop-off points in Mexico and Central America. But in 2006, police discovered a scuttled 33-foot-long semi-submersible off the northwest coast of Spain. Colombian authorities now believe that up to 70 percent of the cocaine leaving the countrys Pacific coast is packed aboard semi-submersibles. U.S. Sen. Frank Lautenberg, a New Jersey Democrat, estimated that the vessels this year would ship up to 480 metric tons of cocaine.

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Grizz Debate Nova Scotia

3) Cocaine is Traded for Weapons Sold To Non-State Actors By the Russian Mafia Moran, 2k (Sue Lackey, Michael Moran, MSNBC Analysts, Field Experts, Russian mob trading arms for cocaine with Colombia rebels 4/9/09, Online [FH]) WASHINGTON, April 9, 2000 Russian crime syndicates and military officers are supplying sophisticated weapons to Colombian rebels in return for huge shipments of cocaine, U.S. intelligence officials told MSNBC.com. A senior intelligence official described the smuggling ring
as literally an industry that threatens to overwhelm the Colombian government and turn the U.S.-backed fight against the Colombia cocaine cartels into a losing proposition. The Clinton administration is trying to escalate the long-running war on Colombias cocaine cartels, and a $1.7 billion aid package to the South American nation is under consideration in Congress. U.S. intelligence officials, all of whom spoke to MSNBC.com on condition of anonymity, said the scope of the Russia-to-Colombia smuggling ring took them by surprise and remains unknown to all but a few high-ranking figures in the American government.

In short, an alliance of corrupt Russian military figures, organized crime bosses, diplomats and revolutionaries has been moving regular shipments of up to 40,000 kilograms of cocaine to the former Soviet Union in return for large shipments of deadly weaponry.

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Grizz Debate Nova Scotia 4) Weapons the Mafia has tried to sell include Nuclear Weapons and Active Uranium. This proves they have them and are willing to sell. Majalla et al, 2k1 (Al-Majalla, Al-Watan al-Arabi and Al-Wasat, Middle Eastern news 6 sources, Bin Laden's Nuclear Weapons 12/27/01, Online [FH])
Two years ago, a group of these mafia in the former Soviet republics procured a number of nuclear warheads to be sold to bin Laden and his Afghan Arab underground. They sold bin Laden over 20
atomic warheads in exchange for $30 million in cash and two tons of opium, worth $70 million. Al-Watans sources say that bin Laden was willing to pay any amount whatsoever in order to get his hands on nuclear technology. His plan is to develop instant nukes; backpack size or smaller nuclear devices easy to conceal and carry to any part of the world. Al-Watans sources say that bin Laden contacted these Central Asian mafias, whose access and connection with the Russian mafia enabled them to purchase not only the warheads but the expertise to support a full nuclear weapons program. After bin Ladens assistants had tried repeatedly to hire nuclear scientists to develop the atomic bomb technology in-house and failed, bin Laden decided to purchase ready-made weapons. Al-Watan al-Arabis report continues to that Western and Arab security agencies who have been following bin Ladens movements know the sources of these weapons. Mamduh Salim, an expert in weapons electronics was recently captured in Munich and is being extradited to Washington where he has been indicted for conspiracy to purchase weapons-grade uranium in Eastern European countries for bin Laden. Bin Ladens attempts to purchase weapons-grade uranium from different areas failed. Al-Watans confidential source states, All bin Ladens attempts to purchase nuclear grade uranium in Eastern Europe were only a cover to distract intelligence agencies from his real work. bin Laden all along had been sending agents of these mafias to exSoviet republics to purchase ready-made atomic warheads. These warheads have been delivered to bin Laden from the Ukraine, Turkmenistan, Kazakh-stan and even Russia. They vary in size and number over twenty.

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Grizz Debate Nova Scotia 5) South America Is the Biggest Internal Link to Non-State Actor Nuclear Proliferation MacDonald, 2k8 (Brad MacDonald, staff writer for the Trumpet, Is Chvez Helping Terrorists Go Nuclear? 5/2008, Online [FH]) 7 Clearly, last weeks seizure raises more questions than answers. While many find assurance in the lack of answers, I find them extremely disconcertingespecially when considered against the growth of the South American terrorist network. Mountains of evidence have arisen in recent years showing that South America is a hideout and breeding ground for the worlds most dangerous terrorist organizations, including al Qaeda, Hezbollah and Hamas. Pockets of South Americaincluding areas in Venezuela, Bolivia and Ecuador, all of which have governments hostile to the U.S.have become launching pads from which the worlds most venomous anti-American entities, particularly radical Islam, could strike the United States. Now we learn that uranium is being illegally traded in the region. Even the weakest imagination ought to be able to conjure images of what the consequences for America could be!

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Grizz Debate Nova Scotia 6) Groups That Receive Weapons from the Russian Mafia Are the ONLY Nuclear Threats Makes Nuclear Use Inevitable and Causes Extinction Power, 97 (Jonathan Power, staff writer for the Baltimore Sun, Threat of the Russian nuclear mafia 10/14/97, Online [FH]) The real issue in terms of imminent danger, both then and now, is the Russian mafia. ''The director of the FBI, Louis Freeh, has warned that Russian organized crime networks pose a menace to U.S. national security and has asserted that there is now greater danger of a nuclear attack by some outlaw group than there was by the Soviet Union during the Cold War,'' the Washington Post reported. In conversation, Munir Ahmed Khan, the former chairman of the world's nuclear watchdog body, the International Atomic Energy Agency, confirms that opinion here is moving in the same direction as Mr. Freeh's. Mr. Khan, commenting on the recent allegations made by the former Russian general and national security adviser, Alexander Lebed, that the mafia has stolen Soviet-era nuclear suitcase bombs, says that if this is true they would be usable: ''Competent nuclear scientists, of which there are many out of work and in economic difficulties, could be hired to keep them operational.'' His view is contrary to statements made by Russian President Boris N. Yeltsin's government. Mr. Khan knows a thing or two about undercover bomb work. He masterminded, against all the odds, the clandestine manufacture of Pakistan's nuclear bomb. Iran, even if it is trying to develop a nuclear bomb, North Korea, if it has ever been, are both unlikely ever to use them. ''Rogues'' they may be. Suicidal they are not. Both live in neighborhoods where a move to deploy such weapons would be met with a debilitating blitzkrieg. As Pakistan does, these countries would keep their nukes in the background, partly deterrent, partly prestige item. The Russian mafia -- and the people it does business with -- is another matter. If they do trade in nuclear weapons, the danger will not be with governments with a fixed address, where Washington, Moscow, London, Paris or even Beijing know where to retaliate It will be with a free-lance terrorist group of no fixed abode, determined to use blackmail to secure a particular objective

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Grizz Debate Nova Scotia
It could be to force the withdrawal of the Turkish army from Kurdish areas or Israel from its settlements in the West Bank or to demand release of jailed Colombian drug barons. Mr. Freeh promised ''drastic steps to prevent and detect'' nuclear weapons falling into the hands of Russian criminal gangs. Yet at the same time he admitted that the Russian syndicates, with former KGB officers in the hierarchy, run 9 the most sophisticated criminal operations ever seen in the United States. What ''drastic steps'' does Mr. Freeh have up his sleeve? Former CIA director John M. Deutch,

commenting on the statement that ''the U.S. government is effectively organized to address the terrorist threat,'' said two words: ''Ha, ha.''
Every policy-maker should read his article in the latest issue of Foreign Policy. Its point is obvious: America is wide open to nuclear terrorist blackmail. Nevertheless, the White House is being very careful to keep the lid on the debate, for fear it could unnerve and alarm public opinion. The officials' caution and reticence is understandable. For decades, Washington justified the possession of nuclear weapons as creating a stable balance of power. All through the Cold War it paid little or no attention to the now-known dangers of atmospheric testing or to those who warned that nuclear weapons were a Faustian bargain and would inevitably fall into the wrong hands. Missed opportunity Washington, London, Paris, Bonn, Rome, Ottawa and Tokyo (the G-7) missed the historic opportunity of the century to put Russia the right way up when they refused to provide the financial wherewithal to enable Soviet President Mikhail S. Gorbachev to make what could have been a relatively smooth transition from rigid communism to a more liberal set-up, something short of today's present Wild West capitalism. They repeated their mistake when they, led by President George Bush, refused the Russian president, Mr. Yeltsin, help in late 1991. Washington sent as the sole emissary a Treasury undersecretary whose job was to insist to the new Russian government that it honor the old Soviet debt. Only 2 percent of NATO defense spending would have done the job and avoided nearly eight years of economic turmoil and, not least, the emergence of the mafia that now threatens us. No doubt Washington would like to deal with this grave crisis without having to throw into relief its past errors. Common sense suggests the White House is working with Moscow to try quietly to buy off the would-be nuclear terrorists.

One wishes the authorities well, for if they fail it will be the greatest tragedy to befall humanity since Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

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Grizz Debate Nova Scotia 7) Only Non-State Actors Will Use Nuclear Weapons Nation-States Have a Nuclear Taboo Perkovich, 2k9(George Perkovich, vice president for studies and director of the Nuclear10 Policy Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the International Institute for Strategic Studies. Extended Deterrence on the Way to a Nuclear-Free World International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament, May 2009, Online [FH]) The underlying difficulty is that nuclear weapons are, or are perceived to be, inherently weapons of indiscriminate and disproportionate destruction. They are self-deterring for actors who depend upon public support from their own populations, their allies, and broader international society. In fact, the taboo against using nuclear weapons has become so strong that the only threat against which it is justifiable and therefore credible to use these weapons is one where the survival of the U.S. or an ally is clearly jeopardized. Yet, with the possible exception of North Korea in relation to Japan or South Korea, no state poses a realistic threat to the national survival of U.S. allies in Europe or East Asia.

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Grizz Debate Nova Scotia 8) Non-State Actor Nuclear Use Shatters the Taboo Through Retaliation. Gusterson, 2k7(Hugh Gusterson, professor of anthropology and sociology at George 11 Mason University, expertise in nuclear culture, Nuclear terrorism: Correcting the future 6/4/07, Online [FH]) We already know the narrative frame that will be put around the smoking ruins of a U.S. city by the national security apparatus and conservatives. We saw it starting on September 12, 2001. We will be told we were attacked because we have not militarized our society enough, and the attack will be used to justify more military spending, new military actions abroad, and further sacrifice of civil liberties at home. When you live so deep inside militarism that you cannot see outside it, military solutions become a reflex reaction--even to problems that militarism caused. The poison becomes the cure. If you think the post-9/11 smorgasbord of Abu Ghraib, illegal domestic wiretapping, and attacks on media and academic critics were bad, wait 'til you see what happens after a city goes missing.

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Grizz Debate Nova Scotia
9) Retaliation Kills Hundreds of Millions Regardless of the Success of the Initial Attack Easterbrook 2k1 (Greg, The new republic, November 1, www.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0111/01/gal.00.html accessed 7/10/03)

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GREENFIELD: Now, finally, Mr. Easterbrook, speaking of ghastly, should a terrorist organization be able to get a nuclear weapon into the United States or Western Europe, Eastern Europe, and blow up something and kill tens of thousands of people, what's the United States response? It's not like attacking a country that bombed us if we don't quite know who this is. What could we possibly do about that?

EASTERBROOK: Well, what held through the Cold War, when the United States and Russia had thousands of nuclear weapons pointed at each other, what held each side back was the fact that fundamentally they were rational. They knew that if they struck, they would be struck in turn.

Terrorists may not be held by this, especially suicidal terrorists, of the kind that al Qaeda is attempting to cultivate. But I think, if I could leave you with one message, it would be this: that the search for terrorist atomic weapons would be of great benefit to the Muslim peoples of the world in addition to members, to people of the United States and Western Europe, because if an atomic warhead goes off in Washington, say, in the current environment or anything like it, in the 24 hours that followed, a hundred million Muslims would die as U.S. nuclear bombs rained down on every conceivable military target in a dozen Muslim countries.

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Grizz Debate Nova Scotia 10) Automatic Identification System Tech Exists, But It Fails Because It Isnt
Space Based AIS Satellites Integrated with Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging Allows For Almost Perfect Accuracy in Real Time Monitoring Of All 13 Naval Vessels, solving for our inability to find smugglers. Singh, 2k10 (Jaswinder Singh, Naval School Postgraduate, Countering Small Boat Terrorism in Territorial Sea 12/2010, Online [FH])
Depending on traffic density, the capability of the AIS-based satellite

constellation to handle a larger number of ships can be increased by increasing

the number of satellites, lowering the height of the satellite, increasing the

reporting interval and / or increasing the observation time.

Aerial based AIS is

capable of providing ship detection capability of more than 99% at 1000 km, if the
number of ships does not exceed its maximum capacity of target handling.

Therefore, a constellation of 18 LEO satellites would be able to provide an

update of every ship across the globe every 15 minutes, but would still not be

able to provide continuous identification capability in time domain for establishing

MST.

However, if the same LEO satellites are fitted with both SAR and AIS, then

these satellites can definitely provide near-real MST.

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Grizz Debate Nova Scotia 11) The Plan Reinvigorates Overall Maritime Domain Awareness And Prevents
Criminals From Exploiting Holes in Security Making the Technology Space Based Is Key Allan, 2k11 (John W. Allan, VP Global Sales & Marketing @ Exact Earth, S-AIS Redefining maritime security 3/23, Online [FH])
Few security commentators would dispute the geospatial issue which dominates contemporary concern over maritime security the generation of a credible Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) picture which is both comprehensive and persistent. In todays globalised, connected world; we believe location is ubiquitous and that everything is tracked. Unfortunately from a maritime perspective, that is far from the truth and vessels once they go over the horizon can essentially disappear. Th is absence of reliable domain awareness hamstrings many if not all aspects of maritime commerce and security. Whether the concern is Port Security and administering the ISPS Code or enforcing national sovereignty over an Exclusive Economic Zone; MDA is the fundamental basis for maritime intelligence.

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This issue was recently explored in depth

by the Nautical Institutes Seaways magazine which spoke of:

Despite the fact that todays sea lanes account for over 80 per cent of world trade by value and generate 100s of billions of dollars in service provisions there is still a creeping seablindness. (Nautical Institute Seaways July 2010 p23).

Maritime traffic once out of range of land-based surveillance systems is largely invisible to shore-side authorities and ships can effectively disappear until they reappear shortly before the next scheduled port call. Until Satellite based Automatic Identification System (S-AIS) became available, the lack of effective global maritime surveillance was exploited by sea-based criminals and terrorists, who could thrive in these oceanic black holes.
Many terrorist groups have demonstrated their ability to launch attacks in the maritime domain, with recent events

in Mumbai, India showing the relative ease with which terrorists can deliver their particular brand of violence from the sea. It is little wonder such events have created an uneasy international consensus that something needs to be done to address this deteriorating situation. Satellite based AIS is the technology that can change all this.