The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Magnitude and Phase The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs
CS 450: Introduction to Digital Signal and Image Processing
Bryan Morse BYU Computer Science Remember: complex numbers can be thought of as (real,imaginary) or (magnitude,phase). Magnitude: Phase: Real part Imaginary part Magnitude Phase |F | (F ) = = (F )2 + (F )2 tan1 (F ) (F )
1/2

How much of a cosine of that frequency you need How much of a sine of that frequency you need Amplitude of combined cosine and sine Relative proportions of sine and cosine

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Example: Fourier Transform of a Cosine

Z F (u) = = = = = Z Z Z

Example: Fourier Transform of a Cosine

Spatial Domain cos(2st) Frequency Domain
1 2 (u

f (t) = cos(2st) f (t) e

i2ut

dt
i2ut

cos(2st) e

dt
1 0.5

s) + 1 (u + s) 2
1 0.8 0.6

cos(2st) [cos(2ut) + i sin(2ut)] dt Z cos(2st) cos(2ut) dt + i cos(2st) sin(2ut) dt Z Z cos(2st) cos(2ut) dt i cos(2st) sin(2ut) dt

0.2 -0.5 -1

0.4

0.6

0.8

0.4 0.2 -10 -5 5 10

0 except when u = s 1 1 (u s) + (u + s) 2 2

0 for all u

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Odd and Even Functions

Sinusoids

Even f (t) = f (t) Symmetric Cosines Transform is real

Odd f (t) = f (t) Anti-symmetric Sines Transform is imaginary

Spatial Domain f (t) cos(2st) sin(2st)

1 2 1 2i

Frequency Domain F (u) [(u + s) + (u s)] [(u + s) (u s)]

for real-valued signals

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Constant Functions

Delta Functions

Spatial Domain f (t) 1 a

Frequency Domain F (u) (u) a (u)

Spatial Domain f (t) (t)

Frequency Domain F (u) 1

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Square Pulse

Square Pulse

Spatial Domain f (t) 1 if a/2 t a/2 0 otherwise

Frequency Domain F (u) sinc(au) =

sin(au) au

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Triangle

Comb

Spatial Domain f (t) 1 |t| if a t a 0 otherwise

Frequency Domain F (u) sinc2 (au)

Spatial Domain f (t) (t mod k)

Frequency Domain F (u) (u mod 1/k )

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Gaussian

Differentiation

Spatial Domain f (t) et

2

Frequency Domain F (u) eu

2

Spatial Domain f (t)

d dt

Frequency Domain F (u) 2iu

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Some Common Fourier Transform Pairs

Spatial Domain f (t) Cosine cos(2st) Sine sin(2st) Unit 1 Constant a Delta (t) Comb (t mod k) Frequency Domain F (u) Deltas 1 [(u + s) + (u s)] 2 Deltas 1 i [(u + s) (u s)] 2 Delta (u) Delta a(u) Unit 1 Comb (u mod 1/k )

More Common Fourier Transform Pairs

Spatial Domain f (t) 1 if a/2 t a/2 Square 0 otherwise 1 |t| if a t a Triangle 0 otherwise 2 Gaussian et d Differentiation dt Frequency Domain F (u) Sinc Sinc2 Gaussian Ramp sinc(au) sinc2 (au) eu 2iu
2

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Properties: Notation
Let F denote the Fourier Transform: F = F(f ) Let F 1 denote the Inverse Fourier Transform: f = F 1 (F )

Properties: Linearity
Adding two functions together adds their Fourier Transforms together: F(f + g) = F(f ) + F(g) Multiplying a function by a scalar constant multiplies its Fourier Transform by the same constant: F(af ) = a F(f )

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Properties: Translation
Translating a function leaves the magnitude unchanged and adds a constant to the phase. If f2 = f1 (t a) F1 = F(f1 ) F2 = F(f2 ) then |F2 | = |F1 | (F2 ) = (F1 ) 2ua

Change of Scale: Square Pulse Revisited

Intuition: magnitude tells you how much, phase tells you where.

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Rayleighs Theorem

Total energy (sum of squares) is the same in either domain:

|f (t)| dt =

|F (u)| du