Colonial America Mayflower Compact- signed by Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower, pledged pilgrims to make decisions based on majority

rule, early form of colonial self government and early form of constitution- establishing powers and duties of government separatists- wanted to completely reform the church of england William Bradford- separatist who was a leader of the separatist colony Anne Hutchinson- believed in antinomianism (faith alone, not deeds, is needed for salvation), banished from Bay colony, led group of followers to form colony of Portsmouth Roger Williams- Banished from Puritan colony(Boston), settled Providence, Rhode Island, recognized rights of native americans(paid them for their land) and complete religious toleration(catholics,quakers,jews) Jonathon Edwards- began the Great Awakening with sermons, God was rightfully angry with human sinfulness, deep penitence leads to being saved by God's grace George Whitefield- ignited the Great Awakening as he traveled throughout the colonies - God is all powerful and saves only those openly professing faith in Jesus, believed that ordinary people didn't need to depend on a minister to lead them John Winthrop- served as governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony (puritan colony, boston) and as head of judiciary- strict and banished Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams Halfway Covenant- offered by some clergy men to people who professed limited religious commitment- people could take part in church services and activities without making a formal dedication in their total belief in Christ Salem Witchcraft Crisis- accusations of witchcraft mainly among women in the Massachusetts Bay colony, many people were hanged and jailed for the accusations Great Awakening- movement characterized by by fervent expressions of religious feeling among masses of people William Penn- father died and royal family owed him debt- given to William Penn in form of a grant of land in Pennsylvania Quakers- equality of all men and women, nonviolence, resistance to military service, religious authority found within each person's soul, not the Bible (religious toleration) Holy Experiment- Penn wanted colony to achieve 3 purposes: provide a religious refuge for quakers and other persecuted peoples, enact liberal ideas in government, and generate income and profits for himself Frame of Government- guaranteed a representative assembly elected by landowners Charter of Liberties- written constitution guaranteeing freedom of worship for all and unrestricted immigration Dutch/New York- colony was controlled by Dutch, king ordered brother, THe Duke of York (James II), to take the land between connecticut and delaware bay

from governor Peter Stuyvesant, ordered to allow the Dutch religious freedom and speak their own language, ordered new takes, duties and rents which were opposed because there was no representation, representative assemble created Fundamental Orders of Connecticut- first written constitution in American history, called for representative government consisting of legislature elected by by popular vote and governor chosen by that legislature Zenger Trial- new york editor and publisher John Peter Zenger brought on trial for libelously criticizing New York's Royal governor, lawyer Andrew Hamilton argued that he was telling the truth, jury acquitted him despite English law that that injuring a governor's reputation was considered a criminal act, opened door for freedom of press Maryland Act of Toleration- granted religious freedom to all Christians, but called for the death of anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus Jamestown, Virginia- King James I chartered the Virginia Company to establish first permanent English colony, first settlers suffered from Indian attacks, famine, disease, bad location (swampy area leading to malaria and dysentary), many of settlers were aristocrats who were not accustomed to physical labor John Smith- forceful leader of Jamestown, "If you do not work you do not eat." John Rolfe- established a tobacco industry Pocahontas- Native American wife of John Rolfe who helped develop a variety of tobacco which became popular in Europe and provided economic prosperity for the colony Tobacco- industry established by John Rolfe and Pocahontas, provided economic prosperity for the colony which had been struggling, required a labor force Indentured Servant- person who was provided free transportation to the new world in exchange for a required number of years of work Joint-Stock Company- pooled savings of people of moderate means and supported trading ventures that seemed potentially profitable, avoided one person losing all of their money if ventures failed House of Burgesses- white, male, landowners as representatives, economy of Jamestown greatly affects the politics because males who own the most land are voted to be representatives Sir William Berkely- royal governor of Virginia who favored large planters and used dictatorial powers to govern on their behalf Bacon's Rebellion- impoverished farmer who led rebellion against Sir William Berkely's government in Virginia, series of raids and massacres against Indian villages on Virginia frontier, burned Jamestown settlement Georgia- colony in south with direct financial support from Englsih government, set up to protect prosperous plantations of South Carolina from threats of Spanish Florida invasions, relieved overcrowded jails and prison shipsby shiping debtors to the american colony to restart life James Oglethorpe- philanthropist who founded Georgia's first settlement, banned the drinking of rum, prohibited slavery

Causes of the American Revolution Proclamation of 1763- American colonists can not settle west of the Appalachin Mountains because England wants to avoid conflict with the Native Americans (conflicts are expensive) Tea Act- passed by british parliament, made the price of the British East India Company's tea cheaper than smuggled Dutch tea even including the tax French and Indian War- the battle for north AMerica between England, France, and Spain, British victories ensure dominance in North America, Peace of Paris establishes English supremacy of North America, provides colonists with first military experience before the American Revolution Salutary Neglect- neglect by mother country giving colonies freedom Sugar Act- tax on foreign sugar (rum) Stamp Act Congress- first time the colonists successfully unite, boycotts and homespun garments (hurts mercantilism), violence Declaratory Act- asserted that Parliament had the right to tax and make laws for the colonies Committee of Correspondence- letters throughout the colonies- north telling south what was going on in the north with the British Boston Tea Party- Bostonians disguised themselves as Native Americans and boarded the British ships with tea shipments and dumped 342 chests of tea into the harbor Boston Massacre- colonists were harassing british guards who were protecting officials, guards fired shots and killed 5 people including the African American Crispus Attucks, guards acquitted in court with help from lawyer John Adams Thomas Paine- author of common sense, convinced american colonists to fight for independence Albany Plan of Union- unite for the common defense during the french and indian war, not approved, written by Benjamin Franklin, provided for intercolonial government and a system for collecting taxes and recruiting troops for the common defense of the colonies Vice-Admiralty Courts- admirals capture colonists for smuggling Patrick Henry- "Give me liberty or give me death!" Quartering Act- required the colonists to provide food and living quarters for British soldiers stationed in the colonies Coercive Acts- closed Boston port- no trade in or out until destroyed tea was paid for, reduced power of Massachusetts legislature while increasing power of of the royal governor, trials of royal officials accused of crimes to be held in England rather than in the colonies, quartering act expanded enabling british troops to be quartered in private homes Pontiac's Rebellion- Native American chief led attack against colonial settlements on the western frontier, Native Americans angered by growing

westward movement movement of European settlers and their refusal to offer gifts as the French had (led to the Proclamation of 1763) Navigation Acts- restricted trade in the colonies to be only with British merchants, could not trade directly with anyone except for Britain, led to smuggling Stamp Act- tax on paper products, first direct tax sons of Liberty- secret organization of American colonists who fought against British actions (examples: Boston Tea Party, destroying British property) Gaspee Incident- ship that caught smugglers, ship gets stuck in in sandbar so passengers leave on row boats to return later, colonists dressed as Native Americans light the ship on fire Quebec Act- English took away legislature and forced canadians to become catholics, Sam Adams said English could do the same thing to them (propaganda) First Continental CongressSuffolk Resolve- demands that King repeals the coercive Act (intolerable acts) Declaration of Rights and Grievances- stated what colonists believed their rights were Townshend Acts- "I shall pluck the feathers from the colonial goose with a minimum of squawking." (taxation without boycotts), British can search anyone at any time and anywhere Writs of Assistance- a general license to search anywhere The Article of Confederation/Critical Period Annapolis Convention- George Washington hosts convention at his home with representatives from 4 states, further discussions at Annapolis convention for all states, but only 5 states sent delegates- James Madison and Alexander Hamilton call for another convention in Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation Land Ordinance of 1785- provided for setting aside one section of land in each township for public education Northwest Ordinance of 1787- granted limited self-government to the developing territory and prohibited slavery in territory lying between the Great Lakes and the Ohio River Shay's Rebellion- revolt led by Daniel Shays against high state taxes, imprisonment for debt, and lack of paper money, showed weakness of federal government The Constitution 4Three-Fifths Compromise- counted each slave as 3/5 of a person, helps determine states level of taxation and representation 1Virginia Plan- representation in Congress based on population 2New Jersey Plan- called for equal representation in Congress

3Connecticut PLan(Great Compromise)- called for a 2 house system (bicameral)- equal representation in Senate, population bases representation in House of Representatives 5Commerce Compromise- allowed congress to regulate interstate and foreign trade, including tariffs on foreign imports, but prohibiting taxes on exports 6Federalists- those who supported the constitution and its ratification and a strong central government 7Antifederalists- those who did not support the ratification of the constitution and who wanted more power for the states rather than a strong central government James Madison- "father of the constitution," main writer of the bill of rights Federalist Papers- 85 essays written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, presenting reasons for the practicality of the Constitution Bill of Rights- argued for by antifederalists to avoid a tyrannical central government, first 10 amendments that protected the rights of citizens, drafted mainly by James Madison Beard Thesis- economic interpretation of the constitution by Charles Beardconstitution written by rich, white men to protect their property Washington and Adams - Our Federalist Beginnings Judiciary Act of 1789- established supreme court with one chief justice and five associate justices Washington's Precedents- president' cabinet (originally 4 cabinets, now 15), 2 term tradition (1 term=4 years), isolationism (avoid foreign conflicts) Thomas Jefferson- Washington's secretary of State Alexander Hamilton- Washington's secretary of the treasury Hamilton's Plan- creation of a national bank, luxury tax (whiskey), pay back war bonds (doesn't want to let the wealthy lose their money from the bonds because the wealthy create jobs), protective tariffs (American manufacturing could not compete with with English manufacturing without protective tariffs) Debt Compromise- Thomas Jefferson agrees to Hamilton's plan if the national capital could be moved to the south (Washington D.C) Excise Taxes- tax on luxury goods Elastic Clause- the government can do anything necessary if it is not stated in the Constitution Whiskey Rebellion- rebellion of farmers in Pennsylvania against Whiskey tax, 15,000 soldiers sent by Washington to put down the rebellion, shows the strength of the federal government as opposed to the weakness displayed by the federal government in Shay's rebellion Federalists- party of Alexander Hamilton Democrats- party of Thomas Jefferson Early American Foreign Policy

Proclamation of Neutrality- Washington's statement that the United States were still to young, and therefore not strong enough to be involved in European affairs (French Revolution), called for United States neutrality, caused Thomas Jefferson;s resignation from Washington's cabinet because he was a French supporter after their aid in the American Revolution Citizen Genet- French minister to the United States who was opposed to the Proclamation of Neutrality by Washington and pleaded to the America people to support the French, his conduct angered Washington (and Jefferson who was a supporter of the French) and Washington made a request to the French government to remove the diplomat from his position Jay Treaty- Washington sent Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, John Jay, to Britain to negotiate a treaty: ask Britain to stop searching and seizing American ships and to stop impressing American seamen into the British navy, Britain agreed to evacuate its posts on the United states western frontier, but said nothing about stopping British seizures of American ships XYZ Affair- United States angry with France after reports that French warships and privateers were seizing American merchant ships, President John Adams sent delegation to France for negotiations with 3 anonymous French ministers known as X, Y, and Z who requested bribes as a basis for entering into negotiations with the United States, but American delegated refused bribes, request for bribes by the French angered Americans and many wanted to go to war with France, John Adams believed the United States were still too young for a major war and sent new ministers to France for negotiations Virginia and Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions- allowed a state to nullify a federal law if it went against the compact formed when forming the national government Embargo Act- cut off trade with the rest of the world, hurt shipping and economy in the United States, encouraged manufacturing, New Englanders talk about secession, repealed for the non-intercourse act Non-Intercourse Act- allowed trade with all nations except for France and England Alien and Sedition ActsAlien Acts- authorized president to deport any aliens considered dangerous and to detain enemy aliens in time of war Sedition Acts- illegal for newspaper editors to criticize either the president or Congress Barbary Pirates- North African coast, the pirates demanded a protection fee for entering into the Mediterranean sea, the United Staes refused to pay and their ships and sailors were seized and taken by the pirates Impressment- the act or policy of seizing people or property for public service or use (foreign sailors capturing American sailors) Thomas Jefferson

Revolution of 1800- changes made by Jefferson when elected President: repealed the excise tax, reduced national debt (created by Hamilton), pardoned seditionist, reliance on gunboats, things kept the same when elected president: kept the national bank, did not fire most of the federalists, retained strong central government despite belief in more power to the states, used the elastic clause to buy the Louisiana Purchase despite his strict interpretation of the Constitution Jefferson vs. Burr- no clear majority in the electoral college, Hamilton, who hated Jefferson but distrusted Burr went in front of the House of Representatives and asked them to vote for Jefferson, Jefferson ultimately won the election with Aaron Burr as his vice president and Hamilton was shot by Burr in a duel Inaugural AddressVirginia and Kentucky ResolutionsNational BankYeoman Farmer- a farmer who works his own land, supported by Thomas Jefferson Barbary Pirates- North African coast, the pirates demanded a protection fee for entering into the Mediterranean sea, the United Staes refused to pay and their ships and sailors were seized and taken by the pirates, Jefferson sent a small fleet of ships and after 4 years of fighting The United States gained some respect and were protected in the MEditerranean when trading Embargo Act- cut off trade with the rest of the world, hurt shipping and economy in the United States, encouraged manufacturing, New Englanders talk about secession, repealed for the non-intercourse act Non-Intercourse Act- allowed trade with all nations except for France and England Jefferson vs. HamiltonJefferson- believed in strict interpretation of the Constitution, believed farming was the future of the United States, supported France, more power to the states, opposed national bank, national debt, and many tariffs Hamilton- believed certain powers were implied by the Constitution/loose interpretation, believed industry was the future of the United States, supported England, more power to the federal government, supported national bank, national debt, and many tariffs Louisiana Purchase- Napoleon was a great general who wanted to conquer the world, but L'ouverture's successful revolt in Haiti encouraged Napoleon to abandon his lands in the Americas, American ministers sent to France for negotiations to gain access to the Mississippi River, but Jefferson was not sure because he believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution and the Constitution did not say anything about buying foreign lands, decided it was what was best for the United States and bought the Louisiana Purchase from France for $15 million Democratic Republican- beliefs/ party of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison

Lewis and Clark Expedition- Lewis and Clark appointed by President Thomas Jefferson to explore the transcontinental United States and the Pacific coast, help from Native America Sacagawea who helped translate between other Native American tribes Twelfth Amendment- changed the way that the vice president was elected, original: vice president=candidate with second highest number of votes, after 12th amendment: added a vice presidential ticket, runs alongside of the presidential candidate John Marshall Judiciary Act of 1789- established supreme court with one chief justice and five associate justices, gave the supreme court the power to force force the executive branch to issue the appointment Midnight Appointments- during John Adams' lame duck period (period after president loses election until new president is inaugurated) he appointed as many federalists as he could to government positions to avoid Jefferson taking down the federal government when inaugurated Marbury v. Madison- Marbury was appointed during the midnight appointments to become the judge for the district of Washington D.C. but his appointment was never sent,when Jefferson is inaugurated he does not give Marbury his appointment because he does not like him, instead Jefferson gives the appointment to his secretary of state, James Madison, and orders him to not deliver it to Marbury, Marbury sues Madison Writ of Mandamus- a court order Judicial Review- allows the supreme court to declare a law unconstitutional McCulloch v. Maryland- establishes the idea of federal supremacy- federal laws are supreme over state laws, a state can not tax a federal institution Dartmouth College v. Woodward- a contract for a private corporation can not be altered by the state Gibbons v. Ogden- federal government is to control interstate trade (trade between states) Cherokee Nation v. the State of Georgia- Cherokees do not have the right to sue in a federal court Worcester v. Georgia- the laws of Georgia had no force within the boundaries of the Cherokee territory Marshall v. Jackson- Andrew Jackson ignored the Supreme Court rulings made by John Marshall (Worcester v. Virginia) Nationalism and the Era of Good Feelings (or was it...) Non-Intercourse Act- allowed trade with all nations except for France and England Federalist Opposition to the War of 1812- believed that the war was a republican scheme to conquer Canada and Florida, with the ultimate aim of increasing Republican voting strength

Macon's Bill- bill introduced by Nathaniel Macon that restricted trade with Britain and France, but if Britain or France agreed to neutrality at sea, the United States would prohibit trade with that nation's foe War of 1812- war between Britain and the United States over violation of United States neutral rights at sea and troubles with the British on the western frontier Hartford Convention- meeting in the north during the war of 1812 in which they talked about secession from the union War Hawk- people who were ager for war against Britain Captain Oliver Hazard Perry- won an important battle against the British at Lake Erie that ed to future US military victories Battle of New Orleans- battle in which General Andrew Jackson led a force of frontiersmen, free blacks, and creoles to stop the British from gaining control of the Mississippi, ultimately battle was meaningless because the treaty of Ghent was signed two weeks earlier John C. Calhoun- South Carolina, war hawk/nationalism, states right advocate Daniel Webster- Massachusetts, against slavery, congressman, pro-business Hayne-Webster Debate- argument over states rights (Hayne) v. Federal rights (Webster),showed Daniel Webster's eloquent and powerful speech Henry Clay- Kentucky,came up with many compromises, war hawk during the war of 1812, congressman Missouri Compromise- proposed by Henry Clay, Missouri would be admitted as a slave state, Maine would be admitted as a free state, in the remaining parts of the Louisiana territory the lands north of the 36,30' would prohibit slavery and in the lands south of that line slavery would be allowed Monroe Doctrine- United States is not to be considered as subject for future colonization by any European powers, opposed attempts of European powers interfering in the Western hemisphere Clay's American System- called for a protective tariff, national bank, and internal improvements Protective Tariff of 1816- passed as means to protect northern business from the cheaper and better quality goods imported from Britain Andrew Jackson Battle of New Orleans- battle in which General Andrew Jackson led a force of frontiersmen, free blacks, and creoles to stop the British from gaining control of the Mississippi, ultimately battle was meaningless because the treaty of Ghent was signed two weeks earlier Election of 1824- people running: Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, John C. Calhoun, William H. Crawford, no clear majority and decision goes to the House of Representatives, Henry Clay supports John Quincy Adams and John Quincy Adams is then elected president by the House of Representatives Corrupt Bargain- after supporting John Quincy Adams in the election of 1824, Henry Clay was chosen by John Quincy Adams to be his secretary of State

Jacksonian Democracy- expanded suffrage, patronage (gave jobs to his political supporters), strict constructionism, Laissez-faire economics, Manifest Destiny Revolution of 1828- Andrew Jackson's election in 1828 Clay's "Compromise" Tariff- gradually lowered the tariff, but did not quell the idea of secession Peggy Eaton Affair- Pegg O'Neale Eaton, the wife of Jackson's secretary of war, was called an adulteress and the wives of other members of Jackson's cabinet, especially John C. Calhoun's wife, Floride, refused to invite her to their private parties , Jackson stood behind her because his wife went through similar events during the election if 1828 and asked the cabinet members to accept Peggy Eaton socially, this request led to the resignation of most of Jackson's cabinet, including his vice president, John C. Calhoun, Martin van Buren who remained loyal to Jackson became the new vice president Kitchen Cabinet- group of unofficial advisors to Jackson after most of his cabinet had resigned or been forced to leave by Jackson after the Peggy Eaton Affair (also known as the Petticoat Affair) Indian Removal Act- law that forced the resettlement of thousands of Native Americans west of the Mississippi River because Jackson sympathized with the land-hungry citizens who were eager to take over land previously held by Native Americans Worcester v. Virginia- the laws of Georgia had no force within the boundaries of the Cherokee territory, ruling by Marshall ignored by Jackson and the Cherokees were forced to leave their lands, leading to the trail of tears Trail of Tears- the journey by Cherokee Native Americans to the west of the Mississippi River after the Indian Removal Act on which over 4,000 Native Americans died, forced out by American troops Maysville Road Veto- veto by Jackson to use federal funds to construct the Maysville Road because it was wholly in one state, Kentucky, the home state of his rival, Henry Clay National Bank- Jackson believed the bank abused its powers and only served the interests of the wealthy and that the presence of a national bank was unconstitutional, vetoed the rechartering of the national bank and withdrew all federal funds and transferred them to various state banks known as "pet banks" Nicholas Biddle- president of the national bank Specie Circular- required that all future purchases of federal lands be made in gold and silver rather than in paper banknotes, attempt by Jackson to decrease inflation caused bank notes to lose their value and for land sales to plummet, leading to a financial crisis known as the panic of 1837 Spoils System- political supporters given jobs (corrupt), people became interested in voting because of personal interest Theory of Nullification- each state has the right to decide whether to obey a federal law or declare it null or void, occurred in South Carolina because of their

opposition to the increase of the Tariff of Abominations (John C. Calhoun), Jackson believed in state rights unless it leads to disunion King Veto- vetoed more bills than the total vetoes cast by all six preceding presidents because he believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution