PAPAVINC -Parts of Speech

The word PAPAVINC is a mnemonic - a way of remembering different kinds of words, also known as parts of speech. Not all languages have words falling into all these categories and some languages have extra words. For instance, quite a few languages have no prepositions, many dont distinguish between adjectives and nouns, and some others have other parts of speech such as articles (the and a/an in English) or numerical coefficients. However, since traditional grammar is based on Latin and Greek in the West, this can be illustrated using those languages along with English. If the following is not clear, the table afterwards may help. Pronoun - A word which stands in place of a noun. Adjective - A word which describes a noun. Not clearly separate from nouns in Latin or Greek. Preposition - A word figuratively or metaphorically expressing a position with respect to another. Not all languages have these at all, others have postpositions instead and still more have words either side of a word. True prepositions occur before the relevant word, hence pre-". Adverb - Said to be a word which adds to a verb and which often describes the way in which something is done, often ending in -ly" in English. In fact, this is really a dustbin category for words which fit in nowhere else. Verb - A doing" or action word. This doesnt work for all verbs, for instance be" or have". Interjection - A word whose meaning cannot be expressed as a dictionary definition but has some other role. Noun - A word which names an item, real, abstract or imaginary. Conjunction - a word, sometimes a sequence of words, joining together two phrases or words.

EXAMPLES
Part of Speech Pronoun Adjective Preposition Adverb Greek Latin example example E - I Ego - I Albus - white white, bright - in In - in Nunc - now - in the manner of an ox ploughing a field Amare - love steal - oh! Ave - hello () - Aqua - water Universe - and Et (&) - and English example I White In Slowly

Verb Interjection Noun Conjunction

Steal Hello Duck And

Note: The word is used to describe an early way of writing Greek and Latin where alternate lines were written in opposite directions and the letters were written the opposite way round, like an ox ploughing a field back and forth. Familiar words from the above: Egoism, leukocyte, enthusiasm, boustrophedon, kleptomania, (same word), Cosmos, triskaidekaphobia fear of the number thirteen; Albino, intellect, amarous, aqueous, the ampersand (a stylised form of the letters ET as in &, for example).