Lecture 9

Controlled Rectifiers
The Controlled Half-wave Rectifier
Normal rectifiers are considered as uncontrolled
rectifiers.
Once the source and load parameters are
established, the dc level of the output and power
transferred to the load are fixed quantities.
A way to control the output is to use SCR instead of
diode. Two condition must be met before SCR can
conduct:
The SCR must be forward biased (V
SCR
>0)
Current must be applied to the gate of SCR
Controlled, Half-wave R load
A gate signal is
applied at t = ,
where is the
delay/firing angle.
R
V
R
V
I
s rms
o
rms
o
2
,
,
= =
Example
Design a circuit to produce an average voltage
of 40V across 100 load resistor from a 120V
rms
60 Hz ac source. Determine the power absorbed
by the resistor and the power factor.
Briefly describe what happen if the circuit is
replaced by diode to produce the same average
output.
Example (Cont)
Solution
rad
V
V
o
s
o
07 . 1 2 . 61
] cos 1 [
2
2 120
40
] cos 1 [
2
= =
+ =
+ =

In such that to achieved 40V

average voltage, the delay angle
must be
If an uncontrolled diode is used,
the average voltage would be
That means, some reducing
average resistor to the design must
be made. A series resistor or
inductor could be added to an
uncontrolled rectifier, while
controlled rectifier has advantage
of not altering the load or
introducing the losses
| |
V
V
V
m
rms
o
6 . 75
2
) 07 . 1 ( 2 sin 07 . 1
1
2
2 120
2
) 2 sin(
1
2
,
=
+ =
+ =

W
R
V
P
rms
1 . 57
100
6 . 75
2 2
= = =
63 . 0
100
6 . 75
) 120 (
1 . 57
=
|
.
|

\
|
= pf
V
V
V
s
o
54
) 120 ( 2
= = =

Controlled, Half-wave R-L load
R
L
R
L
L R Z and
otherwise
t for e wt
Z
V
wt i
t
m
=
|
.
|

\
|
= + =

|
.
|

\
|
=

|
.
|

\
|

, tan , ) (
0
) sin( ) [sin(
) (
1 2 2
The analysis of the circuit is very
much similar to that of uncontrolled
rectifier.
) ( ) (
2
1
, ,
) ( ) (
2
1
) ( ) (
2
1
,
2
2
2
t d t i I
current average and
t d t i t d t i I
current rms
o
rms

=
= =
Controlled, Half-wave R-L
load
;
,
] cos [cos
2
) sin(
2
1
,
2
R I P
load by absorbed power average The
V
t d t V
V
voltage output average The
rms
m
m
o
=
=
=

Full wave Controlled Rectifier

Discontinuous and Continuous
Operations
Discontinuous Mode
Continuous Mode
4-3 controlled full-wave rectifiers
Resistive load Fig.4-10
) cos (
Vm

) wt ( d ) wt sin( Vm Vo
+

=

=

1
1
angle delay =
) cos 1 (

+ = =
R
Vm
R
Vo
Io

4
) 2 sin(
2 2
1

) ( ) sin (
1
2
+ =
=

R
Vm
wt d wt
R
Vm
I
rms
The power delivered to the load rmsR I P
2
=
The rms current in source is the same as the rms current in
the load.
R-L load : Fig.4-11
Analysis of the controlled full-wave rectifier operating in the
discontinuous current mode is identical to that of the controlled
half-wave rectifier, except that the period for the output current
is .
| |
) /( ) t (
o
e ) sin( ) t sin(
Z
Vm
) wt ( i

= for
t
R
L
, )
R
L
( tan
) L ( R Z
=

=
+ =
1
2 2
For discontinuous current
+ <
discontinuous current :
continuous current
0 ) ( , + + = i wt
| |
current continuous for
R
L
Tan
0 ) - (
0 ) - sin(
e
e
1 -
) (
0 1 ) sin(
0 ) sin( ) sin(
) /(
) /( ) (

+
+

+
,.... 6 , 4 , 2
1
) 1 sin(
1
) 1 sin( 2
1
) 1 cos(
1
) 1 cos( 2
cos
2
) ( sin
1
) cos( ) (
2 2
1
=
(

+
+
=
(

+
+
=
+ =
= =
+ + =

=
n
n
n
n
n Vm
b
n
n
n
n Vm
a
b a Vn
Vm
wt d wt Vm Vo
n nwt Vn Vo wt v
n
n
n n
n
0

) (
an
bn
Tan n
1 -

=
Fig 4-12
R
Vo
Io
)
In
( Io Irms
| jnwL R |
Vn
Zn
Vn
In
... , n
=
+ =
+
= =

= 4 2
2 2
2
R-L Source load Fig.4-14
The SCRS may be turned on at any time that they are
forward biased, which is at an angle
) ( sin
1
Vm
Vdc

For continuous current case, the average bridge output voltage is
average load current is
The ac voltage terms are unchanged from the controlled rectifier
with an R-L load. The ac current terms are determined from
circuit.
Power absorbed by the dc voltage is
e l is L if R Io rmsR I P arg
2 2
=

= cos
Vm
Vo
2
R
Vdc Vo
Io

=
Vdc Io Pdc =
Power absorbed by resistor in the load is
Controlled Single-phase converter operating as an inverter
seeing Fig 4-14. 4-15
.
Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chapter 6 Thyristor Converters
Full-Bridge Thyristor Converters
Identical to single phase and three phase diode
rectifiers but with diode replaced by thyristors.
Start analysis with current source load
Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chapter 6 Thyristor Converters
Average DC output voltage
Assuming AC side inductance is zero
Note that output voltage can go negative for
alpha > 90 degrees.
This means negative power flow or inversion

cos
2 2
s d
V V =
Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chapter 6 Thyristor Converters
Input current waveform, PF, DPF
As before, except for the
change to Displacement
Power Factor DPF
NB input current always
the same, as output
power varies, PF varies

cos
2 2
cos
90 . 0 2
2
1
1
= =
=
= =
=
s
s
d d s
d s
I
I
DPF PF
DPF
I I I
I I