The Spherical Collapse Model in Time Varying Vacuum Cosmologies

Introduction
(t)CDM
Generalization of the virial theorem
The spherical collapse model
Comparison among different types of vacuum
Conclusions
The spherical collapse model in time varying vacuum cosmologies

S. Basilakos, M. Plionis e J. Sol
Jos Fernando de Jesus Departamento de Astronomia - IAG/USP
26/08/2011
1 / 23
Introduction
(t)CDM
Conclusions
Summary
1
Introduction
Cosmology with a time dependent vacuum
Conclusions
2 / 23
Introduction
(t)CDM
Conclusions
Introduction
(t)CDM models are intended to alleviate the CCP;
Renormalization Group of QFT motivates variation of constants, including ;
RG = n0 + n2 H 2
(1)
3 / 23
Introduction
(t)CDM
Conclusions
(t)CDM
FRW equations: H2 ( )2 a a = 8 G 8 G = (m + ) , 3 3 (2)
a 4G = (m 2 ) . a 3 m + 3Hm = . Combining equations (2) and (4), we nd: 3 H + H 2 = 4G = . 2 2
(3) (4)
(5)
4 / 23
Introduction
(t)CDM
Conclusions
(t) from QFT
2 (H) = n0 + n2 H 2 = 0 + 3(H 2 H0 )
(6)
where is a constant, which can be positive or negative but small: || 1/12 E 2 (a) = m 3 (1) + a = + m a3(1) . 1 1 m + = 1 = m + . m + 3Hm = 3Hm . m (a) = m0 a (a) = 0 + 8G
3(1)
(7) (8) (9) (10) (11)
] m0 [ 3(1) a 1 . 1
+0.02 SNIa+BAO+CMB give m = 0.280.01 (or m 0.281) and = 0.002 0.001.
5 / 23
Introduction
(t)CDM
Conclusions

For U R n , virial condition is 2T nU = 0; Newtons limit of Einsteins equations in the presence of a term is Poisson equation 2 = 4G(m 2 ); It follows that = 1 R 2 , thus virial condition for CDM is 2T + UG 2U ; 6 For (t)CDM this holds no more. One must modify Layzer-Irvine equation, which describes the ow to virialization. The generalized Layzer-Irvine equation will be d(a2 T ) dU 3a2 HT = a2 ( + HU ) + 6a2 HU dt dt where U = UG 2U , 1 2 u 2 nm dV ,
nm (x)nm (x ) dVdV |x x |
(12)
T = 1 UG = G 2 and 1 U = G 2
(13) (14)
nm (x) (x ) dVdV . |x x |
(15)
6 / 23
Introduction
(t)CDM
Conclusions
For a spherical mass uctuation M = 4nm R 3 /3, one can show that the above potential energies become UG = and U = 16 2 G 3
0
0 R
2 x 4 nm (x)dx =
3GM 2 5R M 2 R 10
(16)
16 2 G 3
x 4 (x)nm (x)dx =
(17)
where the last equality holds for a homogeneous vacuum energy = (a); Now, for a system that reaches the equilibrium (virial regime, and U = T = 0) they derive the condition (2 3)T + (1 6)(UG 2U ) = 0 or UG 2U 1 3/2 = 2 = 2 9 + O( 2 ) T 1 6 (18)
(19)
where the last equality is valid for small values of .
7 / 23
Introduction
(t)CDM
Conclusions
we just replace the scale factor a(t) with the radius R(t): R 4G = [ms 2s ] , R 3 (20)
where ms and s stand for matter and vacuum energy densities in the spherical patch. one has to deal with the following three distinct scenarios: (i) the situation in which the vacuum energy remains homogeneous and only the corresponding matter virializes; (ii) the case with clustered vacuum energy, but now assuming that only the matter virializes; (iii) the case with clustered vacuum energy, considering that the whole system virializes (both matter and vacuum components). In this paper, they focus on scenarios (i) and (iii);
8 / 23
Introduction
(t)CDM
Conclusions
at , Rt stand for turnaround epoch (maximum size of spherical region); ac , Rc stand for the virialization epoch (spherical region has collapsed and virialized); due to the coupling between the time-dependent vacuum and the matter component, m (a) a3(1) and ms R 3(1) ; the same happens for s ; the time needed for a spherical shell to re-collapse is twice the turn-around time, tf 2tt , which implies that: [ ] [ ] 3(1) 3(1) 0 ac 0 at sinh1 r 2sinh1 r , (21) where 0 = /m . r
9 / 23
Introduction
(t)CDM
Conclusions
Figura: The turn around redshift as a function of the virial redshift. The solid, long dashed and short dashed lines represent the RG model, for = 0.002, 1/12 and 1/12, respectively. For = 0.002, zt 1.532zc + 0.751. The solid points correspond to the concordance CDM cosmology. Inset Panel: The relative fractional difference between the three RG models and the concordance model.
10 / 23
Introduction
(t)CDM
Conclusions

x= ( )2 x a at and y= R Rt , (22) (23) (24)
[ ] = Ht2 m,t x 3(1) + x m,t [ ] 2 H m,t y s = t 2 , y 2 m,t y 3(1)
where Ht2 m,t = 8G m,t , ms,t = m,t . The parameter is referred to as the density 3 contrast at the turnaround point. 1 + 0 at r x 3(1) = I(x) = , 3(1) ,t 1 + 0 a r
t 3(1)
(25)
,t = 1 m,t . Inserting now eq.(25) into eq.(23), we nally obtain [ ] x 2 = Ht2 m,t x 1+3 + rx 2 I(x) where r = ] ,t [ 3(1) 3(1) + = a 1 at m,t m t 1
(26)
(27)
11 / 23
Introduction
(t)CDM
Conclusions
Of course for the Einstein-de Sitter case (m = m = 1 and = 0) the solution of the system formed by eq.(23) and eq.(24) reduces to the well known value of the density ( )2 contrast at the turnaround point: = 3 , as it should. 4 For (t)CDM, using both the virial theorem and the energy conservation (Tc + UG,c + U,c = UG,t + U,t ) at the collapse time and at the turn around epoch respectively we have: q1 UG,c + q2 U,c = UG,t + U,t (28) where q1 () = 1 + 3 2 3 q2 () = 4 15 . 2 3 (29)
12 / 23
Introduction
(t)CDM
Conclusions
Homogeneous vacuum energy

If vacuum energy can be treated as homogeneous on scale of galaxy clusters s (a) = (a) = (a)/8G (hereafter the RGH model). Therefore, inserting eq.(25) into eq.(24), we obtain [ ] H 2 m,t y = t 2ryI(x) (30) 23 2 y with boundary conditions: (dy /dx) = 0 and y = 1 at x = 1. Using now, the combined equation (28) for the potential energies, we obtain a cubic equation that relates the ratio between the virial (Rc ) to the turn-around outer radius (Rt ), the so called collapse factor ( = Rc /Rt ): q2 ()nc 3 (2 + nt ) + 2q1 () = 0 , where nc = and nt = with n0 =
3(1) [ ] 2at (ac ) 3(1) = n0 + ac 1 4Gm,t (1 ) 3(1) [ ] 2at (at ) 3(1) = n0 + at 1 4Gm,t (1 )
(31)
(32)
(33)
2 at
3(1)
(34)
13 / 23
Introduction
(t)CDM
Conclusions
Homogeneous vacuum energy
Finally, solving the cubic eq.(31), we calculate the collapse factor. For the Einstein-de Sitter model (m = 1, = 0) we have = 0 and all coefcients vanish nc = nt = n0 = 0, so that eq.(31) boils down to = q1 (0) = 1/2. In this framework, the density contrast at the virialization epoch is given by: vir = ms,c = 3 m,c ( ac at )3 , (35)
Notice that the Einstein-de Sitter value for vir is precisely 18 2 .
14 / 23
Introduction
(t)CDM
Conclusions
Clustered vacuum energy

If the vacuum energy density on the scale of galaxy clusters is clustered: s (R) = s (R)/8G. In this case, we may have = s . It is considered the extreme situation in which the vacuum energy fully clusters along with the dark matter, avoiding energy non-conservation. They assume that s (R) has a similar functional form as (a): s (y) = 0 + 8G ] s m,t [ 3(1s ) y 1 , 1 s (36)
In this paper it is used 2 different versions of s , namely s = = 0.002 (hereafter RGC1 ) and s = 0.002 (hereafter RGC2 ). Inserting eq.(36) into eq.(24), we obtain y = Ht2 m,t 2 [ ( ) ] (1 3s ) s 2 r y . 23s (1 s )y 1 s )2 = (37)
The above differential equation can be solved analytically, and it leads to: ( dy dx P(y , ) + C , x 1+3 + rx 2 I(x) (38)
where the boundary conditions, (dy /dx) = 0 and y = 1 at x = 1, imply that C = P(1, ).
15 / 23
Introduction
(t)CDM
Conclusions
Clustered vacuum energy

Integrating:
0 1
dy P(y, ) + C
=
0
dx x 1+3 + rx 2 I(x)
(39)
Now with the aid of eq.(36), we can integrate eq.(17) in order to derive the potential energy associated with the vacuum energy inside the spherical overdensity: U = s Mms,t 2 s Mms,t M0 2 R + 4G R 4G R 1+3s (40) 3(1) 10 5(1 s ) (1 s )(2 + 3s )R
t
In this case, the algebraic equation which denes the collapse factor is found from the combination of equations (28), (16) and (40) as follows: q2 (s )[n0 f (s )]3 A(n0 , s ) + g(s )3s + 2q1 (s ) = 0 , where n0 is dened in equation (34), with f (s ) = and A(n0 , s ) = 2 + n0 f (s ) + 2s , 1 s g(s ) = 10s q2 (s ) (1 s )(2 3s ) g(s ) . q2 (s ) (41)
Finally, solving eqs.(39) and (41), we can estimate the density contrast at virialization from eq.(35).
16 / 23
Introduction
(t)CDM
Conclusions
Figura: The density contrast at the turn around epoch, as a function of the turn around redshift. The lines represent the following cosmological models: (a) RGH (solid), (b) RGC1 (dot line, s = 0.002) and (c) RGC2 (dashed line, s = 0.002). The points represent the concordance CDM cosmology.
17 / 23
Introduction
(t)CDM
Conclusions
Figura: Upper Panel: The deviation (1 / )% of the collapse factor for various vacuum models with respect to the solution. Bottom Panel: The density contrast at the virialization, vir , as a function of redshift. The lines represent the following cosmological models: (a) RGH (solid), (b) RGC1 (dotted line) and (c) RGC2 (dashed line). The points represent the traditional cosmology.
18 / 23
Introduction
(t)CDM
Conclusions
Tabela: Numerical results. The 1st column indicates the vacuum model used. Between column two and four, we present the main properties of the spherical collapse model [vir (zc ), (zt )], assuming that galaxy clusters have collapsed prior to the present time zc 0 (zt 0.75). In columns four and ve, we give the same quantities but considering that clusters have formed (collapsed) prior to epoch of zc 1.6 (zt 3.2), in which the most distant cluster has been found.
Model RGH RGC1 RGC2
vir (0) 348.6 339 317.6 368.8
(0.75) 6.80 6.79 6.66 6.62
vir (1.6) 190 184.3 168.6 195.2
(3.2) 5.64 5.62 5.40 5.38
19 / 23
Introduction
(t)CDM
Conclusions

One can easily calculate the observational value of vir of a cluster at a redshift z, from: 3Mvir vir = (42) 3 4crit,0 m,0 (1 + z)3 rvir and compare it with the model expectations. Now, the cluster virial radius can be calculated from the projected separations of the Nm galaxy members according to: rvir = Nm (Nm 1) [ ]1 , 2 Nm 1 Nm dL tan(ij )
i=1 j=i+1
(43)
where dL is the luminosity distance of the group and ij is the angular (i, j)-pair separation. Using the observed cluster velocity dispersion, v , and rvir one can estimate the clusters virial mass using the virial theorem, according to: Mvir =
2 r 3 3v rvir + vir . G 5G
(44)
3 The second -based term is negligible, 4.7 1011 rvir M , and therefore it does not affect signicantly the mass estimates of clusters of galaxies.
20 / 23
Introduction
(t)CDM
Conclusions
They have applied this methodology to the 2MASS High Density Contrast group catalog, which is a low-z catalog with overdensity / 80; They selected only those groups with projected axial ratio > 0.8 and with at least 16 galaxy members (in order to have a relatively accurate determination of their shape, velocity dispersion and thus Mvir ) and they were left with 7 clusters at z 0.015; By clippping the lower and higher vir outliers, they have derived a mean value of vir = 348 and a standard deviation of the distribution of 73; They claim that although they have derived these vir values using the concordance CDM cosmological model to estimate dL , there would be no appreciable difference if they used any of the other models, because of the very small value of and of the very low redshift of the sample; Inspecting Table 1 it is evident that the previously derived observational values are in good agreement with the theoretical expectations although with the present level of uncertainty we cannot distinguish among the models. However, in the case of the clustered vacuum energy model it is possible to put some limits on the value of s .
21 / 23
Introduction
(t)CDM
Conclusions
Figura: The present time virial density for the clustered vacuum energy model as a function of s (open points). The inner and outer dashed lines correspond to the 1 and 2, observationally determined, virial density limits respectively (202 vir 494), based on a subsample of the 2MASS High Density Contrast group catalog. This gives, at 2, 0.009< s < 0.012.
22 / 23
Introduction
(t)CDM
Conclusions
Conclusion
Amplitude and the shape of the virial density contrast is affected by the considered status of the vacuum energy model (homogeneous or clustered); In the case where the distribution of the vacuum energy is clustered the structures produced are more concentrated (under specic conditions) with respect to the homogeneous dark energy case; Finally, by comparing the predicted virial density contrast at the present epoch with a preliminary analysis of a suitable subsample of the 2MASS High Density Contrast group catalog (at a mean redshift of z 0.015), we nd that the inhomogeneous vacuum energy models can be accommodated, at a 2 level, if the vacuum clustering parameter is within the range: 0.009< s < 0.012; The latter result points to the direction that perhaps the vir parameter, once estimated accurately from observations, could be used in order to determine the internal physical properties of the vacuum energy.
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The Spherical Collapse Model in Time Varying Vacuum Cosmologies

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Introduction

Generalization of the virial theorem