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Understanding Subnetting

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I would rather understand subnetting than simply remember the number of hosts in a /25 network. References that show you every combination are cool, and I'll include one below, but the focus of this page is to help you understand subnetting instead of showing you a cool chart. I'll give a hint: It's all about the binary.

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[ Here's the link to the image itself. ] The chart isn't particularly special; there are many out there that are similar, but most of them are aimed at giving you instant results. The concept for my chart is to be able to understand how we arrive at the various numbers by thinking it through. The answer is startlingly simple: you just use the binary steps at the top as your guide for each lateral movement. For example: For a /25 you start in the 128 place (one extra bit to the right). That's your subnet. You have 2 networks, each with 126 hosts in them. If you want to go another bit to the right (/26), you're going to add the binary number for that column to 128, which is 64. So, 128 + 64 = 192. That's your subnet. And since you've gone to the right one -- and you were at 2 networks, you now have double that number of networks (remember, each slide is an exponent of two, i.e halving). So you now have 4 networks, each with half the number of hosts in them (64 - 2 = 62). So that's the secret. You slide back and forth on the binary scale; as you go to the left you go up one exponent of 2 in networks, while simultaneously going down one exponent of 2 in hosts. Another way to say that is that for each bit slide to one side you double either the number of networks or hosts while halving the other. So at one position your networks are 2 and your hosts are 128, and when you go to the right your networks are 4 and your hosts are 64 (-2). If you went to the right instead you'd be at the /24 mark, and guess what? Hosts go UP from 128 to 256 (doubled), while the network goes DOWN from 2 to 1 (halved). One network of 256 (-2) hosts, just like we would expect.

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My chart only covers the class C range, but here's my favorite full reference from layertwo.net. Try using the concept above on some class B or A ranges; it's all the same stuff. The key is that whether you're doing a class A, B, or C it's still just a matter of sliding back and forth along the binary scale.

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So the next time you're having trouble with doing subnets in your head or on paper, try drawing my chart first (binary, bits, subnets, networks, hosts) and remember the binary sliding concept before looking at the full reference chart shown above. I think you'll find it enjoyable to grok it rather than look it up. And as always, if you have any questions or comments you can contact me here.

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