9 Phy Unit 11

Written by: - SHAHZAD IFTIKHAR Contact # 0313-7891989, 0333-5319544 e-mail: shahzad2sunny@hotmail.com website: www.eservicespakistan.
com PHYSICS FOR 9TH CLASS (UNIT # 11) ============================================================ Read Instructions before study: Bullet means you have to write the answer in paragraph shape and you could not change the sequence. Bullets are used only for your ease. i) Roman numbered, question may be written as it is. However sequence can be changed. *** This item should not be written in answer. It is just a hint for you. Pay more attention on the bold text in answers. =*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=
THEORY
Question: Define Thermometer and thermometry? The instrument used to measure the temperature is called thermometer. And the art of measuring the temperature is called thermometry. Question: Define Thermal Equilibrium? If two objects at different temperatures are joined together, after sometime they attain the same temperature. This is known as thermal equilibrium. Question: Describe the formulas of inter conversions of temperature scales? TF = 9/5 x TC + 32o FC = 5/9 (TF 32o) TK = TC + 273 Question: Define heat and temperature? Heat is a form of energy, which is transferred from one body to another due to the difference of temperature between them. Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of a body. Question: What is thermal expansion? i) We know that bodies usually expand on heating which is called thermal expansion. ii) Thermal expansion is different for different substances. i.e. solid, liquid, gas. iii) Gases expand more than liquids and solids. Question: What is Thermostat? It is used to control the temperature of refrigerator, electric ovens, motor car, engines etc. Question: Describe in detail the expansion of solids? Also describe and explain the linear expansion. i) If a thin rod is heated, there is a prominent increase in its length than its cross sectional area. ii) The expansion along the length (or in one dimension) is called linear expansion. iii) Therefore, if we heat a metal rod whose length is much larger then thickness, then increase in length depends upon the following factors: a) Length of thin rod. b) Change in temperature. c) Nature of material of the rod. ***Draw fig here from book. iv) Now let a) L1 is the original length of rod at initial temperature T1. b) L2 is its length after heating to a temperature T2.
============================================================
Visit www.eservicespakistan.com for Notes, Syllabus, Old Papers, Home Tuitions, Jobs & much more (Page 1 of 6)
Written by: - SHAHZAD IFTIKHAR Contact # 0313-7891989, 0333-5319544 e-mail: shahzad2sunny@hotmail.com website: www.eservicespakistan.com PHYSICS FOR 9TH CLASS (UNIT # 11) ============================================================
So, Increase in length of rod = L = L2-L1 Increase in temperature = T = T2-T1 v) From experiment we conclude that change in length (L2-L1) of the rod is directly proportional to a. original length L1 and b. change in temperature (T2-T1) So, (L2-L1) L1 (L2-L1) (T2-T1) (L2-L1) L1(T2-T1)
(L2-L1) = L1(T2-T1) = (L2-L1)/L1(T2-T1) L2 = L[1 + a (T2-T1)] Where () is the proportionality constant and is called co-efficient of linear expansion. It depends upon the nature of material of rod. Question: Describe in detail the Volume expansion of solids? i) Heating a block causes an increase in its length, width and height. (i.e. volume of block) ii) Volume expansion depends upon a) Original volume. b) Change in temperature c) Nature of material of block iii) So, if the volume of the block at temperature T1 is V1. iv) If we heat it to temperature T2 than its volume changes to V2. v) Then (V2-V1) V1 (V2-V1) (T2-T1) (V2-V1) V1(T2-T1) (V2-V1) = V1(T2-T1) = (V2-V1)/ V1(T2-T1) V2 = V1[1 + (T2-T1)] Where (B) is the proportionality constant and is called the co-efficient of volume expansion. Its unit is K-1. But as compared to linear expansion it is three times greater. Question: Write in detail the expansion of liquids? Liquids also expand on heating. As they do not have any shape, therefore only volume expansion is measured in liquids. There are two types of expansion of liquids: i) Real Expansion ii) Apparent Expansion ***Draw fig here from book. Real Expansion: In figure real expansion is from B to C.
============================================================
Apparent Expansion: When we heat a liquid in a flask. Flask expand and level of water first fall from A to B. then it rises upto C. So expansion from A to C is apparent expansion. In figure, A to B shows the expansion of flask. Real expansion is greater than apparent expansion. Real expansion = Apparent Expansion + Expansion of Flask Co-efficient of Apparent Expansion: The apparent increase in volume of one cubic meter of liquid when heated through one - Kelvin temperature is called co-efficient of apparent expansion. It is denoted by ( g) Co-efficient of Real Expansion: The real increase in volume of one cubic meter of liquid when heated through oneKelvin temperature is called co-efficient of apparent expansion. It is denoted by ( r) Question: What is anomalous expansion of water? Also describe its effects? i) We know that all materials expand on heating and contract on cooling. ii) But the expansion of water is irregular. iii) When water is heated from 0oC to 4oC. It contract instead of expanding. It then start expanding after 4oC. iv) Similarly If water is cooled, it contract upto 4oC, But below 4oC, it start expanding. v) This unusual property of water is called irregular or anomalous expansion of water. Effects of Anomalous expansion of water: i) In cold regions when temperature falls below than 4oC, then density of water surface decreases and it becomes lighter to stay at the surface till its temperature decreased to 0oC. Hence it changes to ice. Ice being non conductor of heat, does not permit heat to conduct from 4oC water to the air above it. Therefore water below it never reaches to freezing point. In this way nature keeps the aquatic animals and plants in bottom of seas during cold season. ii) Expansion is produced when water freezes at 0oC. So in cold regions water pipes burst due to expansion of water. iii) Similarly penetrated water in cracks breaks away mountain and rocks due to pressure due to expansion. Question: Define and explain the laws of gases expansion? Boyles law: This law is discovered by Robert Boyle. This law states that For a given mass of a gas, volume V and pressure P are inversely proportional to each other provided the temperature does not change. Mathematically V 1/P V = Constant x 1/P PV = Constant If any mass of a gas at constant temperature has volume V1 at pressure P1 and volume V2 at pressure P2 then P1V1 = P2V2 Charles Law: ============================================================
This law is discovered by Jacques Charles. This law states that Volume of a fixed mass of any gas and its temperature are directly proportional to each other provided the pressure is kept constant. Mathematically V T V = Constant x T V/T = Constant If volume of any mass of a gas is V1 at temperature T1, and V2 at temperature T2 then V1/T1 = V2/T2 Question: What is Absolute Temperature? The temperature, at which the volume of any gas should become zero, is called absolute temperature. Question: What is Absolute Zero? Increase in temperature, increases the volume of gas and decrease in temperature decreases the volume of a gas. If straight line in graph is extended toward low temperature, it meets the temperature axis at 273oC. This line cannot be extended further because the volume will become negative which is impossible. Hence it is named as absolute zero or zero of Kelvin scale. Question: Define the specific heat? The quantity of heat that causes 1K change in temperature in a substance of mass 1 Kg is called specific heat. Its unit is (J Kg-1 K-1) Question: Define latent heat of fusion? (Latent heat) Quantity of heat which converts one kilogram of a solid into liquid state without the change in its temperature is called the latent heat of fusion. Question: Define latent heat of vaporization? (Latent heat) Quantity of heat required to convert one kilogram of a liquid to gaseous state at its boiling point is called latent heat of vaporization. Question: Explain the law of heat exchange? Measure the specific heat with this law. i) Put a hot iron piece in water on normal temperature. ii) We will see that temperature of iron piece will decreases while temperature of water increases until both reaches the same temperature. iii) Heat is released by iron piece and absorbed by water. iv) It has been observed that: Heat absorbed by cold bodies = Heat released by hot bodies. v) This is known as law of heat exchange. vi) By applying this law, we can determine the specific heat of solids and liquids. Method of measurement of specific heat: i) Copper calorimeter is used to find the specific heat. ***Draw figure here. ii) Calorimeter is placed in an insulating jacket, so that heat may not leave or enter into it. iii) First of all measure the mass of the solid. iv) Put it in the hypsometer and heat it.
============================================================
Determine the mass of the calorimeter. Fill more than half of the calorimeter with water. Note the mass and temperature of water. vii) When thermometer of the hypsometer shows stable temperature, drop the hot body into water. viii) Stir the water till temperature stays constant. ix) Note the final temperature of the water again. x) In this experiment heat is lost by hot body and absorbed by cold body. xi) Using law of heat exchange, specific heat of solid can be determined. Question: Describe the methods of transmission of heat? Heat can be transmitted in the three ways which are as under: 1-Conduction: It is a process in which heat is transmitted form one body to another by the interaction of atoms and electrons. Example: Put some wax on one end of a iron bar. Heat its other end. After some time wax on other end starts melting. So heat is transmitted from one end of bar to other by conduction. 2-Convection: In this process heat is transmitted by actual movement of molecules from one place to the other. Example: Take water in beaker and add some drops of red ink in it. After some time these drops will mixed in whole water. This method is usually found in liquids. 3-Radiation: In this process heat energy reaches in the form of waves from one place to the other, without affecting the medium on its way. Example: Sunlight reaches to us by means of radiation. Question: Describe thermal conductivity and derive co-efficient of thermal conductivity? i) Take a metal rod XY. ***Draw Fig here ii) Place its one end X in a steam chamber at temperature T1. iii) Place its other end Y in a calorimeter filled with water at temperature T2. iv) Insulate the open part of the rod, so that heat may not be lost. v) It is found experimentally that transfer of heat depends on the following factors. a) Cross Section Area of the Rod Q A b) Difference of temperature between two ends of the rod Q (T1-T2) c) Time Q t d) Length of the rod Q 1/L
============================================================
v) vi)
So combining these four factors we get Q A (T1-T2)t / L Q = kA(T1-T2)t / L k = QL/A (T1-T2)t vii) Where k is a constant of proportionality, which depends on material of the rod. This is called the co-efficient of thermal conductivity. In other words we can define it as: When a meter cube of a substance is maintained at a difference of temperature of 1K, then the quantity of heat that reaches form one end to the other in one second is called the co-efficient of thermal conductivity of that substance. Question: Is it good to place an immersion heater in a water vessel at the surface of water or at the bottom? Give reasons? An immersion heater must be placed near the bottom. Because water by getting warmer will rise towards upper surface and cold water goes towards the bottom. In this way after short time the whole water will get warm. Question: Why tea in a cup becomes cold earlier as compare to tea pot? In teapot, tea remains inside the vessel and steam does not go out. As the mouth of cup is wide and open, hence heat gets transferred. Question: Small gaps are left between the ends of two rails. Why it is so? During hot season rails expand and this gap between two adjacent rails gives space for linear expansion. Question: While inflating a cycle tube, the air becomes hot. Why? The work done in compression the air is converted into heat. Question: When two pieces of ice are rubbed, some ice melts. Heat is required for melting of ice. What is source of heat in this case? When two pieces of ice are rubbed, then work done against friction is converted into heat due to which ice melts. Question: Cooling is felt when we wear wet clothes and sit in front of fan. Why it is so? In this case water evaporates rapidly. Temperature of remaining molecules falls. Hence cooling is felt. Question: Why desert nights are colder whereas the days are very hot? In coastal areas sea breeze blows in day time and land breeze at night due to high specific heat of water. Question: Why ice floats over water? Density of ice is less than water. Hence it floats over water. Question: Why gallium melt when it is put on palm? It has very low heat of fusion (80KJ Kg-1) and melting point of 30oC. Hence it melts. Question: What is material used for space shuttle? Heat shield tiles having low thermal conductivity. =*=*=*=*= More works/Tasks: Do Objectives from book & from any other objective book. Do Numerical with the help of your teacher. Do Interesting Information from book. Do Scientific Reasons with the help of teacher.
============================================================
vi)

9 Phy Unit 11

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

9 Phy Unit 11

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Written by: - SHAHZAD IFTIKHAR Contact # 0313-7891989, 0333-5319544 e-mail: shahzad2sunny@hotmail.com website: www.eservicespakistan.

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen