60 NAVIGATION IN ICE

Chapter 1 1. Pancake ice consists of circular pieces of ice with a diameter of? - 30-300 cm. 2. Old ice is more then? - More then one year old. 3. What is nails? - A thin elastic crust of ice. 4. New ice is recognized by its characteristic? - Matt appearance. 5. The thickness of young ice is normally between? - 10 and 30 cm. 6. When the concentration of drift ice is higher than 7/10 the term drift ice may be replaced by the term? - Pack ice. 7. An ice berg has a minimum height above sea level of? - 5 meters. 8. Another name of first year ice is? - White ice. Chapter 3 1. Which ships produce waste? -All ships. 2. In traditional ice breaker design the distance between main frames is Approximately? - 40 cm. 3. What is an Ice horn? - Wedge shaped structure to help protect the rudder when going astern.

4. What rudder position is recommended to obtain minimum loads on the steering gear when going astern? - Amidships. 5. Which materials are most used in propeller blades for icebreakers and ice breaking cargo ships? - Stanless steel and nickel-alluminium bronze. 6. What is the purpose of rudder stops? - To protect the rudder and steering gear from damage during backing. 7. What is the meaning of Tripping when used in connection with Arctic ship design? - Collapse of a frame against the side shell. Chapter 4 1. Backing in ice? - Is a dangerous manoeuvre. 2. Berthing in ice covered water is normally? - A long process. 3. The first principle of successful navigation in ice is? - Avoid stopping. 4. When in ice, one important basic rule is? - Keep moving. 5. When operating in ice, course changes should be executed when? - If possible, in open water. 6. How can you reduce the risk of hull damage when executing running? - Use minimum speed. Chapter 5 1. Close range hazard detection should be done? - Visually and by radar. 2. When can the tactics for execution of a voyage start? - Once the planning of the passage is completed.

3. Detection of low icebergs on radar shall include? - Observation of a radar shadow behind the target. 4. What type of chart projection is not suitable for use in high latitudes? - Mercator. 5. If the speed of the ship is increased from 8 to 12 knots, the force of impact has? - More than doubled. 6. Which type of glacial ice is most difficult to detect? - Growlers. 7. Ice bergs normally move with the: - Current. 8. The accuracy of charts in the Arctic can be expected to be? - Poor. Chapter 6 1. How many primary groups of steel is used in ship construction? - 2. 2. In connection with icebreaker operations, what does code letter E mean? - I am altering course to starboard. 3. When an icebreaker is breaking a track through large heavy floes at slow speed, the track can be expected to be how wide? - 30 40% wider than the icebreaker beam. 4. When will towing normally be provided by the icebreaker? - In an emergency. 5. In connection with icebreaker operations, what does code letter A mean? - Go ahead. 6. The stern design of an icebreaker is mainly controlled by? - The number of propellers.

7. Anchoring in ice covered waters are? - Not recommended. 8. When a ship is expected to enter areas with very cold air, what should be done with tanks and lines? - Stripping all lines and tanks for water. Chapter 7 1. In regards to radar imaging, ice is defined as: - A poor radar target. 2. If possible, an iceberg should be passed? - On the windward side. 3. Under some atmospheric conditions white lights may take on - A reddish hue. 4. In low temperature, what is important to do when hot fluid is loaded? - Start with very low loading rate. 5. When entering ice, the speed should be? - Very low.