Linear System Theory, Fall 2011 Examples Paper 2 Linear spaces, Analysis, ODEs Due date: October 31st,

2011

Exercise 1. (Function spaces, 25%) 1. Show that the functions sin(t), sin(2t), sin(3t), sin(4t) are linearly independent in the vector space C(R, R). 2. Consider the set V C([0, 1], R) comprising all the real polynomials of degree less than n, i.e. all the functions f of the form f (t) = n1 ak tk , where ak R for all k=0 k. Show that V is a vector space. What is the dimension of V ? Can you determine a basis for V ? 3. Show that in C (R, R) the functions fk , k = 0 n 1 dened as fk (t) = ek t , where k R, form a linearly independent set if and only if the numbers 1 , , n are distinct. Hint: Take derivatives and recall Vandermonde determinants.

Exercise 2. (Linear maps and matrix representations, 25%) 1. Consider linear maps A : (V, F ) (W, F ) and B : (U, F ) (V, F ). Assume that U, V, W have nite dimensions m, n, p respectively, and that A and B have representations A F pn and B F nm with respect to given bases for the three spaces. Show that the composition C = A B : (U, F ) (W, F ) has representation C = AB with respect to the same bases. 2. Consider a linear map A : (U, F ) (U, F ) where U has nite dimension n. Assume that A has representation A F nn with respect to a given basis for U . Show that if A is invertible, then A1 has representation A1 with respect to the same basis. 3. Consider a linear map A : (U, F ) (U, F ) where U has nite dimension n. Assume there exists a vector b U such that the collection {b, A(b), A A(b), . . . , An1 (b)} forms a basis for U . Derive the representation of A and b with respect to this basis.

Exercise 3. (Balls, 25%) Let B(a; r), with a V and r R+ , denote a ball of a normed vector space (V, F, || ||), and let be the zero vector. Show that: 1. v1 , v2 B(a; r) v1 + (1 )v2 B(a; r), [0, 1] (B(a; r) is convex); 2. v B(; r) v B(; r) (B(; r) is balanced); 3. v V r (0, +) such that v B(; r).

Exercise 4 (Ordinary dierential equations, 25%) 1. The following quintessential (and trivial) linear dierential equation x(t) = rx(t) where x(t) R and r > 0, occurs in a lot of situations in science and engineering; in particular it can be used to model the evolution of a population of animals when there are unlimited resources available in the surrounding environment. Solve the dierential equation for an arbitrary initial condition x(0) = x0 0. Find the constant solutions. 2. The following nonlinear dierential equation x(t) = rx(t) 1 x(t) K

where x(t) R and r > 0, K > 0, is used to model the evolution of a population of animals which grows when small, but decreases when too large, i.e. when the resources available in the surrounding environment are not sucient to sustain the population. Solve the dierential equation for an arbitrary initial condition x(0) = x0 0. Find the constant solutions. Show what happens when t is close to zero and when t , and provide an interpretation of the two parameters r and K. 3. Intuitively, since as K the right-hand side of the above nonlinear equation tends to the right-hand side of the linear one, one could expect that the solution of the nonlinear one tends to the solution of the linear one as well. Show that in this case this conjecture is actually true. Fix an initial condition x0 > 0 and a constant r > 0. Plot your solutions with MATLAB, respectively of the linear equation and of the nonlinear one, for dierent values of K.