Chapter 10

Chapter 10.
Surface Integrals
10.1
Parametric Surfaces
A parametric representation of a surface is given

by the two-variable vector function
r(u, v) = x(u, v)i + y(u, v)j + z(u, v)k
(1)
where u and v are two independent parameters.

The collection of points with position vectors (1) form
a surface in the xyz-space.
The equations x = x(u, v), y = y(u, v), z = z(u, v)
are called the parametric equations of the surface.
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10.1.1
MA1505 Chapter 10. Surface Integrals
Example (Planes)
For a general plane ax + by + cz = d, we can let two

of the three components be u and v and obtain the
remaining component in terms of u and v using the
above equation.
E.g. 3x + 2y 4z = 6: Let x(u, v) = u, y(u, v) = v.
Then z(u, v) = 41 (3x + 2y 6). So the parametric
representation of this plane is
r(u, v) = ui + vj +
1
(3u + 2v 6) k.
4
If one variable is absent from the equation, we let the

missing component be u or v.
E.g. 2y + x = 7: Let z(u, v) = u. Then y(u, v) = v
and x(u, v) = 7 2v.

r(u, v) = (7 2v)i + vj + uk.
If two variables are absent from the equation, we let
the two missing components be u or v.
E.g. The xy-plane is given by
r(u, v) = ui + vj + 0k.
10.1.2
Example (Surfaces of the form z = f (x, y))
A natural parametric representation of S is

r(u, v) = ui + vj + f (u, v)k
E.g. The paraboloid z = x2 + y 2.
r(u, v) = ui + vj + (u2 + v 2)k.
E.g. The upper cone z =
x2 + y 2.
r(u, v) = ui + vj + u2 + v 2k.
10.1.3
Example (Spheres )
We have a standard parametric representation for a

sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 of radius a centered at the
origin:
r(u, v) = (a sin u cos v)i+(a sin u sin v)j+(a cos u)k.
E.g. When 0 u , 0 v 2, the representation gives the full sphere.
When 0 u /2, 0 v 2, the representation gives the upper hemisphere.
10.1.4
Example (Circular cylinders)
We have a standard parametric representation for circular cylinder x2 + y 2 = a2 about the z-axis:
r(u, v) = (a cos u)i + (a sin u)j + vk.
Here u measures the angle from the positive x-axis
(about the z-axis) while v measures the height from
the xy-plane along the cylinder.
Similarly, for x2 +z 2 = a2 and y 2 +z 2 = a2 (cylinders
about y- and x-axes resp.), we have respectively
r(u, v) = (a cos u)i + vj + (a sin u)k
and
r(u, v) = vi + (a cos u)j + (a sin u)k.
5
10.1.5
Tangent planes and normal vectors
Let S be a surface given by the parametric representation

r(u, v) = x(u, v)i + y(u, v)j + z(u, v)k
(2)
We shall find the equation of the tangent plane to S

at a point P0 with position vector r0 = r(u0, v0).
Let us fix v = v0 in (2) above.
Then the vector equation
r(u, v0) = x(u, v0)i + y(u, v0)j + z(u, v0)k
represents a space curve C1 on S passing through the
point P0.
d
The tangent vector to C1 at P0 is given by r(u, v0) |u=u0 ,
du
6
which is simply
ru
y
z
x
(u0, v0)i + (u0, v0)j + (u0, v0)k.
u
u
u
Similarly, if we fix u = u0 in (2), we get another

space curve C2 with vector equation
r(u0, v) = x(u0, v)i + y(u0, v)j + z(u0, v)k.
The tangent vector to C2 at P0 is given by
y
z
x
(u0, v0)i + (u0, v0)j + (u0, v0)k.
rv
v
v
v
z
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Both vectors ru and ru lie in the tangent plane to S
at P0. Therefore, the cross product ru rv , assuming
7
it is nonzero, provides a normal vector to the tangent

plane to S at P0. Therefore, (r r0) (ru rv ) = 0
is the equation of the tangent plane.
10.1.6
Example
Find the equation of the tangent plane to the surface

with parametric representation
r(u, v) = ui + v 2j + (u2 v)k
at the point (1, 4, 1).
Solution: ru = i + 0j + 2uk and rv = 0i + 2vj
k. Thus, a normal vector to the tangent plane is
ru rv = 4uvi + j + 2vk. The point (1, 4, 1)
corresponds to r(u, v) = i + 4j k. So, we have
(u, v) = (1, 2). Then, the normal vector at (u, v) =
8
(1, 2) is 8i + j + 4k. Therefore, the equation of the

tangent plane to the surface at (1, 4, 1) is
[(x 1)i + (y 4)j + (z + 1)k] (8i + j + 4k) = 0
or 8x + y + 4z + 8 = 0.
10.1.7
Example
If S has Cartesian equation z = f (x, y). Then a

parametric representation of S is
r(u, v) = ui + vj + f (u, v)k.
Thus, ru = i + 0j + fuk and rv = 0i + j + fv k.
So the normal vector ru rv = fui fv j + 1k.
10
10.2
Surface Integrals
Similar to line integrals, surface integrals involve integration over some (bounded) surfaces. Suppose S
is a surface and imagine a fluid with velocity v flows
through S. We wish to calculate the total volume of
fluid flowing out of S per unit time.
Case (i): The fluid velocity is constant over flat surface S and its direction is perpendicular to S. Then
the volume flow rate is given by distance traveled per
10
11
unit time multiplied with the area of S:

w = kvks.
Case (ii):
The fluid velocity is constant over flat
surface S but its direction is not perpendicular to S.

Then the volume flow rate is given by
w = v Ns
where N is the unit normal vector to S.
Case (iii): The fluid velocity is changing over curved
surface S. We can divide up the surface into small
segments and then sum the volume flow rate of the
individual segments to get the total flow rate. In a
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particular segment, we have

wi v(xi, yi, zi) Nisi.
So the total flow rate is approximately
w
n
X
v(xi, yi, zi) Nisi
(3)
If we let n goes to infinity, the RHS of (3) becomes

an integral
ZZ
v(x, y, z) Nds
S
which represents the actual total volume flow rate.

This integral is called a surface integral of the vector
field v.
There are two types of surface integrals, one for scalar
functions and the other for vector fields.
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Surface integrals of scalar functions
10.2.1
Let f (x, y, z) be a function defined on a (bounded)

surface S. Then for the parametric representation
r(u, v) = x(u, v)i + y(u, v)j + z(u, v)k of S, the
corresponding set of ordered pairs (u, v) come from
a bounded domain D.
The surface integral of a scalar function f
over S is
ZZ
ZZ
f (x, y, z) dS =
f (r(u, v))kru rv k dA.

D
The RHS of the above equation is a double integral

over a domain D. Usually, D can be described by
giving the ranges of u and v.
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10.2.2
Example
ZZ
Evaluate
(xz + yz) dS, where S is part of the

S
sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9 in the first octant.

Solution: A parametric representation of the sphere
is given by (see Example 10.1.3)
r(u, v) = 3 sin u cos vi + 3 sin u sin vj + 3 cos uk.
To represent the first octant, the domain D is given
by 0 u /2 and 0 v /2.
i
j
k
ru rv = 3 cos u cos v 3 cos u sin v 3 sin u

3 sin u sin v 3 sin u cos v
0
= 9 sin2 u cos vi + 9 sin2 u sin vj + 9 sin u cos uk.
Therefore, kru rv k = 9 sin u.
14
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The surface integral is given by

ZZ
(xz + yz) dS
Z ZS
=
(9 sin u cos u cos v + 9 sin u cos u sin v)kru rv k dA

D
Z /2
Z /2
=
81 sin2 u cos u(cos v + sin v)dudv
0
Z /20
Z /2
=81
sin2 u cos u du
(cos v + sin v) dv
0
0
/2
1 3
=81( sin u
)(2) = 54.
3
0
10.2.3
Example
ZZ
Evaluate
z dS, where S is the closed surface

S
bounded laterally by S1: the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 3;

bounded below by S2: the xy-plane and bounded on
top by S3: the horizontal plane z = 1.
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S :z=1
S :x +y =3
S :z=0
x
Solution: The surface integral is the sum of three
surface integrals:
ZZ
ZZ
z dS =
S
ZZ
z dS +
S1
ZZ
z dS +
S2
z dS.
S3
The surface S1 is part of a circular cylinder. By

Example 10.1.4, it has a parametric representation
r(u, v) = 3 cos ui + 3 sin uj + vk.
Thus, ru rv = 3 cos ui + 3 sin uj + 0k
and kru rv k = 3.
Since S1 is a full cylinder, the range of u is given by
0 u 2.
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Moreover, S1 is bounded above by the plane z = 1

and below by z = 0, so the range of v is given by
0 v 1.
Therefore,
ZZ
ZZ
z dS =
S1
vkru rv k dA
D
Z 2 Z 1
Z
=
3v dvdu =
0
3
du
2
3.
S2 is on the xy-plane, so we have z = 0. Thus the

ZZ
integrand of
z dS is zero so that the integral has
S2
value zero. Therefore,

ZZ
z dS = 0.
S2
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The surface S3 is on the horizontal plane z = 1. Thus

ZZ
ZZ
2
dS = area of S3 = ( 3) = 3.
z dS =
S3
S3
Consequently,
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
z dS+
zdS+
zdS = (3+ 3).
ZZ
z dS =
S
10.2.4
S2
S1
S3
Surface integrals of vector fields
Let F be a continuous vector field defined on a surface

S with a unit normal vector n. We have seen at the
beginning of this section that the surface integral
ZZ
of F over S is
F n dS. We usually simplify the
S
notation as
ZZ
F dS
S
This integral is also called the flux of F over S as it

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is related to the volume flow rate of fluid.

If S is given by the parametric representation r =
r(u, v) with domain D,
then
ZZ
ZZ
ru rv
F
dS
kru rv k
Z ZS
ru rv
kru rv k dA
=
F(r(u, v))
kr
r
k
u
v
Z ZD
=
F(r(u, v)) (ru rv ) dA.
F dS =
S
Therefore,
ZZ
ZZ
F dS =
S
10.2.5
F(r(u, v)) (ru rv ) dA

D
Example
ZZ
Evaluate
F dS, where F(x, y, z) = xi + yj +

S
xyk, and S is the part of the paraboloid z = 4

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x2 y 2 above the xy-plane.

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S : z =4x y
x
Solution:
Since S has Cartesian equation z =
4 x2 y 2, the parametric representation is

r(u, v) = ui + vj + (4 u2 v 2)k.
The region D is then the projection onto the xyplane, which is the disk of radius 2.
We have ru = i + 0j 2uk, rv = 0i + j 2vk and
ru rv = 2ui + 2vj + k.
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21
Therefore,
ZZ
ZZ
F dS =
F(r(u, v)) (ru rv ) dA

Z ZD
(ui + vj + uvk) (2ui + 2vj + k) dA

Z ZD
(2u2 + 2v 2 + uv) dA
D
Z 2
Z 2
=
(2r2 + r2 cos sin ) rdrd = 16.
=
Note that as the region D is a circular disk, we compute the double integral in polar coordinates.
10.2.6
Example
ZZ
Let F(x, y, z) = yi + xj + zk. Evaluate
F dS,
S
where S is the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1.

Solution: A parametric representation of the unit
sphere is given by
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r(u, v) = sin u cos vi + sin u sin vj + cos uk,

with D given by 0 u and 0 v 2.
We have
ru rv = sin2 u cos vi + sin2 u sin vj + sin u cos uk
and
F(r(u, v)) = sin u sin vi + sin u cos vj + cos uk.
Thus,
F (ru rv ) = 2 sin3 u sin v cos v + sin u cos2 u.
Therefore,
ZZ
F dS
S
Z 2
Z
=
(2 sin3 u sin v cos v + sin u cos2 u) dudv
Z0 0
Z 2
Z
Z
=
sin3 u du
sin 2v dv +
sin u cos2 u du
0
=4/3.
22
dv
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10.2.7
Orientation of surfaces
Note that, in the above example, if we switch the

order of u and v, then
rv ru = ru rv
and the surface integral will be evaluated to 4/3.
Therefore, for surface integral of a vector field, the
value depends on the choice of the normal vector,
which is known as the orientation of the surface.
n.
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n
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If S is a surface given in parametric form by r =

r(u, v), then the normal vector ru rv automatically
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supply an orientation to S.
The opposite orientation is given by rv ru = ru
rv and the corresponding oriented surface is denoted
by S. Then
ZZ
ZZ
F dS =
S
10.2.8
F dS.
S
Example
In example 10.2.5, the normal vector we used is ru

rv = 2ui+2vj+k. Consider the point (0, 0, 4) on the
paraboloid. This point corresponds to u = 0, v = 0.
At this point, ru rv = k, which is pointing upwards. Hence the orientation of the paraboloid we
used in this example is given by the upward normal vector.
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10.2.9
Example
In Example 10.2.6, the normal vector we used is

ru rv = sin2 u cos vi + sin2 u sin vj + sin u cos uk.
Consider the point (1, 0, 0) on the sphere.
This point corresponds to u = /2, v = 0.
At this point, ru rv = i, which is pointing outwards away from the sphere. Hence the orientation
of the sphere we used in this example is given by the
outward normal vector.
10.3
Curl and Divergence
In this section, we introduce two operators on vector

fields which will be used in the subsequent sections.
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10.3.1
Curl
Let F = P i + Qj + Rk be a vector field in the xyzspace. The curl of F is defined by
curl F =
P R
Q P
R Q
i+
j+
k
y
z
z
x
x
y
is a vector field.
10.3.2
Divergence
Let F = P i + Qj + Rk be a vector field in the xyzspace. The divergence of F defined by

P Q R
div F =
+
+
x
y
z
is a scalar function.
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10.3.3
Del operator
The curl and divergence operators can be expressed

in terms of the del operator:
=
i + j + k.
x
y
z
Then
(i) taking the cross product of with a vector field
F = P i + Qj + Rk,
i j k

F = x y z
P Q R
R Q
i+
y
z
P R
j+
z
x
So
F = curl F
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Q P
x
y
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(ii) taking the dot product of with a vector field

F = P i + Qj + Rk,
F =
i + j + k (P i + Qj + Rk)
x
y
z
P Q R
=
+
+
x
y
z
So F = div F.
10.3.4
Example
Let F(x, y, z) = x2yzi + xy 2zj + xyz 2k.
j
k

curl F = F = x
y
z
x2yz xy 2z xyz 2
= (xz 2 xy 2)i + (x2y yz 2)j + (y 2z x2z)k.
div F = F =
(x yz) + (xy 2z) + (xyz 2)

x
y
z
= 6xyz.
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10.3.5
Example
Show that curl (f ) = 0.

Solution:
i j k

curl (f ) = x y z
f f f
x y z
2
2
2
f
2f
f
2f
f
2f
= yz zy i+ zx xz j+ xy yx k
=0
since fxy = fyx etc.
10.3.6
Curl and conservative fields
Let F be a vector field in the xyz-space.

If curl F = 0, then F is a conservative field.
The converse is also true.
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10.3.7
Example
Find the curl of the velocity vector fields defined by

(a) F1 = xi + yj, (b)F2 = yi + xj, (c)F3 = cos yi +
sin xj.
Solution:
(a) curl F1 = 0, (b) curl F2 = 2k, (c) curl F3 =
(cos x + sin y)k.
10.3.8
Example
Find the divergence of the velocity vector fields defined by (a) F1 = xi + yj, (b) F2 = yi + xj, (c)
F3 = x2i + y 2j.
Solution:
(a) div F1 = 2, (b) div F2 = 0, (c)
div F3 = 2(y x).

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10.4
Stokes Theorem
Let S be an oriented piecewise-smooth surface that

is bounded by a closed, piecewise-smooth boundary
curve C.
Let F be a vector field whose components have continuous partial derivatives on S. Then
Z
ZZ
F dr =
C
(curl F) dS.
S
Note: In the above equation, the orientation of C

must be consistent with that of S: when you walk in
the direction (orientation) around C with your head
pointing in the direction of the normal vector of S,
the corresponding orientation of S should be on your
left.
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10.4.1
Example
Z
Use Stokes Theorem to evaluate
F dr, where
C
F = yzixzj+xyk and C is the curve of intersection

of the plane y + z = 3 and the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 4.
(C is oriented in the counterclockwise sense when
viewed from above.)
Solution: Let S be the (bounded) surface enclosed
by C on the plane y + z = 3. So S has parametric
representation r(u, v) = ui + vj + (3 v)k and the
32
33
region D is the disk of radius 2.

z
......
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2
2
...
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y+z =3
D
x +y =4
x
We have ru rv = j + k, which is the upward normal
vector of S. This gives the orientation of S which
agrees with that
of C.
i
j
k
Also curl F = x y z = 2xi 2zk.

yz xz xy
By Stokes Theorem,
Z
ZZ
F dr =
C
curl F dS
Z ZS
(2ui 2(3 v)k) (j + k) dA

Z ZD
(6 + 2v) dA
D
Since D is the disk of radius 2, we may use polar

33
34
coordinates:
Z
F dr =
C
(6 + 2r sin )rdrd
Z0 2
=
0
10.4.2
16
(12 + sin ) d = 24.
3
Example
ZZ
Use Stokes Theorem to compute
curl F dS,
S
where F(x, y, z) = y 2zi + xj + (x + y)k and S is

p
the part of the upper hemisphere z = 9 x2 y 2
that lies within the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 5 and the orientation of S is given by the upward normal vector.
z
...
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34
35
Solution:
The boundary C of S is given by the
intersection of the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 5 and the upper hemisphere z =
9 x2 y 2. Solving the two
equations, we have z = 2. So the curve C has a

vector equation given by
r(t) = 5 cos ti + 5 sin tj + 2k.

With this vector equation, the curve traverses in anticlockwise direction when viewed from top. This
agrees with the given orientation of S.
Now r (t) = 5 sin ti + 5 cos tj + 0k and

0
F(r(t)) = 10 sin ti +
5 cos tj +
35
5(cos t + sin t)k.
36
By Stokes Theorem,
ZZ
Z
curl F dS =
F dr
ZC
F(r(t)) r0(t) dt
ZC2
=
(10 5 sin3 t + 5 cos2 t) dt = 5.
36

Chapter 10

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Chapter 10

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Chapter 10.

A parametric representation of a surface is given

where u and v are two independent parameters.

MA1505 Chapter 10. Surface Integrals

For a general plane ax + by + cz = d, we can let two

If one variable is absent from the equation, we let the

MA1505 Chapter 10. Surface Integrals

and x(u, v) = 7 2v.

Example (Surfaces of the form z = f (x, y))

A natural parametric representation of S is

MA1505 Chapter 10. Surface Integrals

E.g. The upper cone z =

We have a standard parametric representation for a

MA1505 Chapter 10. Surface Integrals

Example (Circular cylinders)

MA1505 Chapter 10. Surface Integrals

Tangent planes and normal vectors

Let S be a surface given by the parametric representation

We shall find the equation of the tangent plane to S

MA1505 Chapter 10. Surface Integrals

Similarly, if we fix u = u0 in (2), we get another

MA1505 Chapter 10. Surface Integrals

it is nonzero, provides a normal vector to the tangent

Find the equation of the tangent plane to the surface

MA1505 Chapter 10. Surface Integrals

(1, 2) is 8i + j + 4k. Therefore, the equation of the

If S has Cartesian equation z = f (x, y). Then a

MA1505 Chapter 10. Surface Integrals

MA1505 Chapter 10. Surface Integrals

unit time multiplied with the area of S:

The fluid velocity is constant over flat

surface S but its direction is not perpendicular to S.

MA1505 Chapter 10. Surface Integrals

particular segment, we have

v(xi, yi, zi) Nisi

If we let n goes to infinity, the RHS of (3) becomes

which represents the actual total volume flow rate.

MA1505 Chapter 10. Surface Integrals

Surface integrals of scalar functions

Let f (x, y, z) be a function defined on a (bounded)

f (r(u, v))kru rv k dA.

The RHS of the above equation is a double integral

MA1505 Chapter 10. Surface Integrals

(xz + yz) dS, where S is part of the

sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9 in the first octant.

ru rv = 3 cos u cos v 3 cos u sin v 3 sin u

MA1505 Chapter 10. Surface Integrals

The surface integral is given by

(9 sin u cos u cos v + 9 sin u cos u sin v)kru rv k dA

z dS, where S is the closed surface

bounded laterally by S1: the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 3;

MA1505 Chapter 10. Surface Integrals

The surface S1 is part of a circular cylinder. By

r(u, v) = 3 cos ui + 3 sin uj + vk.

Thus, ru rv = 3 cos ui + 3 sin uj + 0k

MA1505 Chapter 10. Surface Integrals

Moreover, S1 is bounded above by the plane z = 1

S2 is on the xy-plane, so we have z = 0. Thus the

value zero. Therefore,

MA1505 Chapter 10. Surface Integrals

The surface S3 is on the horizontal plane z = 1. Thus

Surface integrals of vector fields

Let F be a continuous vector field defined on a surface