Question In Figure 2.22 , computer A sends a message to computer D via LAN1 , router R1 , and LAN2.

Show the contents of Packets and frames at the network and data link layer for each hop interface.

Figure 2.22

Solution
Figure 2.22 shows a part of internet with one router connecting two LANS .each computer have a pair of addresses (logical and physical) for each connection. y The computer with logical address A and physical adderess 40 needs to send a packet to the computer with logical address D and physical address 80.

y Sender encapsulates its data in a packet at network layer and adds two logical addresses (A and D). y The network layer consults the router R1 and finds the logical address of the hop to b B. Physical address of Router R1 is 42. y Network layer passes this address to the data link layer which in turn encapsulates the packet with physical destination adderess 42 and physical source address 40.

y The router decapculates the package from the frame to read the logical destination address D y Since logical address doesnt match with the routers logical address the router knows the packet needs to be forward.

y When frame reaches the destination the packet decapsulates .the destination logical address D matches with the logical address of the computer. y The data decapsulates fro the packet and delivered to the upper layer.

Question

Give some advantages and disadvantages of combining the session, presentation and application layer in the OSI model into one single application layer in the Internet Model. Solution
OSI model defines a networking framework for implementing protocols in seven layers. Session, presentation and application layer in the OSI model are depend on each other because Control is passed from one layer to the next, starting at the application layer in one station, and proceeding to the bottom layer.

Disadvantage: If layers in OSI model get merage layer they will be loosly layered and will get Protocol Dependent. Service interface and protocols will not be clearly distinguished. Advantage: Model will be More Credible.