II PUC QUESTION WITH ANSERS PAPER April 1997 Part -1 (BOTANY) I Answer any ten of the following in one

word or in one sentence each 1. What is euploidy? (Not in current syllabus.) Define root pressure. Root pressure may be defined as the hydrostatic pressure developed in a root system. It may be either positive or negative. Define biosphere. Biosphere may be defined as the region of earth's crust and atmosphere occupied by the living organisms. What is an allele? One of the two or more alternative forms of the same gene is called an allele. What are quantosomes? The photosynthetic units each composed of about 230 chlorophyll molecules are called quantosomes. Give an example for chlorenchyma. The mesophyll tissue of the leaves. Define photoperiodism. The specific response exhibited by an organism in response to day length is called photoperiodism. What is a community? (Not in current syllabus.) What is a companion cell? A living component cell of phloem present in close association with sieve tube is called a companion cell. Expand 2, 4-D. Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid. What is a selectively permeable membrane? 10 x 1 = 10

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A membrane which permits specific molecules to pass through it is a selectively permeable membrane. II. Answer any seven of the following in not more than five sentences each: 7 x 2 = 14 1. Draw a labeled diagram of salivary gland chromosome. (Not in current syllabus.) Explain annual ring. The growth ring of secondary xylem formed over a period of one year is called annual ring. It is differentiated into spring wood and autumn wood. The spring wood consists of vessels with thin secondary wall and wider lumen. Hence it is less dense. On the contrary, the autumn wood consists of vessels with thick secondary wall and narrower lumen. Therefore, it is more denser.

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Define osmosis. Give two importances of osmosis. The movement of water molecules from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration through a semipermeable or differentially permeable membrane is called osmosis. Importance: 1) It helps in the absorption of water by the root hairs. 2) It also helps in the translocation of water from vascular strands of leaves to the mesophyll tissue.

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What is tissue culture? Name two benefits of tissue culture technology. The technique of culturing cells or tissues in an artificial culture medium under aseptic conditions is called tissue culture. Benefits: 1) It can be employed to raise plantlets from a cell or tissue. 2) It can also be employed to raise somatic hybrids. Explain sickle cell anaemia. Sickle cell anaemia is a fatal genetic disease. It is caused due to a recessive allele in homozygous condition. The disease is characterized by the appearance of sickle-shaped RBCs under depleted 02 concentration. This leads to the blocking of the blood capillaries. Consequently, 02 supply to the body tissues is affected causing anaemia. Persons suffering from this disease meet with premature death.

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What is soil conservation? Name two methods of soil conservation. The scientific controlling of soil fertility as well as soil erosion is called soil conservation. Methods: 1) Afforestation i.e., development of new forest areas. 2) Avoiding indiscriminate use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. Give four practical applications of Gibberellins. The four practical applications of Gibberellins are as follows: 1) Induction of parthenocarpy to obtain seedless fruits.

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2) Promotion of flowering to get better yield. 3) Breaking of seed dormancy. 4) Bolting i.e., conversion of genetically dwarf plants into tall plants. 8. 1. 2. 3. 4. State four methods of control of air pollution. Four methods of controlling air pollution are as follows: Use of electrostatic precipitators in industries to check both particulate and gaseous air pollutants. Use of combustion efficient engines in automobiles to check the amount of C02 and particulate carbon. Use of cooking gas instead of wood and coal. Proper disposal of organic wastes which otherwise release nauseating gases due to decay. III. Answer any four of the following: 4 x 4 = 16 1. Explain glycolysis. The enzymatic conversion of glucose into pyruvic acid is called glycolysis. The biochemical steps of glycolysis are as follows: Glucose Phosphorylation Glucose, 6 - phosphatc Isopmerisation 6- phosphate

Fructose,

Fructose,1.6-diphosphate

Phosphoglyceraldehyde Ip phoshorylation Diphosphoglyceraldehyde Dehydrogenation Diphosphoglyceric acid Dephosphorylation Phosphoglyceric acid

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Phosphoenol pyruvic acid

Dephosphorylation Pyruvic acid The overall glycolytic process yields 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, 2NADH2 and 2ATP when a molecule of glucose is oxidized. 2. With a neat labelled diagram, explain the structure ofDNA molecule.

The structural model of DNA as proposed by Watson and Crick consists of two helical polynucleotides held together by hydrogen bonds. Thus, it is a double-stranded molecule. The two strands are antiparallel i.e., run in opposite directions and complementary to each other with respect to nucleotides sequence. One complete turn is 34 A and contains ten nitrogen base pairs. The diameter of the DNA molecule is about 20 A. Chemically, the DNA molecule consists of nitrogen bases A, T, G and C; deoxyribose sugar and phosphoric acid. 3. What is biogeochemical cycle? Explain nitrogen cycle. (Not in current syllabus.) 4. What is criss-cross inheritance? Explain it with reference to colour blindness in man. The unique criss-cross inheritance of sex-linked (x-chromosome linked) genes from father to grandson via daughter is called criss-cross inheritance.

Daughters

Sons

The inheritance of the X-linked red-green colour blindness in man.The recessive gene expresses itself in a hemizygous condition The mechanism of sex-linked inheritance of colour blindness is as shown in the following schematic respiration. When a normal woman marries a colourblind man the daughters appear normal visioned, but carry the recessive allele for colourblindness. The sons are however, perfectly normal and do not carry the allele. Now, suppose such a normal, but carrier lady marries a normal man the chance of grand children will be as shown in the schematic. A close look at the above schematic representations reveals the following points. Both sons and daughters are normal when a normal lady marries a colour blind man. When a normal carrier daughter marries a normal man, the chances are that all grand daughters are normal, but the grand sons may be either normal or colour blind. The allele for colour blindness is transferred through X chromosome. Therefore the mode of inheritance of colour blindness is sex-linked. 5. Describe Dixon's theory of transpiration pull and cohesion tension. This theory was proposed by Dixon in 1894 and later revised by Dixon and Jolly in 1924. According to this theory, three forces are responsible for the ascent of Sap. They are: 1) Adhesive forces, 2) Cohesive forces and 3) Transpiration pull When transpiration takes place, mesophyll cells lose water. Consequently, DPD of mesophyll cells decreases. To maintain their DPD they absorb water from the xylem of leaf veins due to tension. The tension is transmitted to the xylem of branches and then to the main trunk of the plant. Both adhesive and cohesive forces help in the maintenance of a continuous column of water. The overall process of ascent of sap is therefore a passive process. IV. Answer any one of the following: 1x5 = 5 1. With a neat labelled diagram, explain the T.S. of young dicot root. A young dicot root T.S. shows the following three basic structures: Epiblema: This is the outermost layer of the root made up of thin-walled parenchyma cells. At the region of root-hairs, the epidermal cells are modified into unicellular root hairs to increase the area of absorption. Cortex: It is the structure located in between the epiblema and the stele. It is wider in dimension and parenchymatous. The innermost layer of the cortex is differentiated into endodermis, the cells of which have characteristic Casparian strips.

i) ii) iii)

Stele: The stele is the narrow central core. It consists of the following structures: Pericycle: The outermost layer of the stele is made up of parenchymatous cells. Conjuctive tissue: It is the parenchymatous tissue in which the vascular bundles are embedded. Vascular bundles: Vascular bundles are radially arranged. Xylem bundles alternate with phloem bundles. Usually the xylem tissue is tetrach and exarch. Note: Pith is either reduced or completely absent.

2. With a schematic representation, explain non-cyclic photo phosphorylation. Schematic representation:

Non-cyclic photophosphorylation (NCPP): The synthesis of ATP during non-cyclic transfer of excited electrons associated with photosystems I and II is called non-cyclic photophosphorylation. During NCPP, excited electrons fail to return back to the same reaction centre of Photosystem II. On the contrary they pass through Photosystem I then to ferredoxin and are utilized to reduce NADP. V. Answer the following: Give an experiment to demonstrate the rate of transpiration using Ganong's potometer.

Ganong's potometer: The apparatus consists of a fine graduated capillary tube with a wide vertical end on one side and a bent end on the other side. A reservoir is fixed to it near the wide end to store water.The whole apparatus is filled with water.A twig is cut under water and is immediately fixed to the wide end of the potometer through a hole in the cork. The bent end of the potometer has an opening which is dipping in coloured water kept in a small beaker. The experiment is set up in the sunlight. To start with, the bent end of the potometer is taken out from the coloured water. After a few minutes it is seen that air enters into the tube through the opening. After this the bent tube is again dipped in water. Water transpired by plant will be compensated by the water of the capillary tube.Absorption of the water by the twig will cause movement of the enclosed air bubble. The distance covered by the air bubble in a minute gives the rate of transpiration. By opening the reservoir the air bubble can be brought back to the initial point and another reading can be taken. The mean of all such readings is then calculated. OR Give an experiment to show the liberation of CO2 during fermentation using Kuhne's vessel. Fermentation may be defined as an anaerobic process in which glucose is incompletely oxidized into alcohol and carbon dioxide in the presence of enzyme zymase. Experiment: Fermentation can be demonstrated with Kuhne's fermentation vessel. Requirements: Kuhne's fermentation vessel. 5-10 per cent glucose solution. Yeast powder. Cotton. Procedure: 5 or 10% glucose solution mixed with a pinch of yeast powder is filled in the fermentation vessel. The vertical tube should not contain any air. The open mouth of the vessel is plugged with cotton. The whole apparatus is kept for about 24 hours. Observation: When the vessel is observed the next day, a gas is collected at the top end of the vertical closed tube. Remove the cotton plug and smell the solution. It has alcoholic odour. Conclusion: Therefore, the above experiment demonstrates that glucose solution has undergone fermentation.

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Part - II (ZOOLOGY)
I. Answer any ten of the following in one word or one sentence each: 1. Name the functional unit of kidney. Nephron. 2. Define monospermy. Fertilization of an ovum (egg) by a single sperm is called monospermy. 3. Name the virus that causes AIDS. Human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV). 4. Which is the valve present in between the left auricle and left ventricle? Bicuspid valve. 5. Which cells secrete HCl? Parietal cells of the gastric mucosa. 6. Which part of the human nervous system shows grey matter internally and white matter externally? Spinal cord. 7. What is gametogenesis? Development of haploid gametes from diploid germinal cells (or gametocytes) is called gametogenesis. 8. What is biogenesis? (Not in current syllabus.) 9. Define exotic breeds. (Not in current syllabus.) 10. Name the pancreatic hormone which acts as hypoglycemic factor. Insulin (when secreted in excess). 11. What is Nebenkern ? The spirally arranged mitochondria around the axis of the middle piece of the human (mammalian) sperm constitute Nebenkern. II Answer any seven of the following: 7 x 2 = 14 1. What is excretion? Name the types of nitrogenous wastes. 10 x 1 = 10

The elimination of nitrogenous wastes from the body is called excretion. The chief excretory products are: , 1) Urea, 2) Uric acid and 3) Ammonia. 2. Write any four food fishes of Karnataka. (Not in current syllabus.) 3. Explain any two demerits of mutation theory. (Not in current syllabus.) 4. Explain briefly, maturation phase in oogenesis. The maturation phase of oogenesis represents the third phase of oogenesis. During this phase, the primary oocyte undergoes meiotic division 1 to form secondary oocyte. Simultaneously there is also formation of polar body. Both of them are haploid and undergo meiotic division II resulting in the formation of one ovum (egg) and three polar bodies. 5. Explain pulmonary circulation. The circulation of blood from the heart to the lungs and then from lungs to the heart is known as pulmonary circulation. The deoxygenated blood collected in the right ventricle via the right auricle is pumped into the lungs through the pulmonary arteries. Then, the oxygenated blood is brought back to the heart (left auricle) through the pulmonary veins. Pulmonary circulation plays an important role in the purification of blood. 6. How are the cattle useful in the production of leather, biogas, fertilizer and gelatin? (Not in current syllabus.) 7. What is epilepsy? Mention its symptoms. Epilepsy is a generic name applied to disorders affecting the brain. The part of brain that is affected is cerebrum. The disorder is characterized by the following symptoms: 1) Sudden convulsive siezures. 2) Loss of consciousness temporarily. 8. Define fertilizin and antifertilizin. A chemical substance secreted by an ovum (egg) is called fertilizin. On the other hand, a chemical substance secreted by the sperms is called antifertilizin. Fertilizin enhances the motility of the sperms. Fertilizin and antifertilizin together ensure monospermy i.e., prevent the entry of any extra or foreign sperm into the fertilized ovum. III Answer any four of the following: 1. Explain the life history of silk moth. (Not in current syllabus.) 2. Describe the role of sex hormones during ovulation and implantation. 4 x 4 = 16

Role of sex hormones during ovulation and implantation: Hormones secreted by the testes and ovaries are called sex hormones. The testes secrete testosterone, while the ovaries secrete oestrogens and progesterone. In fact, Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Leutenizing hormone (LH) secreted by the adenohypophysis cause maturation of ovarian follicle and ovulation, respectively. Oestrogens secreted by the interstitial cells of leydig of the testes and the theca interna of the ovaries assist in the thickening of the uterine cavity's lining to prepare itself for embedding the fertilized ovum. The progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum (the remnant of follicle) prepares the uterine endometrium for implantation. It also inhibits the contraction of uterine myometrium. Thus it allows the pregnancy to continue. 3. Give the functions of liver. The functions of liver are as follows: 1. During embryonic development it produces red blood cells (RBCs). 2. In adults, it destroys the wornout RBCs. 3. It stores glycogen as a reserve fuel. 4. It secretes bile which is essential for the emulsification of fats and lipids during digestion." 5. It converts nitrogenous waste compounds especially amino acids into urea that will be eliminated during excretion 4. List out the functions of different parts of human brain. The functions of different parts of the brain are as follows: Part of brain 1.Cerebrum 2. Thalamus 3.Hypothalamus Main function (s) Voluntary control of actions, intelligence, hearing, speech, etc. Acts as a relay station for incoming and outgoing impulses to and from the brain. secretes the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin also called antidiuretic hormone (ADH) which will be stored and released by the posterior pituit Controls the posture and balance of the body. Controls heart beat and movements of lungs and stpmach.

4. Cerebellum 5. Medulla oblongata

5. Write a brief account on muscular tissue. Muscular tissue: It consists of the cellular elements in the form of fibres of varying lengths. It has almost no intercellular substance. The cells of the muscular tissue do not secrete any intercellular substance. They are surrounded and held together by connective tissue. All muscular tissues have great contractility. They may be of the following three types: Muscular tissues Striated Smooth Cardiac

i)Striated muscle: The striated muscle fibres have a striped appearance. The contraction of this is under the control of the will and hence voluntary.Each fibre has a tough outer sheath called sarcolemma. ISOLATED STRIATED MUSCLE FIBRES

ii)Smooth muscle: This is also called non-striated or involuntary muscle. It is found covering the visceral organs of the body. Hence it is also called visceral muscle. Each muscle fibre is spindle-shaped. It varies from 15 to 5000 microns in length. Its cytoplasm is called sarcoplasm. It contains a single ovoid nucleus placed in the centre of the fibre. The sarcoplasm has very fine myofibrils. SMOOTH MUSCLE

iii) Cardiac muscle: Its structure is intermediate between that of the striped and unstriped muscle. This is the muscle of the heart. The fibres are striated and not voluntary. Sarcolemma is absent. Each cell of this muscle gives rise to a short branch which joins with the adjacent cells forming network CARDIAC MUSCLE IV. Answer any one of the following: 1. Explain briefly the concept of Darwinism. (Not in current syllabus.) 2. Draw a neat labelled diagram of human respiratory system.

V. Answer any one of the following: 1x 5 = 5 I. a) Draw a neat labelled diagram of V.S. of grastrula of frog.

Dorsal

b) How do you detect the presence of fat in a given sample? 1 The presence of fat can be detected by acrolein test. When a given sample is melted and gently heated with few drops of sodium or potassium bisulphite, if it gives pungent smell the sample is fat.

2. a) Draw a neat labelled diagram of areolar tissue and explain. Areolar tissue: The areolar tissue is the simplest and commonest type of connective tissue proper. It consists of irregular, interlacing and loosely arranged bundles of white fibres, between which are spaces (areolae) containing the matrix. There are delicate, branched, yellow fibres among the white fibres. Many types of cells are found in the matrix.

It is commonly found as a continuous layer beneath the skin and acts as a packing material between the muscles. It is also found around secretory tissues and blood vessels. b) Which type of cleavage is present in frog? 1 Holoblastic and unequal cleavage.