Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
LMED
LUNAR
Brent Sherwood
ARCHITECTURE
1
AND
URBANISM I9317440
Human civilization and architecture have defined each other for over 5000 years on Earth. Even in the novel environment of space, persistent issues of human urbanism will ecl_gse, within a historically shoff time, the technic_ challenges of space settlement that dominate our current view. By adaYng topics in space engfneeffng planetology, life support, human factors, materlal invention, and conservation to their already mnats._nce array of e_mrttse, urban deagners can responsibly apply ancient, proven standards to the exciting new opportunities afforded by space. Inescapable facts about the Moon set real boundaries within which tenable lunar urbanism and its component architecture must eventually develop.
THE
Many urbanism. architecture that this essay. First, given pretend many prospects the proof decades Indeed, still
LONG
us
VIEW
temporally examine from even true lunar lunar
being precision
cramped, work
noisy, The
smelly,
inertially
jittery
to
interior
environment
of such
insulate
many years will pass before Why, then, cannot yet be known?
inchoate
is realized.
a field so embryonic Three reasons motivate defensibly Even about will be facts
Because
vehicles
servicing longer either excrescent the week cargo for other former, with every hand, that activities ab-ware mission
missions with vehicular or modular approaches. up to seven (Spacelab, and with Spacehab)
architecture requires The space shuttle uses workers installed for roughly in its capacious ground space more support the does, growth, and one is still are really record support station Mir, on a
expansion
planets
accommodating
thinking inevitable
extensive
most productive if grounded realistically that will constrain life on the Moon. Second, those hoping professionally environment tend to be either space about urban history, lunar or architects planners, who Responsible however,
lineage the
Distilling, allows
as this approach much of its units cylinders, structures, on recent orbit can 326-day even
of traveling activity-limited
versed
dimensions
worlds. Preparing rigorously for that joint future will take much time, and appreciating the depth and range of both fields is a first step. Third, will goals and most present must, central, thinking should, refining Without and might the direction history be, we some tangible have of the path depends no on sound idea of what our way of how facts that the basis toward people bridge from to future setting
of linked, manned
on sidings. specialized,
architecture
the begirmingy
far future
individuals working common to envision familiar vehicular of permanent Submarine as paradigms all, intrinsically life,
in space. While it is natural and space architecture based on this only the very first stages could or on planetary surfaces
for making the many immediate decisions along it. Now is the time to begin earnest discussion will use Earth's moon. Acknowledging eventual urbanism can save resources and, finally, remorse.
vocabulary, vehicular.
however, in orbit
of offwodd
in fact be sensibly
are frequently hostile, thus all three require needs conciliation, urgent to quantify
TRAVEIJNG,
To begin, each civilization: we draw traveling, of which
STAYING,
distinctions staying, among
AND LIVING
three in the human growth architecture activities, of space so far
encourage
has a special
rote to play
engineering,
an attempt
as completely
has been entirely vehicular, based Earth. Atmospheric flight governs Like trucks and vans, they only
the goal of designing more holds great promise for enplaces and will prove critical
to stay in hostile
permit
for long interplanetary manned missions and planetary outposts, which blur the boundary between traveling and staying. But Earth's Space oceans cannot regarded Travel time, and space become poles, from which point. human conspire economic their to ensure arena lives that until people establish people eventually return, can only model to a certain
widely there.
as inevitable expense,
238
they
2nd Conference
on Lunar
eventually
transform
staying
in
space
to
living
in
expressions
have
continued
to
define
other root
Human living is an exceedingly more than pagsably engineered cludes all we do: working, is a vastly model messy and their resting, behavior over effects for living a numerical abstract core The human grace future wisdom
complex activity, accommodation playing, one cannot Instead, of human of those see, not
requiring because
We cannot imagine "civilization" (from divorced from its creative artifacts. is architecture's grandest product,
city
a built
armature
problem,
Crays. People
within which throngs of people can arrange lives. As a tool permitting societal evolution, provide enduring organization and sustain
discrete but linked the city must first the individual and
developed
all '.iuman
history
and determines
collective needs of the people living in it. By accommodating simultaneously most of the conflicting, singular services its citizens desire, way. organism influence the city can enable The synergy much of that more larger, a population populac resourceful, that density possible in turn no other a social this e animates
as society
evolves.
consequential together
could
only
human
to a civic culture,
can feasibly
in space
as on
They demand
wherever sustained
by its culture advancing the the extreme greatness; and delight. and
FIRMNESS,
We activity may define of coordinating
COMMODITY,
architecture a set of specialty
AND DELIGHT
as the professional and services industries
can upon that foundation reach of the human spirit. density urbanism Disease, encouraged often violence, by cities falls far
guarantee
succinctly
short
exploitation,
environmental
devastation,
to make facilities that foster and enhance human living. To dissect the profession, we first need ways to evaluate its product. Then we can more Two concise, standard fabrication, usable? serves the and critically ago, complete firmness, anything safety. review the the specialties Roman it coordinates. proffered defining This qualities, question: a clear, good tripolar proper Is it millennia Vitta_vius and
spiritual impoverishment concentrations of people. approached, populations. biologically desirabIe negative priceless civilization, atavistic Certainly tolerable for human aspects benefits. necessarily by linking
controls resurface a vast gap between species design while a central otherwise and what
statement commodity,
is spiritually
architecture: covers
Urban
of dense
integrity, subsumes
Architecture
in building fields
of architecture accommo-
and
reconciling
isolated
it is built,
dating the environment. Deh'gbt frequently luxury. Would ancient without structure,
that can only make a firm, commodious, ment if combined coherently. Traditional to modern human terrestrial architecture historical include study, programming,
Trod delightful environspecialties contributing subjects and as sundry representalaw, materials engineering, geology, as abstract
is often
diacritical in modern
Delight addresses people rather use principles any one solution, apply of which and art. encapsulating
the subtle but penetrating question: this than other solutions? These three to all ages and modes and styles properties of distinct aad complementary cannot
tional modeling, psychology, testing and development, negotiation, economics, Designers civic industrial construction environmental of cities waste production, spectator must
structural engineering, environmental control management, study, in addition commerce, communication address and engineering art. and of course
architecture,
be simultaneously and aspirations; Because The and to use, architecture profession. traveling spoons
logistics,
management crime,
power death,
architecture
human needs
values
events,
networks
at the very least, it embodies on manipulating called is extensive human c3tnically of architecture, beings
for human
recreation, resource conservation, maintenance, and defense. and urban planners subjects of all these character, diverse by
"second neglecting
Architects
try to satisfy
(as here)
manipulating of material
interfaces
symbolism,
and scale
to sewers, and buildings, servicing and embodying with civilization. civilization following generally define
too, as architecture. human community, is as having two begun about and used
so doing they add incidentally to the long history of built human environments. Their central, coordinating effort remains invariant despite material and social features unique to time and place.
inextricably
ANOTHER
The and their time is the the next century, the nature particularly there, design on and under vehicular can
CHANCE
and the surface by place is cislunar moon. ensures (the issues. space, that human Poised of Earth's only Until then
in Mesopotamia,
key inventions:
abstract yet practical formal design to facilitate intercourse. Subsequently, these permanently both lating mere ture written and built, became intrinsically
of all space
vessels
be influenced of inhabiting
a skeleton
"factors")
of the tremendous
and stimulating human sensibilities. By thus transcending functionality, the recording arts of literature and architecwere born. Over the ages since then, civilization and its
environment
since the dawn of man, and having only essayed it, we are now understandably preoccupied
Sherwood..
Lunar
architecture
and
urbanism
239
alive
and
healthy
still effort to by a
urban
design
will and
require
to all listed
the
architectural
planning
has consumed
the best engineering Enabling many much (STS) more problems some Long form several months, served challenging quite sustaining microgravity or
the twentieth complete throughout expensive. opens anything groups might against Ecological bone
people
plus advanced CELSS, radiation management, interorbital elemental mining, biomass recycling, and of course the full di_iplines peculiar to spacecraft tics, propulsion, vacuum thermal teleoperation, vibration and gence, and redundant must address further alien and planetology gravity level, to become
complement
System
permitting
and protection
noise
artificial
a level
Logistically,
safety. Finally, actual planetary the dominant issues of launch local geology, enough weather, in the and wilderness conversant preservation.
of Controlled
including
Clearly
prophylaxis, demineralization;
biochemical
intending
components
and protracted
orbit (GEO) demands careful shielding against and acute radiation fluence. Solving just these and elegantly will keep us busy well into the
lunar architecture to perform it rigorously, has an awful lot to learn. As a professional from ready to take on the on the task we so glibly is indeed child's lunar urbanism. and environmental the second culture. bursts set oldest ix, ople Moon
responsibly, and well culture, we are far imagine. Just putting to estabwith heralds a of its
reliably
problems
lishing a mature The sudden which great range civilized of substituting Old planetary dialogue enjoyed. is lethal. space leap
the dominant
to space
will
safely assert that before multitudes of people begin living in space, more ancient architectural issues will have superseded the technical dilemmas of putting and keeping them there. Establishing an offworld urbanism that can provide the spectrum of amenities, stimulation, and cultural support that people require of cities introduced anywhere by presents a really challenges thousands, to dominate tough or problem, social millions even beside which our incipient living in space engineering hundreds, must come pale. The everything complexities of people
has worked
of freedoms
parameters.
and outdoors
that humans
Interior "exteriors" must arise, since the true exterior The harsh rules of space and its startling allowances will the relationship between to rethink people human and their
else. Technically
able to keep communities alive on the begun to prepare for solving the total
change altogether environment. By being remake afresh pating species proving try, yet with forced urbanism
living, we can starting Anticiour of imindeed us to most than with planet of lunar
architectural problem engaged by doing so. Extant but unconcerted preparation takes three forms. First, and least useful, by than in Earth are utopian which images attempt they Second by science to the inconsistent images, detail these arising and reveal from contemporary of space details. about Albeit In their ideas often futures "colonization" civilization presenting creators explored technically beyond studies, rather about fixed to paint a picture peculiar more fiction. study
if we proceed of civilization
carefully, as practice.
the 5000-year
the most emphatic will undergo fuels the human realm condition. affording
transformation designer's hope of a pristine, opportunity of firm, our lures first and
projecting
generating urbanism.
a new The
commodious,
vignetted the
provides
bankrupt,
important
advantage
of having
conceived
priceless chance to prove to ourselves the historical evidence shows. Most which we can treat human living last, teach it is. us how to protect
by writers generally rather than ways profession the eventually engineering. millennia of mannerist storehouse of
driven to explore implications and meaning, and means. Finally, but unwittingly, the architecture problems is better prepared for solving than is space supported to avoid and by the of living in space planners can hope still viable that the
on an alien
at long
of terrestrial important
Given time and trial, of course, human living would approximately have done on Earth. We would " could novel better
Only dedicated human professional experience of simple potential the role visions, futures, common to more play while to
traps
tapping
realize presumption in
limit error through planning, even though arena; not only should we aim to design than any found than the on the Earth, cost we must in quicker luxurious
aim to do
engineering
extravagant
suffering,
accomplish
by reversing
and environmental
destruction
will be unconscionably
engineering will in fact be but of architectural practice. Lunar human change needs deeply. of its citizens, no new Engineering but technology, environment,
a new tool in the ancient panoply urbanism must after all follow the to principles gimmicks of building that no new to will no new are liable
high. LUNAR
Having established can look Outright mature.
according realities
REALITY
and urbanism, their evolution, and we
of lunar must
defined the scope of architecture why access to space must affect more closely at their necessary lunar prophecy So rather than is a .specious goal, portraying arbitrary
expression
on the Moon.
by the
profession
of architecture
that profession.
240
2nd
Conference
on Lunar
Bases and
Space Activities
one images
possible of lunar
we
limn
instead The
some
factual of basic
surface viewing
that contain
possibilities. means
abundance
sky will
be especially
attractive
sensibility.
civilization
that certain
principles remain unobvious, rules that will constrain what these plants sarily neglect Lunar facts will the remain dominate dominant will The largess and extensive lunar first vehicular
so we outline the most probable lunar architecture must be. Not all life until than real a few urban Nor growth supphases. will they necesas they all stages by Earth's every or .sealed, for on
special times, spurring ritual, behavioral, and special surface architectures for that p_. Primarily subterranean, then, lunar cities would be heavily overburden, overlying boundary top-shielded and perhaps tunneled will by concrete even be the The single superstructures, of untouched surface, important planetary most by regolith wilderness both natural architectural That pressure. structurally hermetic newtons overburden city by areas
centuries,
city caverns.
unpredictable urbanism
and engineered,
populated culture
on the Moon. contain atmospheric lunar cities can be square withstand counteract meter over this of the 100,000 a regolith pressure safe be
modem
where
must in general also the enclosures inside conventional, surface sufficient itself by the weight exerted every must to air within
logistical
on the lunar
it. In fact,
fullyurban.
The overwhelming indigenous inevitably locally, civilization manufacturing be rate-limited. techniques. Offworld Thus common objects them from space A specialized computer in which the programmer on which all somehow of lunar for she jots must origin must made but
would exceed by many times shielding alone. Pressurized, spaceships; economical, Lunar architecture, examples, urbanistic sequence natural East to schemes themselves, life
more though.
for an ages of
troglodytic, provide
not because
supplying
is impossible,
contrasting
programmatic interior. executed regarded fi'om the The as a all the Middle
because it is impractical. from space, but the chair she munches, the she light by which Moon. This need excite sees local a human divining
have been conceptually or explicitly Roman i_mpire was conceived and of controlled landscapes the British everywhere, civilizing volumes and views and that it conquered absorbed,
.scrap paper
culture, from
Isles, as alien. Imposing the same planning Romans created their own universe around it with gods of their convenience choosing. as urban and Vh'tuafly "rooms"
designers
generations image
arranging in it the ordered landscape of their all outdoor spaces in Roman cities functioned
within which the public rituals of Roman society could be played out. The Roman invention of concrete allowed enclosed volumes of a truly public those volumes announced In Empire, outside out masonry intr_ction, architecture Roman and lavishly of religious belief upward came to influential the technology to the western northern than interior a densely and and extravagance mystery the flooding to recover and sustain an as anything interior The cloak scale never before and of the street alive today. millennium warfare Often tiny of shrank instead. piety, but civic spaces a secular refine stretching light from architecture century North its following conspired little slits more recessed the Roman from the to produce peered in thick encouraged off the east, in the the stone old medieval seen, and the legacy both of facades that surfaced and
a few kilograms
centralized
them remains
We can expect most surface buildings to be made primarily of lunar concrete reinforced with local metal, serving both structural and shielding of titanium needs with minimal industry. We can expect as are alloys steel and aluminum to be used as commonly
a genuinely of halls
pile, medieval
architecture
and plastic on Earth, and we can expect glass to be everywhere. Among the easiest materials to fabricate from lunar sources, glasses cavern fibers. quickly, This Moon masonry, Lunar of varying linings We must cheaply, well fired, might makes purities expect mean will make up everything products from Again, from tunneled as and architectural and simply and vitreous must elements, as possible landscape materials. be to structural a_ailable these and optical resources. by poured, are not all the Heavily
chambers even
walls.
will be made
Byzantine
ornamented
dominated
inspired
possible,
architecture
shielded havens are required during anomalously large solar proton events (ALSPEs, or flares), and cosmic rays (which Earth's atmosphere isotropically ures are working, unshielded more pressure suburban incidentally attenuates) and continuously; irradiate the the best lunar long-term surface semicountermeasnot actually limit their immortal, affording space yet their (and crystalline
grand, has
Most familiarly, inclusive sumption attention landscape. ing Toronto italism instead
twentieth
evolved con-
to compensate
automotive
not yet known. It may well be that, when people living in space will quite voluntarily exposure. domes No modern about myth seems image planetary sunlight). more than the persistent scattered with of miraculous surfaces, views of raw
of its natural landscape. is occupied and stimulated The consistency of religion strip and Los Angeles essentially architecture
Reverting indoors, public by the mall's manufactured makby capthe same. will also Driven
hollow,
pedestrian-
populace baking
magnificent
them in strong
find expression
Sherwood:
Lunar
architecture
and
urbanism
241
The and
civic new
whose
Earth's
geology
condemn
signs forests
action
here
to ecoand
be among
transience.
Left alone,
denuded
ravaged
desert erosion
past,
a pluralistic interiors
structures can eventually even toxic pollution. The lunar wilderness, despite takes millions irrecoverable, "gardening"
despite is truly
lunar interiors
culture
aspirations
and
effectively of
of lunar
inanimate of years
nature.
distinctive
Earth's,
to remake
accommodate
await experience, a natural gait in lunar gravity will and hops will rise higher. Human "factors" will problem economy, architecture than Earth shielding, Lunar ecological a web low, organisms. and seriously a difficult as well. can live radiation, research bringing avoidable). to prevent inconceivable along to solve. Interior supporting structures, will be much more _ therefore be architecture, and its urban life will be having hosts, Our utter a sterile but Some in and real despite nonsterile. evolved and truly
regolith. The forces that allow reclaiming strip mines and ruins on Earth simply do not exist on the Moon; the first trek through a pristine ruins its region ineffable of the Moon's unique value "magnificent desolation" Surface wilderne_ practically forever.
slender than Earth allows. Lunar lighter and seem more expansive its pressurized Human in the symbiotic of these too closure, beings interactions relationships anyway, management will are its exterior elaborate of Earth with is too to host other shalplan life and and it is be
exploration, strip mining, and construction Hill be facts of human activity on the Moon. So, sooner or later, Hill be human demands for more isolates participatory and renewal utter preservation size areas also will of aid untouched which that effort wild since regions. its The its total close cannot small use be horizon planetary of the Moon, visually. on the Moon afforded by makes preventing
urgent,
WiIderness contemplating
appreciation wilderness
of commensal
Hill be metal
radically new forms of urban design and specialized to accommodate that human need on the Moon. The urbanism the lunar Moon boundary our future. as exciting, Many people, engineers, about realism populate_ reciprocally and themes; those who sponsibly history. few fundamental here as weather properties grow is to directly the of out Earth. lunar reviewed conditions, No rule, whether
architecture
our projections can be more and after all, prevents professional leaders, thoughts. lunar and on the urbanism
human
animals
environment
as romantic, explorers,
as specious
Expansion
Finally, the Moon must cation between w//derness of a town there, from not human environment, wall to distill so much to
be a place of unprecedented and human use. The ancient from the countryside from lunar biosphere protect Fragile inhabitants the natural though the the
living in space into those interior, defines and that do plan one of the
urbanism
principles--that
may be in the face of "development," we are nonetheless spoiled by its resilience. The encroachment of living relentless weather, and finally even the inexorable
re-
grandest
projects
in human
tectonics