RankineHugoniot conditions

RankineHugoniot conditions
The RankineHugoniot conditions, also referred to as RankineHugoniot jump conditions or RankineHugoniot relations, relate to the behaviour of shock waves traveling normal to the prevailing flow. They are named in recognition of the work carried out by Scottish engineer and physicist William John Macquorn Rankine[1] and French engineer Pierre Henri Hugoniot.[2] See also Salas (2006)[3] for some historical background.

Introduction
Consider a one-dimensional, calorically ideal gas described by a polytropic equation-of-state and operating under adiabatic conditions. In addition, assume that the fluid is inviscid (negligible viscosity effects). Such a system can be described by the following system of conservation laws, known as the 1D Euler equations

where, fluid mass density, [kg/m3] fluid velocity, [m/s] fluid-specific internal energy, [J/kg] fluid pressure, [Pa] time, [s] distance, [m], and fluid-specific total energy, [J/kg]. For adiabatic conditions a polytropic process can be represented by the equation-of-state,

where

represents the polytropic exponent (equal to the ratio of specific heats

) of the polytropic process

For an extensive list of compressible flow equations, etc., refer to NACA Report 1135 (1953).[4] Note: For a calorically ideal gas is a constant and for a thermally ideal gas is a function of temperature.

RankineHugoniot conditions

The jump condition

Before proceeding further it is necessary to introduce the concept of a jump condition a condition that holds at a discontinuity or abrupt change. Consider a 1D situation where there is a jump in the scalar conserved physical quantity the hyperbolic conservation law , which is governed by

Let the solution exhibit a jump (or shock) at where and ,

and integrate over the partial domain,

The subscripts 1 and 2 indicate conditions just upstream and just downstream of the jump respectively. Note, to arrive at equation (8) we have used the fact that and . Now, let limit where we have defined given by (the system characteristic or shock speed), which by simple division is and , when we have and , and in the

Equation (9) represents the jump condition for conservation equation (6). A shock situation arises in a system where its characteristics intersect, and under these conditions a requirement for a unique single-valued solution is that the solution should satisfy the admissibility condition or entropy condition. For physically real applications this means that the solution should satisfy the Lax entropy condition

where

and

represent characteristic speeds at upstream and downstream conditions respectively.

Euler equations shock condition

In the case of the hyperbolic conservation equation (6), we have seen that the shock speed can be obtained by simple division. However, for the 1D Euler equations ( 1), ( 2) and ( 3), we have the vector state variable and the jump conditions become

RankineHugoniot conditions

Equations (12), (13) and (14) are known as the RankineHugoniot conditions for the Euler equations and are derived by enforcing the conservation laws in integral form over a control volume that includes the shock. For this situation cannot be obtained by simple division. However, it can be shown by transforming the problem to a moving co-ordinate system, i.e. , and some algebraic manipulation, that the shock speed is given by

A schematic diagram of a shock wave situation with the density , velocity , and temperature indicated for each region.

where See Laney (1998), discussion.

[5]

is the speed of sound in the fluid at upstream conditions. LeVeque (2002),[6] Toro (1999),[7] Wesseling (2001),[8] and Whitham (1999)[9] for further

Stationary shock
For a stationary shock , and for the 1D Euler equations we have

In view of equation (12) we can simplify equation (14) to

which is a statement of Bernoulli's principle, under conditions where gravitational effects can be neglected. Substituting and from equations (12) and (13) into equation (15) yields the following relationship:

where

represents specific enthalpy of the fluid. Eliminating internal energy

in equation (15) by use

of the equation-of-state, equation ( 4), yields

From physical considerations it is clear that both the upstream and downstream pressures must be positive, and this imposes an upper limit on the density ratio in equations (17) and (18) such that . As

RankineHugoniot conditions the strength of the shock increases, there is a corresponding increase in downstream gas temperature, but the density ratio approaches a finite limit: 4 for an ideal monatomic gas and 6 for an ideal diatomic gas predominately of diatomic molecules and therefore at standard conditions .

. Note:

References
[1] Rankine, W. J. M. (1870). "On the thermodynamic theory of waves of finite longitudinal disturbances" (http:/ / gallica. bnf. fr/ scripts/ get_page. exe?O=55965& E=328& N=11& CD=1& F=PDF). Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. 160: 277. doi:10.1098/rstl.1870.0015. . [2] Hugoniot, H. (1887). "Propagation des Mouvements dans les Corps et spcialement dans les Gaz Parfaits" (in French). Journal de l'Ecole Polytechnique 57: 3. [3] Salas, M. D. (2006). "The Curious Events Leading to the Theory of Shock Waves, Invited lecture, 17th Shock Interaction Symposium, Rome, 48 September." (http:/ / ntrs. nasa. gov/ archive/ nasa/ casi. ntrs. nasa. gov/ 20060047586_2006228914. pdf). . [4] Ames Research Staff (1953), "Equations, Tables and Charts for Compressible Flow" (http:/ / ntrs. nasa. gov/ archive/ nasa/ casi. ntrs. nasa. gov/ 19930091059_1993091059. pdf), Report 1135 of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, [5] Laney, Culbert B. (1998). Computational Gasdynamics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0521625586. [6] LeVeque, Randall (2002). Finite Volume Methods for Hyperbolic Problems. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0521009249. [7] Toro, E. F. (1999). Riemann Solvers and Numerical Methods for Fluid Dynamics. Springer-Verlag. ISBN978-3540659662. [8] Wesseling, Pieter (2001). Principles of Computational Fluid Dynamics. Springer-Verlag. ISBN978-3540678533. [9] Whitham, G. B. (1999). Linear and Nonlinear Waves. Wiley. ISBN978-0471940906.

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