arXiv:0809.

2678v1 [gr-qc] 16 Sep 2008

The solution of tachyon ination in curved universe

J. Sadeghi a, A. R. Amani
a b

Sciences Faculty, Department of Physics, Mazandaran University, P.O.Box 47415-416, Babolsar, Iran

Department of Physics, Islamic Azad University - Ayatollah Amoli Branch, P.O.Box 678, Amol, Iran

September 16, 2008

Abstract In this paper, we have considered the curved universe which is lled by tachyonic eld. We have found the exact solutions for the eld, pressure, density, and scale factor and some cosmological parameters. In such universe, we have investigated the role of tachyonic eld in dierent stages of k for the evolution of the universe. Finally we draw the graphs for the scale factor, Hubbles parameter, energy density, pressure, acceleration parameter, equation of state and potential for the dierent values of k. Also we obtained the exact form of eld which shows that the tachyonic eld has the kink form.

Keywords:Tachyonic Field; Curved Universe; Acceleration Parameter. PACS. 98.80.Cq, 95.35.+d, 98.70.Vc

Introduction

In recent decade, it is observed that the space of the universe increases with an acceleration rate. Expansion of the universe arise from energy called dark energy, and it is almost threequarters of the total mass-energy of the universe. As we know there are few more taxing questions facing cosmology today than what is nature of the dark energy in the universe?. Over the past few years there have been many papers devoted in addressing the nature of the dark energy and accelerated expansion of universe. On the other hand there have

Email:pouriya@ipm.ir Email:a.r.amani@iauamol.ac.ir

been diculties in obtaining accelerated expansion from fundamental theories such as string theory [1]. Much has been written and emphasized about the role of the fundamental dilation eld in the context of string cosmology, but not much emphasis on tachyon component. In this paper, we turn our attention to the issue of the tachyon as a source of the dark energy. As we know the tachyon is an unstable eld which has become important in string theory through its role in the Dirac - Born- Infeld (DBI) action which is used to describe the Dbrane action [2-4]. A number of authors have already demonstrated that the tachyon could play an important role in cosmology [5], independent of the fact that it is an unstable eld. It can act as a source of dark matter and can lead to a period of ination depending on the form of the associated potential. Indeed it has been proposed as the source of dark energy for a particular class of potential [6-8]. However, there has not really been an eect to understand the general properties of tachyonic cosmologies. In order to attempt the problem, we start four- dimensional DBI action where the tachyon eld is coupled to a background of perfect uid with radiation or matter. Also, we consider model of Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) cosmology with curvature, driven by real scalar eld which evolves with standard or tachyonic dynamics. We note that in the Ref. [9], they have assumed that the universe is lled in tachyonic eld with potential and discussed the acceleration of the universe. In that case they have considered the FRW model with metric as a spatially at. We have assumed that the universe is lled in only tachyonic eld but the FRW metric is curved. So, for tachyonic dynamics we extend the result of [9], which was in at space - time. In contrast to the paper assuming the tachyon potential, we have also obtained the explicit form of potential for the tachyon eld. This paper is organized as follows: section 2 we study tachyon dynamic with FRW standard model in curved universe . With the help of energy - momentum tensor we obtain the equation of motion for the corresponding tachyonic eld. The solution for the tachyonic equation is presented in section 3. In this section we obtain the exact solution for some cosmological parameters in curved universe and show the accelerating expansion of our universe due to tachyonic eld. Finally, in section 4 oer some closing remarks and results.

Tachyon Dynamic

One of considerable methods inationary describe potential or vacuum energy of scalar eld with tachyon eld. We can see details of tachyon eld in Refs. [10-12]. However, we want to investigate a cosmological scenario to help tachyon eld T in a perfect uid. Now we begin the single tachyonic ination model with applying Lagrange density in the DBI type action [13-15]. So, the action for the homogenous tachyon condensate of string theory in gravitational background is given by, S= d x g
4 2 Mp R+L , 2

(1)

where Mp = (8G)1/2 is reduced Planks mass when we take Mp = 1/ 2. Also R and L are scalar curvature and Lagrangian density respectively. 2

The lagrangian density L is , where V (T ) is tachyonic potential. We use spatially metric in FRW standard model as, ds2 = dt2 + a2 (t) dr 2 + r 2 d2 , 1 k r2 (3) L = V (T ) 1 T T , (2)

where constant of k = 1, 0 and 1 is for spherical, at and hyperbolic geometry respectively. We obtain Ricci tensor, R , and Ricci scalar, R, as functional of scale factor, a(t), by, a R00 = 3 , a a a2 k Rij = gij ( + 2 2 + 2 2 ), a a a i, j = 1, 2, 3, R/3. (4) (5) (6)

a a2 k 2 = 2( + 2 + 2 ), that = a a a The energy momentum tensor for the tachonic eld is, 2 S T = = V (T ) 1 + g T T g + g g

V (T ) T T . 1 + g T T

(7)

In FRW metric with a scale factor a, the pressure and energy densities of the eld T are given respectively, V (T ) = , p = V (T ) 1 T 2 . (8) 2 1T In order to obtain the corresponding tachyonic eld equation we use energy-momentum tensor as T = (, p, p, p) and Einsteins equations as G = 2 T , so we have, H =
2

a a

2 k 2 = 2 = 3 a 3

V 1 T2

k , a2

(9)

2 k = (p + ) + k = V T H + 2, 2 a 1 T2 a where H is Hubbles parameter. We rewrite the equation of motion as, T 1 dV = 0. + 3H T + V dT 1 T2

(10)

(11)

We note that the tachyonic potential and eld in terms of scale factor can be written by the following respectively, 4 a2 3 2, (12) V = 2 4 a 3

2 T2 = 3

1+

1 2 1 a 2 a

(13)

As we know, the acceleration parameter and equation state are respectively , q= H a a = 1 2 . a2 H p = . so we have, = T 2 1, (14) (15) (16)

is a number depending on uid types, in that case = 0 for dust and = 1/3 for radiation. Also condition of universe expansion is < 1/3, as it express an unknown energy that is called dark energy.

Solution for the Curved Universe

1

By using equation (6) and choosing = Constant, the scale factor can be written by, a(t) = 2k (c1 et c2 et ), (17)

where k is curved geometry, c1 , c2 are integration constants and is functional of Ricci scalar (R). For simplicity, here we take c2 = c1 = c and rewrite scale factor as, 2 a(t) = k + c cosh(t). (18) Now we draw the variation of scale factor with respect to time and we have g. (1). It show that scale factor increase as a positive, so the universe expands eternally.
2.9 2.5 2.0 1.9 2.8 2.4

1.8 2.3 2.7

a
2.2 2.6

1.7

1.6

2.1 1.5 2.5

2.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

1.4 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

t
= 1 :

c =2:k

= 1

t
= 1 :

c =2:k

= 0

t
= 1 :

c =2:k

Figure 1: Graphs of the scale factor.

The Hubbles parameter is obtained by equation (9) as follows, H(t) = 1 2 c sinh(t) . 2 k + c cosh(t) (19)

Also we draw the Hubbles parameter in term of time, see g. (2). The Hubbles parameter with the choice of dierent values of k, asymptotically increase with constant value.
0.5 0.5 0.6

0.5 0.4 0.4

0.4 0.3 0.3

H
0.2

H
0.2

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.1 0.1

0 0 1 2 3

0 0 1 2

= 1 :

= 2 :

= 1

= 1 :

t
= 2 :

= 0

= 1 :

= 2 :

Figure 2: Graphs of the Hubbles parameter. The energy density and pressure are obtained as, (t) = 32 2 c2 cosh2 (t) + 2kc cosh(t) + 2k 2 2 c2 . 8 (k + c cosh(t))2 2 32 c2 cosh2 (t) + 6kc cosh(t) + 2k 2 + 2 c2 . 8 (k + c cosh(t))2 (20)

p(t) =

(21)

The variation of energy density with respect to time is plotted in g. (3). The energy densities for k = 0 and k = 1 start to increase from positive value and tend to asymptotically increase to a value of positive constant.
0.38 0.4 0.4 0.36 0.2

0.3 0.34 0

0.32

0.2

K K

0.2

0.30

0.4

0.28

0.1

K
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5

0.6

0.26

0.8 0 1 2 3 4 5

t
= 1 :

= 2 :

= 1

t
= 1 :

= 2 :

= 0

t
= 1 :

= 2 :

Figure 3: Graphs of the energy density. 5

Also we note that in g. (4) for the dierent value of k the pressure start to increase asymptotically to negative value.
K K K
p
0.37

K K K
p

0.38

K K
p

0.4

0.38

0.40

0.42

0.5

0.39

K K K

K K K

0.44

0.40

K K
0 1 2 3 4 5

0.6

0.46

0.41

0.48

0.7

0.42 0 1 2 3 4 5

0.50 0 1 2 3 4 5

t
= 1 :

= 2 :

= 1

t
= 1 :

= 2 :

= 0

t
= 1 :

= 2 :

Figure 4: Graphs of the pressure. From equations (14) and (18) the acceleration parameter can be written as, q= aa c cosh2 (t) + 2k cosh(t) + c . = a2 c sinh2 (t) (22)

In g.(5), we see acceleration parameters increase from a negative value and tend to asymptotically to 1.
0 0 0

K K
q

K
q

K
q

10

K K K

K K K

10

15

10

15

20

25 0 2 4 6 8 10

15 0 2 4 6 8 10

20 0 2 4 6 8 10

t
= 1 :

= 2 :

= 1 :

t
= 1 :

= 2 :

= 0

t
= 1 :

= 2 :

1 :

Figure 5: Graphs of the acceleration parameter. By using equations (16) and (18) one can obtain the equation of state as a following, = 1 32 c2 cosh2 (t) + 6kc cosh(t) + 2k 2 + 2 c2 . 3 2 c2 cosh2 (t) + 2kc cosh(t) + 2k 2 2 c2 (23)

We see that in g. (6) the equation of state for k = 0 and k = 1 start to increase and asymptotically approach to negative constant. But in case of k = 1 the equation of state also increases from positive value and we see some singularity. 6

K K K K
w

1.0

K K K
w

10

2 9

1.1

4 8

1.2

1.3

K K K K

K K K K

w
5

1.4

10 4

1.5

12

1.6

14 1

1.7 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

t
= 1 :

= 2 :

= 1

t
= 1 :

= 2 :

= 0

t
= 1 :

= 2 :

Figure 6: Graphs of the equation of state. The corresponding potential for the tachyon eld in terms of time can be obtain by equations (12) and (18), 2 2 2 c2 c cosh2 (t) + 2k cosh(t) + c 3 . (24) 4 V = 8 (k + c cosh(t))4
0.4 0.37 0.37

0.36

0.3

0.36

0.35

0.2

0.35

0.34

0.34

0.1

0.33

0.33

K
a

0 0

= 1 :

c =2:k =1

K
= 1 :

c =2:k =0

K
a

= 1 :

c=

2 :

k=

Figure 7: Graphs of the potential. In order to obtain the tachyon eld we substitute equation (17) in (13) and draw the following T in terms of time, in that case this graph will be equivalent to sech(t). 2 3 k 2 2 c2 T = . (25) 3 2 c2 cosh2 (t) + 2kc cosh(t) + 2k 2 2 c2 and 2 3 k 2 2 c2 sech(t) = sech(t). T = 3 c arctan(sinh(t)). 7 (26)

so the tachyon eld obtains as, T = (27)

The behavior of this eld in terms of time can be form of kink-like, which is important to tachyon condensation.

Conclusion

In this letter, we have considered the curve FRW universe driven by only tachyonic eld. We have presented accelerating expansion of our universe due to tachyonic eld. We also found exact solution of tachyonic eld which is given by equation (27). This eld leads us to obtained the corresponding potential for the tachyon eld. In this paper we assumed that = constant so the R curvature stays constant. The interesting problem here is to nd solution of tachyon eld for general f (R) instead of R. This problem will be investigated in the future.

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