Complete Thermodynamic Assignment

Cheng Chi Hsieh, Grant Manderston, Adam Richards and Nicholas Ellingworth
An Investigation into the Main Components, Operation and Features of the Gas Turbine, Compression Ignition and Spark Ignition Engines
By Nicholas Ellingworth, Cheng Chi Hseih, Grant Manderston and Adam Richards
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Contents: Introduction By Cheng Chi Hsieh Page 2 Descriptions of Main components of Each Power Plant By Adam Richards Page 2 How do the Power Plants Produce Power? By Cheng Chi Hsieh Page 4 Materials Used in the Power Plants By Adam Richards Page 6 Major Applications of Each Power Plant By Nicholas Ellingworth Page 7 Comparison of Each Power Plant in Terms of Their Suitability to Certain Applications By Nicholas Ellingworth Page 8 Typical Thermal Efficiencies of Each Power Plant By Grant Manderston Page 9 How are the Power Plants Lubricated and Cooled? By Grant Manderston Page 9 Acknowledgments Page 11
Introduction (cch) Most forms of energy, such as electricity, are obtained from the thermal exchange or transformation of chemical energy. Many engines use the
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combustion of petroleum and air to provide power for various outputs. Following are the reports on the gas turbine power plant, compression ignition and spark ignition engines.
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Description of Main Components in Each Power Plant Spark ignition engine:
The main components of a spark ignition engine are the piston, the connection rod (con rod), crankshaft, the Big end bearing, Spark plugs and the valves. Piston: The piston is the part of the engine that transfers linear motion. The piston creates a vacuum effect in the cylinder to draw in petrol, it also compresses the petrol air mixture ready for ignition and it forces out exhaust gasses. Con Rod: The connection rod transfers the linear motion created by the piston to the crankshaft. Here is a side view picture of the connection to the con rod connecting to the crankshaft.
Crankshaft: The crankshaft is a shaft that takes power from the piston/pistons (via the con rod) to the output shaft of the engine. See above for side view of crankshaft. Big end bearing: The big end bearing keeps the momentum going in the piston when it is not in its power stroke (ignition).
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Spark plugs: The spark plug introduces a voltage across 2 points to ignite the mixture of petrol in the chamber. It does this just before the piston reaches the top of its cycle on the compression. Valves: The intake valve allow the fuel air mixture to enter the cylinder via ports (as seen in picture 1), the exhaust valve allows burnt fuel and air mixture to escape the chamber via a port also. Compression ignition engine:
Compression ignition engines are basically the same as spark ignition engines, as much as they have similar components, but the fuel in a these engines doesnt need a spark to ignite it. When compressed, it ignites. This is why this type of engine does not have a spark plug. Instead it has a fuel/compressed air injector. Fuel is added at the correct point to prevent spontaneous combustion.
Gas turbine engine Here is a gas turbine engine. This type of engine is known as a turbofan engine. This kind of system is often used on large aircraft.
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Fan The fan forces air into the generator on the inside of its casing. The bypass air bypasses the whole system and adds to the final thrust at the end of the engine. Compressor The compressor is a large conical fan with blades on which compresses air as it rushes in the intake. It goes to the combustion area after compression.
Can Fuel gets injected in through the can and gets blown back and ignited. The perforations in the can allow for a controlled airflow through the can
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Turbines The turbines gather the high pressure and high velocity created in the combustion chamber to convert them into useful energy.
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How do the Power Plants Produce Power? Gas turbine engine: In fig1, fresh air enters the compressor and is compressed isentropically. The compressed air then goes into the combustion chamber to combust with the injected fuel. The expansion of hot working fluid then produces power to drive the turbine. The turbine provides force to a power output unit such as a generator as well as the compressor because they are connected to the same drive shaft.
fig1 Reciprocating power plant: The reciprocating power plant can be identified as one of two main types, spark ignition engines and compression ignition engines. 1. Compression ignition engine: These engines use the rise in temperature and pressure during the upstroke of a piston to cause the spontaneous ignition of fuel. 2. Spark ignition engine: In this engine the fuel is ignited by a spark from a spark plug. Spark ignition engine: The rationale of spark ignition engine could be described as the following: Fresh air enters the combustion chamber and mixes with the fuel. Then the piston moves to compress the mixed fluids. The spark plug ignites the mixed fluids causing combustion which creates a very high temperature and pressure gas. This gas is permitted to expand and used to move a piston which drives a crankshaft which is linked to a power output unit such as a gearbox. Compression ignition engine: When a gas is compressed, its temperature rises; a compression ignition engine uses this property to ignite the fuel. When fresh air is drawn into the cylinder of a diesel engine and compressed by the rising piston at a much higher compression ratio than for a spark-ignition engine, the air temperature reaches around 700900 C at the top of the piston stroke. The fuel is then 21/01/2012 8
injected into the combustion chamber at high pressure, mixing with the hot, high pressurised air. The mixed fluid ignites and burns very rapidly. The expansion of fluid forces the piston downwards to drive the crankshaft. The turning crankshaft provides useful power which can be used for a large variety of applications.
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Materials Used in the Power Plants Combustion engine materials: The combustion engine (petrol and diesel engines) has 4 main components. These components are the engine block, the piston, the valves and the cylinder head. The cylinder head and the engine block will be made of a similar material most times. This is usually grey iron. Grey iron is a form of cast iron. This type of iron has a high tensile strength. Grey iron is typically used as it has a low metal to metal wear, which is imperative in a combustion engine due to the piston moving rapidly up and down through the cylinder. The material also has a melting point of over 1000oC, which far surpasses the heat in the combustion chamber of the vehicle. The pistons in a combustion engine are commonly made from cast aluminium. Aluminium is used because of its ability to transfer heat as it has to deflect the heat well to remain working constantly. Valves are very commonly made from treated steels. Steel is chosen for its easy machineability and tensile strength. It is treated by a process called austentising. This is where the metal is heated so much that the carbon in the steel dissolves and coexists with the iron in a special state where the crystals have a face-centred cubic structure. By adding other metals to the alloy such as nitrogen, nickel and manganese, the austenite can be maintained as the metal cools to create steel that has high strength properties at elevated temperatures. Gas turbine engine materials: Gas turbine engines work with extremely high temperatures, which most metals would not withstand with constant loading also. This is why gas turbine engines use a range of super alloys. These types of alloys can be broke down into 3 categories, nickel-based, cobalt-based and iron-based. Nickel alloys are some of the best materials used between 1200 and 1800 F. They can withstand such high temperatures because of their age hardening characteristics. Cobalt-base alloys are used in extremely high temperature areas (upwards of 1800 F). They are commonly used in afterburners. These are used sparsely as the cost of producing them often outweighs the plus points. Titanium alloys, modified to withstand high temperatures (up to 1500 F), are seeing increased use in turbine engines.
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Major Applications of Each Power Plant Spark Ignition Engine: The spark ignition is available in a wide range of sizes and is therefore suitable for a wide range of applications. The main use of the spark ignition engine is in powered road vehicles such as the car, motorcycles and articulated trucks, other major uses include petrol fuelled power tools such as chainsaws and lawn mowers. Compression Ignition Engine: The compression ignition engine is a similar power plant to the spark ignition engine and is therefore used in similar applications. The main use of the compression combustion engine is in powered vehicles such as the car, boats and diesel fuelled railway locomotives. The compression ignition engine is also used compressors, pumps and small electricity generators. Gas Turbine Engine: The gas turbine engine is available in many variants such as the turbo fan, turbo prop, ram jet, scram jet, pulse jet and thermo jet. The most important application of the gas turbine engine is in commercial and military aircraft including helicopters which use the turbo prop variant of the gas turbine engine. The turbo prop engine can also be used to drive a turbine to generate electricity on a commercial scale.
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Comparison of Each Power Plant in Terms of Their Suitability to Certain Applications The two most important uses of engines are generating electricity and automotive applications, comparing each power plant in terms of their suitability for these two uses should provide an insight into the differences between the different power plants. Automotive Applications: For automotive applications, the spark ignition engine and compression ignition engine are both widely used because they can produce similar power outputs, but they do have considerable differences. The spark ignition engine produces more power than a compression ignition engine of the same size but it isnt as efficient, so both are used in different types of vehicle, recently though compression ignition engines have been getting more powerful whilst retaining their efficiency and spark ignition engines have been getting more efficient whilst retaining their power so both are equally suitable for auto motive applications. Gas turbine engines arent suitable for automotive applications because they are not very efficient in comparison to the piston engines and are therefore not very useful in automotive applications. Generating Electricity: Gas turbines are widely use for generating electricity because when used in conjunction with a regular steam boiler which uses the heat produced by the gas turbine to generate electricity they can be incredibly efficient. Gas turbine engines are used to generate electricity on a commercial scale because they are cheap and easy to build in comparison to other types of generator regularly used. Compression ignition engines are widely used in small portable electricity generators because they have a good power to weight ratio and are very efficient. Spark ignition engines are not very suitable for generating electricity because despite the fact that they have a good power to weight ration they are not very efficient. Summary: Each power plant is suitable for different applications; the most versatile engine is the compression ignition engine because in various forms it can be used in almost any application, the gas turbine on the other hand can only be used effectively in a few applications such as generating electricity and providing propulsion for aircraft.
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Thermal Efficiencies of Each Power Plant Thermal efficiency is the ratio of heat converted into power against the total heat generated during combustion Gas turbine engine The thermal efficiency of the gas turbine is a function of the pressure ratio of the compressor, the inlet temperature of the power turbine and any freeloading losses. Simple cycle efficiencies range from 10 to 43%. 40% can be reached with pressure ratios of 30 to 40 and temperatures of approx. 1644K. Typical pressure ratios of 5 to 20 however, with turbine inlet temperatures of 760K to 1093K, results in thermal efficiencies of 20 to 33%. Efficiency can be increased by decreasing the inlet and outlet pressure losses, designing more efficient compressors or by increasing the combustion temperatures. Other efficiencies: recuperated cycle - up to 40%, cogeneration cycle - up to 80% and combined cycle - up to 60%. Compression ignition engine: Compression ignition engines have efficiencies of around 35 to 42%. These relatively high efficiency figures translate into lower fuel consumption (around 30% lower than spark ignition engines), and therefore lower CO2 exhaust emissions per unit distance. Compression ratios vary between 15 and 25. The higher the ratio the higher the efficiency is as more power is generated. Diesel engines also tend to have a longer engine life. Spark ignition engine: Thermal efficiencies of spark ignition engines are around 25 to 30%. They are lower than that achieved by compression ignition engines because they have lower compression ratios which are around 8 to 10.5. The gasoline engine, however, requires less torque to push the engine through compression than its diesel counterpart.
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How Are The Power Plants Lubricated And Cooled? Lubrication All engines in question are lubricated using types of oil. The oil used inside a gas turbine engine is considerably different to that of oils used in both compression and spark ignition engines because it does not become contaminated by the products of combustion. Oil change intervals are therefore much longer. Gas turbine lubrication oil systems include a cooler (air cooled), filter, pre/post pumps, an engine driven main lube oil pump, an oil storage tank and a heater. The system cools and filters the oil to provide correct lubrication and cooling of vital engine components. In compression and spark ignition engines the oil is stored in the oil pan or sump at the bottom of the engine. A pump forces the oil through a filter and then through a series of passages and galleries to lubricate the engines moving parts. The flow of oil also cools these parts. Rapidly moving engine parts actually float on a thin film of oil and never make contact with one another. This is called hydrodynamic lubrication and usually begins when an engine reaches the idle speed. Most engine wear occurs when a cold engine is first started, before the oil reaches its normal operating pressure and flow. Other oil functions include: sealing escaping gases, removing sludge forming material and the protection against rust and attacks by acids. Cooling As gas turbine performance is directly proportional to the air mass flow, high temperatures reduce output as air expands with heat. Therefore, gas turbine plants use inlet air cooling (consisting of inlet cooling coils and spray mist systems) to reduce the air temperature entering the turbine in order to increase output. Ventilation systems are also used. Gas turbines operate at high temperatures and therefore reject large amounts of heat to the surrounding space. Power plants are typically ventilated to remove this heat and to maintain temperatures within acceptable limits. Most compression and spark ignition engines rely on a liquid (a mixture of water and ethylene glycol (C2H6O2)) cooling system. As shown below in fig2, it consists of a closed loop and contains the main components of a water pump, radiator, water jacket (consisting of coolant passages in the block and cylinder heads) and a thermostat. As the liquid passes through the engine it absorbs the heat from the hot body (engine), thus cooling the engine. The fluid then leaves the engine and passes through the radiator and transfers the heat to the surroundings (air blowing through the exchanger). The cooled liquid then repeats the process. The water pump is driven by a belt connected to the crankshaft of the engine and circulates fluid whenever the engine is running and the thermostat regulates the amount of water that goes through the radiator.
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fig2
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Acknowledgements Information on various subjects: www.howstuffworks.com http://wikipedia.org Diagrams of gas turbine engine from: www.howstuffworks.com
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Cheng Chi Hsieh, Grant Manderston, Adam Richards and Nicholas Ellingworth

Description of Main Components in Each Power Plant Spark ignition engine:

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