XCC9001-05

Two hours
Graph paper is available in the Examination Room

THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER

CONSERVATION OF STRUCTURES

28 January 2005 14:00 16:00

Answer THREE Questions All questions carry equal marks

All candidates may only use the following approved calculators in examinations: CASIO FX83wa, CASIO FX82SX, CASIO FX83ms, and CASIO FX85w. The candidates are reminded that the major steps in all arithmetic calculations are to be set out clearly, irrespective of whatever computational aid is used.

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XCC9001-05

1.

(a)

Compare and contrast timber building construction in medieval Britain with timber building construction of the industrial era. (19 marks) Describe the general philosophy of conservation and repair that is applicable to historic timber structures in Britain, and give examples of conservation and repair techniques. (14 marks) Describe how and why iron-framed factory building construction was introduced in Britain at the end of the eighteenth century. Explain the subsequent development and application in the nineteenth century of rational design methods for iron beams and columns by Eaton Hodgkinson, William Fairbairn, and others. (17 marks) What are the structural engineering problems associated with the assessment and adaptation of cast-iron framed, 'fireproof' buildings for modern uses and how may these problems be overcome? (16 marks) Compare and contrast the engineering properties of nineteenth century structural cast iron and wrought iron. (13 marks) Describe how the development of passenger railways led to the development of long span wrought iron roofs. Illustrate your answer with examples of the different structural forms used for long spans. (20 marks)

(b)

2.

(a)

(b)

3.

(a)

(b)

4.

The availability of cast iron in Britain on a large scale in the late 1700's marked the start of modern engineering. Outline the developments since 1700 that led to the increased output of cast iron and indicate some of the uses of cast iron that encouraged modern engineering. (33 marks) The railways initially extended and then replaced the British canal system. Developments in the manufacture of wrought iron and improvements to the steam engine led to intercity railways independent of canals. Outline these developments and improvements. Indicate those elements of early intercity railways that are worthy of conservation. (33 marks) Describe, with the aid of examples, how both "hard" and "soft" solutions have been adopted for the stabilisation of historic structures that have suffered from foundation movement. Explain the circumstances under which "hard" or "soft" solutions may be most appropriate, from the conservation and/ or structural engineering point of view. (33 marks) - END OF EXAMINATION PAPER

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