prep_improper.

doc

IMPROPER PREPOSITIONS

It will pay us to take up briefly these adverbial prepositions. All of them use the genitive or the ablative case except (instrumental) and (dative).[Robertson, p.638] 1699. Improper prepositions do not form compounds (1647). 1700. With the Genitive. The list below contains some of the adverbial words used as prepositions. [The more important words are printed in Bold type. An asterisk denotes words used only in poetry.]

Smyth, Herbert Weir_Greek_Grammar_AR5_bookmarked 1920.pdf p.388 = [403/799]

Greek

Meaning Genitive

Information

a)gxou~ a)/neu

near, without, except, besides, away from

poet. and Ionic (also with dat.). Rarely after its case. Two of these (1 Pet. 3:1; 4:9) occur with abstract words, and one (Mt. 10:29) with . (not counting Mk. 13:2)

a)ntia/, a)nti/on a)pe/nanti

facing, against
1. 2. Before, in the sight or presence of, opposite, over against, against

poet. and Ionic (also with dat.). Compound of a)po/, e)n, a)nti/, Robertson, p.639. Original straight on; Once in N.T. (Ac. 20:15 i - opposite Chios, a place) a)nti/ + pe/ran. Once in N.T. (Lu. 8:26 Galilee, a place)

3. a)/ntikruv, a/ntikru/ a)nti/pera

Later-opposite, face to face Gen:-over against; Ablative:-on the other side of

a)/ter

without, apart from, away from. The case is

clearly the ablative, and the meaning is without.

it occurs only once in the LXX (2 Macc. 12:15) and twice in the N. T. (Lu. 22:6, 35). One example, , is with persons and the other, , is with a thing. (of place, time, and number). is found 30 times in the N. T. (W. H. text) and some MSS. read in Ac. 1:22 and 20:4, while in Mt. 13:30 the MSS. vary between , and (W. H.). (accusative of di/kh).

a)/xri (related to me/xri)

as far as, until, up to (the genitive.)

di/khn di/xa

after the manner of apart from, unlike, except.

e)ggu/v ei)/sw (e)/sw) e)ka/v e)kate/rwen e)kto/v

near within. far from, on both sides of Ablative: without

(with dat. poetical) 2. Occurrence (of place, time, and number). poetic and Ionic.

e)k + -to/v (adverbial ending). Used 8 times: 4 as ablative (1 Cor. 6:18), 3 in e)kto/v ei) mh (1 Cor. 14:5; 15:2; 1 Tim. 5:19), and 1 as adverb (Mt. 23:26). In the N. T. it is still four times a mere adverb of place, as in Rev. 4:6, but it is usually a preposition with the ablative. It occurs with words of place, as in Mt. 5:24, with persons (Mt. 5:16), and sometimes with the notion of rank (Jo. 1:15). As a preposition it appears 44 times in the N. T. Lu 1:8, Ac. 8:21; (Ac. 7:10 rejected). Robertson, p.640.
4 5

e)/mprosqen

before. This is merely and which adverb used the ablative2 when it had a case.

e)nanti e)nanti/on

for the sake of

in the presence of

(poet. against, gen. or dat.). Robertson, p.640.In N.T. five times as prep. with persons with the genitive. (Lu. 1:6) 6 (Ion. ei(/neka, ei(/neken) , usually postpositive. From such combinations as tou/tou e(neka arose, by fusion, the /

e(neka, e(neken on account of, for the / / 7 sake of 8, with regard to

There are nineteen examples of the pure adverb in the N. T. (cf. Mt. 24:32), one the comparative (Ro.

13:11) and the superlative in some MSS. in Mk. 6:36. Robertson,p.640.

3

There are eight examples of the genitive with (cf. Jo. 11:54). Only four times does have

the dative (Ac. 9:38; 27:8), counting the indeclinable (Lu. 19:11; Ac. 1:12), in which case Luke (4) would have the dative uniformly and John (6) and Heb. (2) the genitive (H. Scott). Once (Heb. 6:8) it is postpositive.
4 5

It is not found in the N. T. as a mere adverb. But always as a preposition (for the sake of), never as mere adverb. It is not found in the N. T. as a mere adverb. It occurs in three forms in the N. T., either (Lu. 6:22), (9:24) or (18:29).

illegitimate preposition ou)/neka (found chiefly in the texts of the dramatists). 9 e)nerqe / e)nto/v
10

beneath. within.
12 11

Among? (Lu. 17:21)

e)nw/pion e)/cw
13

before

Used 92 times in N.T. With place (Rev. 4:10ii), persons (Lu. 5:25). It is found as preposition only with the ablative and that 19 times. It means outside or without and is used in the N. T. only with places, like (Mt. 10:14). Johns Gospel has it 13 times, first Ep. 1, Rev. 2; Paul has it 5, and only as adverb. The case used is the ablative. In the N. T. it is much less frequent (13 times) both as adverb and preposition than . (Mk. 7:15; Rev. 11:2; 14:20). As a preposition we find it fifteen times in the N. T. Cf. (Mt. 5:14) 16

out of, beyond (of time), except. outside or without (Robertson, p.642.)

e)/cwqen

14

from without, and was common in the poets (cf. ).

15

somewhat weakened sense of upon rather

8 9

but always as a preposition (for the sake of), never as mere adverb. Only twice, however, is it postpositive in the N. T., and this after the interrogative (Ac. 19:32) or the

relative (Lu. 4:18, LXX). The case used is the genitive.

10 11

It is like the Latin in-tus (opposite of ) and has the same ending . The word occurs only twice in the N. T., once as an adverb with the article (Mt. 23:26), though even

this may be regarded as a preposition with the article and the genitive (cf. , Mt. 23:26), and once as a preposition (Lu. 17:21) with the genitive.
12

This is the neuter singular of the adjective which (Thayer) is from the phrase (

).
13

It is an adverb from (cf. , ) and is probably in the ablative case like (). As adverb and

preposition it is common in the N. T. (16 times) as in the older Greek.

14

It is the same word (e)/cw) plus the suffix , This is just the preposition and the adverb . As an adverb it is rare in the N. T. (4 times), once with the relative adverb (Mt. 2:9), once with a

15 16

numeral with no effect on the case (1 Cor. 15:6; cf. Mk. 14:5 where the case may arise from ),

than above. . It is merely and . Thayer suggests the ellipsis of . In the N. T.17 it appears only once in a quotation from Amos 5:27 and as a preposition with the ablative in the sense of beyond (Ac. 7:43. Cf. ). Indeed the word 19 is found only nine times in the N. T. and only one, (Mk. 15:16), is the prepositional use. The case used with it is the genitive.20 It is more common in the N. T. as preposition than conjunction. 21 The case used with it is the genitive. 22 The preposition is used with places, like (Mt. 11:23)23, with persons, like (Lu. 4:42); with expressions of time, like (Mt. 27:8), (27:45); with abstract expressions, like (Mt. 26:38); with notion of measure, like (Mk. 6:23). See Rom. 3:12 (LXX).

18

eu)qu/ katantikru/

straight to. over against.

once where a pronoun is really implied (Lu. 11:44). As a preposition we find it fifteen times in the N. T. Cf. (Mt. 5:14) where it has the somewhat weakened1 sense of upon rather than above. The case used is the genitive.
17

It occurs in the Attic Greek both as adverb and as preposition. It is the adverb of (cf. ) and is in the ablative case. [Robertson, Page 643] The form () does not occur in the N. T. nor in the LXX. This, however, is a genuine example, while (12 times) is never a preposition in the N. T.,

18

19

20

unless in Lu. 11:39, (see p. 642). Cf. (Is. 22:11).

21

if the phrases , be treated as conjunctions, as indeed they are, though technically

composed of the preposition with the genitive of the relative. It is in the later Greek mainly, therefore, that it appears as a preposition (cf. LXX and papyri).
22

(but very late Greek shows accusative sometimes), and it is found 86 times in the N. T. and 51 of the

examples are in the Synoptic Gospels.

23

(Lu. 10:15), (Ac. 11:22);

kate/nanti24

Before, in the presence of, over against the case used with it is the genitive.

There are only nine examples of in the N. T. One of these (Lu. 19:30) is merely adverbial, while the rest are prepositional. It occurs with place (Mk. 13:3) and persons (Mt. 27:24).25 The N. T. shows only three examples (cf. the frequency of ), two with persons (Eph. 1:4; Col. 1:22), one with abstract word (Ju. 24). In the N. T. it appears as a preposition twice with the genitive (Rev. 4:3 f.)
iii

katenw/pion26 in the presence of

27

and once as an adverb (4:8).

In the N. T. it is merely an adverb except with (Rev. 4:6; 5:11; 7:11). Cf. (Ro. 15:19). unbeknown to.
28

kru/fa, la/qra| . metacu/29

between.

As a preposition it occurs seven times in the N. T., with places (Mt. 23:35), persons (Mt. 18:15) and in abstract relations (Ro. 2:15). A good example occurs in Ac. 15:9 where both and appear.30

24

The word is merely he threefold preposition , , . [Robertson, pp. 644-5.] t Cf. (2 Cor. 2:17; 12:19) and the attraction of relative () in the dative to

25

the genitive case of , the incorporated antecedent (Ro. 4:17).

26

kata

+ e)nw/pion

27

It is an old adverb in that occasionally occurs in the LXX (Jer. 17:26) as a preposition. Many adverbial phrases were made from which were used as prepositions, some of which

28

survive in the N. T., like , (), (and ), (and ), , .

29

Like so many of the adverbial prepositions, it is a compound (, ). As a mere adverb, we meet it only twice in the N. T., once in the sense of meanwhile (Jo. 4:31),

30

once in the sense of afterwards (Ac. 13:42), as commonly in the later Greek.1 Cf. twofold use of

me/xri

as far as (The form is akin to and the sense is the same.) Like , the notion of measure or degree is sometimes present (Heb. 12:4).

If be treated as a conjunction (cf. , ), the preposition with the genitive appears fifteen times with another doubtful reading in Mt. 13:30. It is used with places (Ro. 15:19), persons (Lu. 16:16), time (Ac. 10:30), abstract expressions (Ph. 2:8).

no/sfi o)/pisqen31

apart from. behind. It means from behind and so after (Mt. 15:23). It is the opposite of . In the N. T. we find it five times as adverb and twice as preposition, and some MSS. have it in Rev. 1:10. The case used with it is the ablative. So (Lu. 23:26).

pa/rov pe/lav pe/r pe/rn plh/n

before. near beyond (ultra). across (trans). except, rrkflv as 7rXp avop-6k except slaves X. A. 2. 4. 27. Often an adverb or conjunction: ravr? Xo 7rXp ot it is clear to everybody except me P. R. 529 a. (also with dat.). (also with dat.).

plhsi/on po/rrw, pro/sw pli/n sxedo/n ph~le xa/rin

near far from. before (Pindar). near. far from. For the sake of

(accusative of xa/riv. ), usually after its case.

.
31

It is of uncertain etymology, perhaps related to . It occurs in Homer both as adverb and as

preposition.

xwri/v

without, separate from. 1701. With the Dative.

ma o(pou~

together with, at the same time with. together with, close to. 1702. With the Accusative

w(v

to

of persons only, used after verbs expressing or implying motion. Probably used especially in the language of the people.

Grouped under these approaches: 1. 2. Formed from the same root preposition: E.g. anti; (from Robertson.) Synonym: They have the same or similar meaning.

(Wallace, p.365.) Too simple picture which cannot be used to explain the resultant forces in the compound prepositions. However, Robertson, in pp.572-4, has depicted a broader picture which explains the situation better. A. Basic Uses (with Genitive only) Wallace 1. Substitution: instead of, in place of 2. Exchange/Equivalence: for, as, in the place of The notions of exchange and substitution are quite similar, often blending into each other. Related to a)nti/ a)pe/nanti 1. 2. 3. e)nanti e)nanti/on Before, in the sight or presence of, opposite, over against, against Robertson, p.640. Lu 1:8, Ac. 8:21; (Ac. 7:10 rejected) in the presence of (poet. against, gen. or dat.). Robertson, p.640.In N.T. five Compound of a)po/, e)n, a)nti/, Robertson, p.639.

times as prep. with persons with the genitive. (Lu. 1:6) kate/nanti 1. 2. Before, in the presence of, over against Robertson, p.643. It is formed from kata, e)n, a)nti/. With place (Mk. 13:3), person (Mt. 27:24). In MSS. varies with a)pe/nanti. In poetry, kate/nanta.

Act 20:15 And from there having set sail, the following [day] we arrived opposite Chios, then the next [day] we approached Samos, and having stayed in Trogyllium, the following day we came to Miletus. , , .
ii

Rev 4:10 the twenty-four elders will fall down before the One sitting on the throne and will prostrate themselves in worship before the One living into the ages of the ages [fig., forever and ever], and they will cast their victor's wreaths before the throne, saying, Rev 4:10

, ,
iii

Rev 4:3

. Rev 4:3
3664[LIKE] 2532[AND] 2532[AND]

3588[HE WHO "WAS"]

2521(5740)[SITTING]

2258(5713)[WAS]

3706[IN APPEARANCE TO]

3037[A STONE]

2393[JASPER]

4555[A SARDIUS;]

2532[AND]

2463[A RAINBOW "WAS"] 3664[LIKE]

3706[IN APPEARANCE

2943[AROUND] TO]

3588[THE]

2362[THRONE]

4664[AN EMERALD.]