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Agenda
Introduction MPLS Network Components MPLS VPNs
MPLS Layer-3 VPNs MPLS Layer-2 VPNs
Introduction
The Business Drivers for MPLS
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Enterprise/end-user perspective /
Campus/LAN Need for t N d f network segmentation (users, applications, etc.) k t ti ( li ti t ) WAN connectivity (connecting enterprise networks) Need for easier configuration of site-to-site WAN connectivity site to site
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Evolution of MPLS
Evolved from tag switching in 1996 to full IETF standard, covering over 130 RFC t d d i RFCs Key application initially were Layer-3 VPNs, followed by Traffic Engineering ( ), and Layer-2 VPNs g g (TE), y
MPLS Group Formally Chartered by IETF Cisco Calls a BOF at IETF to Standardize Tag Switching Cisco Ships MPLS (Tag Switching) MPLS VPN Deployed Cisco Ships MPLS TE TE Deployed Large Scale Deployment AToM Interprovider Capabilities MPLS OAM Bandwidth Protection
Layer 2 Interworking
1996
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1998
1999
2000 Time
2001
2002
2003
2004+
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Japan 2%
Source: MPLS Tracker and Various Other Internal Cisco Databases, Based on 2008 Data.
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Financials, Transportation, and System p y Integrators are currently biggest enterprise customer segments for MPLS
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15 25 10 20
13 5
13 10 9 7 3 3 3 2
C R M
0
Fi na nc Tr ia l an sp or Sy ta tio st em n In Ed te gr uc at at or io n/ R es ea rc h R et ai C on l gl om er at e In te rn C al on IT te nt Pr ov id er nc M e an uf ac tu rin g In su ra En er gy
Source: MPLS Tracker and Various Other Internal Cisco Databases, Based on 2008 Data.
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M D ed ef en ia /E se nt er ta in m Ph en t ar m ac eu tic al G ov er nm en t H ea lth ca re
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Network realignment/migration
Consolidation of (multiple) legacy networks Staged network consolidation after company merger/acquisition
Network optimization
Full-mesh and hub-and-spoke connectivity Traffic Engineering (TE) for bandwidth protection
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Business Drivers
Market Segment Example Companies and Organizations Investment/retail banks Financials Financial service providers Business Drivers Secure integration of external network of acquired firm Increased network reliability Leverage common network infrastructure for multiple airport tenants i tt t Need for secure and cost effective connectivity between state agencies
Transportation
Airports
Government
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Layer-3 VPNs
Layer-2 VPNs
MPLS QoS
MPLS TE
MPLS OAM/MIBs
Core MPLS
Network Infrastructure
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Layer-3 VPNs
Layer-2 VPNs
MPLS QoS
MPLS TE
Core MPLS
MPLS OAM/MIBs
Network Infrastructure
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The internals
MPLS labels Processing of MPLS labels Exchange of label mapping information Forwarding of labeled packets F di fl b l d k t
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CE
PE
PE
CE
CE PE P
Label switched traffic
CE P PE
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Label # 20bits
EXP S
TTL-8bits
One or More Labels Appended to the Packet (Between L2/L3 packet header and link layer header)
MAC Header
Label
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Label Swap
L1 L2
Label Swap
L2 L3
L2/L3 Packet
CE
PE
PE
CE
CE PE P P PE
CE
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20
Note that, in addition LDP also other protocols are being used for that LDP, label information exchange
Will be discussed later
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Assigns, distributes, and installs (in forwarding) labels for prefixes advertised by unicast routing protocols
OSPF, IS-IS, EIGRP, etc.
Uses UDP (port 646) for session discovery and TCP (port 646) for exchange of LDP messages LDP operations
LDP Peer Discovery LDP Session E t bli h S i Establishment t MPLS Label Allocation, Distribution, and Updating MPLS forwarding
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LDP Operations
LDP startup
Local labels assigned to RIB prefixes and stored in LIB Peer discovery and session setup Exchange of MPLS label bindings l b l bi di MPLS Node A
RIB LIB
Label Binding Exchange
MPLS Node B
RIB LIB
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LIB
MPLS Process
MFI
MPLS Traffic Forwarding
FIB
IP Traffic Forwarding
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FIB
I/F 0 1
FIB
Address Prefix 128.89 171.69 I/F 0 1
128.89 0 0 1 1 128.89.25.4 Data 128.89.25.4 Data 171.69 171 69 128.89.25.4 Data 128.89.25.4 Data
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MFI/FIB
In Address Label Prefix 128.89 171.69 Out Out Iface Label 0 1
MFI/FIB
In Address Label Prefix 128.89 Out Out Iface Label 0
0 1 0
128.89
171.69 171 69
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MFI/FIB
In Address Label Prefix 4 5 128.89 171.69 Out Out Iface Label 0 1
MFI/FIB
In Address Label Prefix 9 128.89 Out Out Iface Label 0 -
0 1 0
128.89
171.69 171 69
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MFI/FIB
In Address Label Prefix 4 5 128.89 171.69 Out Out Iface Label 0 1 9 7
MFI/FIB
In Address Label Prefix 9 128.89 Out Out Iface Label 0 -
0 1 0
128.89
Use Label 4 for 128.89 and Use Label 5 for 171 69 171.69
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MFI/FIB
In Address Label Prefix 4 5 128.89 171.69 Out Out Iface Label 0 1 9 7
MFI/FIB
In Address Label Prefix 9 128.89 Out Out Iface Label 0 -
0 0
128.89 Data
171.69 171 69
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LDP leverages IGP routing information LDP label mapping exchange (between MPLS nodes) takes place after IGP has converged
LDP depends on IGP convergence Label binding information stored in LIB
Once LDP h received remote l b l bi di O has i d t label binding information MPLS forwarding is updated
Label bindings are received from remote LDP peers MPLS forwarding via MFI
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CE
PE
PE
CE
LDP, RSVP
CE PE P
Label switched traffic
CE P PE
IGP: OSPF, EIGRP, IS-IS on core facing and core links RSVP and/or LDP on core and/or core facing links MP-iBGP on PE devices (for MPLS services)
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Label Stacking
More than one label can be used for MPLS packet encapsulation
Creation of a label stack
Outer label always used for switching MPLS packets in network Remaining inner labels used to specific services/FECs, etc. Last label in stack marked with EOS bit Allows building services such as
MPLS VPNs; LDP + VPN label Traffic engineering (FRR): LDP + TE label VPNs over TE core: LDP + TE + VPN label Any transport over MPLS: LDP + PW label Inner Label I L b l Outer Label TE Label LDP Label VPN Label Layer 2/3 Packet Header
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2. Ingress Edge LSR Receives Packet, Performs Layer 3 Value Added Value-Added Services, and Labels Packets
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Summary
MPLS uses labels to forward traffic More than one label can be used for traffic encapsulation; multiple labels make up a label stack Traffic is encapsulated with label(s) at ingress and at egress labels are removed in MPLS network MPLS network consists of PE router at i t k i t f t t ingress/egress / and P routers in the core MPLS control plane used for signaling label mapping information to set up end-to-end Label Switched Paths MPLS forwarding plane used for label imposition (PUSH), swapping, and disposition (POP) operation
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MPLS VPNs
Overview
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Layer-3 La er 3 VPNs
Layer-2 La er 2 VPNs
MPLS QoS
MPLS TE
MPLS OAM/MIBs
Network Infrastructure
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CE
PE
PE
CE
VPN
CE PE P
Label switched traffic
CE P PE
PE-CE PE CE link
Connect customer network to SP network; layer-2 or layer-3
VPN
Dedicated secure connectivity over shared infrastructure
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Enterprise/end-user perspective
Enables site/campus network segmentation Allows for dedicated connectivity for users, applications, etc. Enables easier setup of WAN connectivity Easier configuration of site-to-site WAN connectivity (for L3VPN and VPLS); only one WAN connection needed
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Layer-2 VPNs y
Point-to-Point Layer-2 VPN L 2 VPNs
CPE connected to PE via p2p Layer-2 connection (FR, ATM) CEs peer with each other (IP routing) via p2p layer-2 VPN connection CE-CE routing; no SP involvement
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Layer-3 VPNs y
CPE connected to PE via IP-based connection (over any layer-2 type)
Static routing g PE-CE routing protocol; eBGP, OSPF, IS-IS CEs peer with PE router PE routers maintain customer-specific routing tables and exchange customer=specific routing information Layer-3 VPN providers PE routers are part of customer routing
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MPLS VPN network responsible for distributing routing information to remote VPN sites
MPLS VPN part of customer IP routing domain
MPLS VPNs enable full-mesh, hub-and-spoke, and hybrid connectivity among connected CE sites MPLS VPN service enablement in MPLS networks only requires VPN configuration at edge/PE nodes
Connectivity in core automatically established via BGP signaling
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Virtual Routing and Forwarding Instance (VRF) Typically one VRF created for each customer VPN on PE router VRF associated with one or more customer interfaces VRF has its own instance of routing table (RIB) and forwarding table (CEF) VRF has its own instance for PE-CE configured routing protocols
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BGP RR PE P P PE
CE
VRF
VPN 1 VPN 2
PE P
Label switched traffic
VRF
CE
CE
VRF VRF
CE P PE
MP-iBGP Session
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CE1
PE1
VRF
PE2
VRF
VPN 1
ip vrf Green RD 1:100 route-target export 1:100 route-target import 1:100
CE2
Make Customer Routes Unique: Route Distinguisher (RD): 8-byte field, VRF parameters; unique value assigned by a provider to each VPN to make different VPN routes unique VPNv4 address: RD+VPN IP prefix Selective Distribute Customer Routes: Route Target (RT): 8-byte field, VRF parameter, parameter unique value to define the import/export rules for VPNv4 routes MP-iBGP: advertises VPNv4* prefixes + labels
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Processing Steps: 1. 2. 3. CE1 redistribute IPv4 route to PE1 via eBGP. PE1 allocates VPN label for prefix learnt from CE1to create unique VPNv4 route PE1 redistributes VPNv4 route into MPiBGP, it sets itself as a next hop and relays VPN site routes to PE2 PE2 receives VPNv4 route and, via processing in local VRF (green), it redistributes original IPv4 route to CE2.
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4.
CE1
IPv4 Packet
PE1
VRF
P1
P2
PE2
VRF
IPv4 Packet
VPN 1
ip vrf Green RD 1:100 route-target export 1:100 route-target import 1:100
CE2
Processing Steps: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
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CE2 forwards IPv4 packet to PE2. PE2 imposes pre-allocated VPN label (learned via MP-IBGP) to IPv4 packet pre allocated MP IBGP) received from CE2. PE2 imposes outer IGP label (learned via LDP) and forwards labeled packet to next-hop P-router P2. P-routers P1 and P2 swap outer IGP label and forward label packet to PE1. Router PE1 strips VPN label and forwards IPv4 packet to CE1.
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Remote Site 1
Aerospace
Cosmetics
Financial Services
VPN_Fin VPN_Fin VPN_Cos VPN_Aero VPN_Cos
Financial Services
Cosmetics
MPLS Backbone
Remote Site 3
VPN_Aero VPN_Cos VPN_Fin VPN_Aero VPN Aero
Remote Site 2
Aerospace
Financial Services
Cosmetics
Aerospace
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Remote Site 1 & Acquired Companys Site 2 maybe in the same physical location for reduced access costs
Aerospace
Cosmetics
Financial Services
VPN_Acq VPN_Fin VPN_Cos VPN_Aero
Remote Site 2
VPN_Aero VPN_Fin
MPLS Backbone
VPN_Cos VPN_Fin
Remote Site 1
Aerospace
Financial Services
Financial Services
Cosmetics
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Company B and Company A B A Site 2 maybe in the same physical location for reduced access costs
Company B
VPN_A
VPN_A
VPN_B
MPLS Backbone
VPN_B
VPN_A
Company A Site 2
Company A and Company B access A B Information Provider XYZ for analysis, reports, trends, etc.
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With MPLS
Central site has high number of routing peers creates a complicated headend design
Central Site
MPLS Backbone
Remote Sites
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Core
Internet
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Core
VRF lite configured on core nodes 802.1Q VLAN ID mapping onto VRFs Core nodes forward IP packets (GRE IP Packets) )
End-to-end Connectivity C ti it
Device Separation: VRF Data Path Separation: 802.1Q 802 1Q VLAN ID End-to-end GRE tunnels between distribution nodes End-to-end label switched paths (LSPs) between distribution nodes (PE routers)
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L2 Layer 3 r
L2
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L2 Layer 3 r
L2
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L2
MPLS S
VPN1 VPN2
L2
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L2VPN Options
L2VPN Models VPWS
Virtual Private Wire Service
Point to Point
VPLS
Virtual Private LAN Service
Point to Multipoint p
MPLS Core
L2TPv3
IP Core Ethernet Frame Relay ATM (AAL5 and Cell) PPP and HDLC
AToM
MPLS Core Ethernet Frame Relay ATM (AAL5 and Cell) PPP and HDLC
Ethernet
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PWES
PWES
Customer1 Site1
PE
PE
PWES
Customer1 Site2
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5 2
CE1
Layer-2 Connection
PE1
PE2
Layer-2 Connection
CE2
Processing Steps (for both P1 and P2): 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. CE1 and CE2 are connected to PE routers via layer-2 connections Via CLI, a new virtual circuit cross-connect is configured, connecting customer interface to manually provided VC ID with target remote PE New targeted LDP session between PE routers established, in case one does not already exist d t l d i t PE binds VC label with customer layer-2 interface and sends labelmapping message to remote PE over LDP session Remote PE receives LDP label binding message and matches VC ID with local configured cross-connect
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CE1
Layer-2 Packet
PE1
P1
P2
PE2
Layer-2 Packet
CE2
Processing Steps: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. CE2 forwards layer-2 packet to PE2. PE2 imposes VC (inner) label to layer-2 packet received from CE2 and optionally a control word as well (not shown). PE2 imposes tunnel outer label and forwards packet to P2. P2 and P1 router forwards packet using outer (tunnel) label. Router PE2 strips tunnel label and, based on VC label, layer-2 packet is forwarded to customer interface to CE1, after VC label is removed
In case control word is used, new layer-2 header is generated first.
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MPLS Backbone
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MPLS WAN
Site3 CE
Architecture for Ethernet Multipoint Services (EMS) over MPLS Emulates IEEE Ethernet bridge; VPLS network acts like a virtual switch that emulates conventional L2 bridge Fully meshed or hub-spoke topologies supported
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VPLS Overview
Full Mesh of Targeted-LDP Sessions c a ge C abe s Exchange VC Labels Attachment Circuit
n-PE PW CE PW CE Red VSI Blue VSI Green VSI G Directed LDP Session Between S i B t Participating PEs Tunnel LSP PW CE CE Red VSI Blue VSI Green VSI
CE
CE
n-PE
CE
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QinQ
VPLS VPN Name: VPLS VPLSCarrierA VPN ID: 1100 VCID: 1234 Each PE points to other peer PEs loopback address
PE3
Metro Ethernet Carrier A C i
CE13
Customer A1
CE23
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AToM PWs suited for implementing transparent pointpoint to-point connectivity between Layer-2 circuits AToM PWs suited for implementing transparent pointto-multipoint connectivity between Ethernet links/sites
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MPLS QoS Q
Technology Overview and Applications
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Layer-3 VPNs y
Layer-2 VPNs y
MPLS QoS
MPLS TE
MPLS OAM/MIBs
Network Infrastructure
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MPLS Q S used f traffic prioritization to guarantee QoS d for ffi i ii i minimal traffic loss and delay for high priority traffic
Involves packet classification and queuing
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Most providers provide 3 5 service classes 35 Different DSCP <-> EXP mapping schemes
Uniform mode pipe mode and short pipe mode mode, mode,
MPLS DiffServ Marking in Experimental Bits
IP DiffServ Marking
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CE
MPLS EXP 2 MPLS EXP 3 IP DSCP 3 MPLS EXP 2 IP DSCP 3 IP DSCP 2 IP DSCP 2
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CE
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CE
MPLS EXP 2 MPLS EXP 3 IP DSCP 3 MPLS EXP 2 IP DSCP 3 IP DSCP 3 IP DSCP 3
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Different schemes for mapping between IP (ToS/DSCP) and MPLS packet (EXP) classification
At ingress and egress PE router MPLS pipe mode mostly used; preserves end-to-end IP QoS
Enables traffic prioritization to guarantee minimal traffic loss and delay for high priority traffic
Useful when packet loss and delay guarantees must be provided for hi h i it traffic f high priority t ffi across MPLS network t k
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Layer-3 VPNs y
Layer-2 VPNs y
MPLS QoS
MPLS TE
MPLS OAM/MIBs
Network Infrastructure
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Capacity planning
TE improves aggregate availability of the network
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Some links are DS3 some are OC-3 DS3, OC 3 Router A has 40M of traffic for router F, 40M of traffic for router G Massive (44%) packet loss at router Brouter E!
Changing to A->C->D->E wont help
Router F
OC-3
Router A
OC-3
Router E
DS3 OC-3
Router G
OC-3
Router C
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Router A sees all links Router A computes paths on properties other than just shortest cost; creation of 2 tunnels t l No link oversubscribed!
Router F
OC-3
Router A
OC-3
Router E
DS3 OC-3
Router G
OC-3
Router C
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IP/MPLS
OSPF-TE
Path calculation (CSPF)* (CSPF) Path setup (RSVP-TE) Forwarding traffic down tunnel
Auto-route Static
Mid-point
TE LSP
Tail end
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IP/MPLS
IS-IS or OSPF flood link information TE nodes build a topology database Not required if using off-line path computation
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TE Topology database
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Path Calculation
Find shortest path to R8 with 8Mbps
IP/MPLS
R1 15 10 5 3 10 10 10 8 R8
TE nodes can perform constraint-based constraint based routing Constraints and topology database as input to path computation t ti Shortest-path-first algorithm ignores links not meeting constraints
TE Topology database
Tunnel can be signaled once a p path is found Not required if using offline path computation
n Li k with insufficient bandwidth Link ith i ffi i t b d idth n Link with sufficient bandwidth
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TE LSP Signaling
Tunnel signaled with TE extensions to RSVP Soft state maintained with downstream PATH messages Soft S f state maintained with upstream RESV messages New RSVP objects
LABEL_REQUEST (PATH) LABEL (RESV) EXPLICIT_ROUTE RECORD_ROUTE (PATH/RESV)
PATH
Head end
IP/MPLS
L=16
RESV
Tail end
SESSION_ATTRIBUTE (PATH)
TE LSP
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Router X Router C
Router Y
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VPN Site A
VPN Site B
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MPLS TE Summary
MPLS TE can be used to implement traffic engineering to enable enhanced network availability, utilization and availability utilization, performance Enhanced network availability can be implemented via MPLS TE Fast Re-Route (FRR)
Link, node, and path protection Automatically route around failed links/nodes; like SONET APS
Better network bandwidth utilization can be implemented via creation of MPLS TE tunnels using explicit routes
Route on the non-shortest path
MPLS TE can be used for capacity planning by creation of bandwidth-specific tunnels with explicit paths through the network
Bandwidth management across links and end-to-end paths
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MPLS Management g
Technology Overview and Applications
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MPLS QoS
MPLS TE
MPLS OAM/MIBs
Network Infrastructure
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Traditional management tools: MIBs to provide management information for SNMP management applications (e.g., HPOV)
MIB counters, Trap notifications, etc cou te s, ap ot cat o s, etc.
New management tools: MPLS OAM -> for reactive trouble shooting g
Ping and trace capabilities of MPLS label switched paths
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One-time Strategic Operations Exte ernal-Focus Operatio sed ons Inte ernal-Focus Operati sed ions
Network Monitoring
Service Monitoring
Monitor service
End-to-end monitoring g Linked to customer SLAs
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Key Functionality
LDP session status Trap notifications VRF max-route Trap notifications TE Tunnel status Trap notifications Validate end-to-end connectivity of LDPsignaled LSPs g Validate end-to-end connectivity of TE tunnels Discovery of all available equal cost LSP paths between PEs
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Interface goes down Time = t+1: Received SNMPv2c Trap from pe1:
sysUpTimeInstance = 8159906 snmpTrapOID.0 snmpTrapOID 0 = linkDown ifIndex.5 = 5 ifDescr.5 = Ethernet1/0 ifType.5 = ethernetCsmacd(6) locIfReason.5 = administratively down
LDP session goes down Time = t+1: Received SNMPv2c Trap from p01:
sysUpTimeInstance = 8160579 snmpTrapOID.0 = mplsLdpSessionDown mplsLdpSessionState.<index> = nonexistent(1) mplsLdpSessionDiscontinuityTime.<index> = 8160579 mplsLdpSessionStatsUnknownMesTypeErrors.<index> = 0
PE1
PE1
P1
LDP session
P1
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PE3
P1 PE1
P2 PE2
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Summary y
Final Notes and Wrap Up
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MPLS Applications
Service Providers
Key Features s
EWAN Edge
VPNs / VRFs VRF Aware Security High Availability
Applic cations
Disaster Recovery Vmotion support Branch Interconnects Internet Access Branch Connectivity
Network Consolidation Merging Multiple parallel network into a shared infrastructure Network segmentation By user groups or business function Service and policy centralization Security policies and appliances at a central location New applications readiness Converged multi-service network multi service Increased network security User groups segmentation with VPNs
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Q and A
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Terminology Reference
Terminology
AC AS CoS ECMP IGP LAN LDP LER LFIB LSP LSR NLRI P Router PE Router PSN Tunnel Autonomous System (a Domain) Class of Service Equal Cost Multipath Interior Gateway Protocol Local Area Network Label Distribution Protocol, RFC 3036. Label Edge Router An Edge LSR Interconnects MPLS and non-MPLS Domains Router. Domains. Labeled Forwarding Information Base Label Switched Path Label Switching Router Network Layer Reachability Information An Interior LSR in the Service Provider's Autonomous System An LER in the Service Provider Administrative Domain that Interconnects the Customer Network and the Backbone Network. Packet Switching Tunnel
Description
Attachment Circuit An AC Is a Point to Point Layer 2 Circuit Between a CE and a PE Circuit. Point-to-Point, PE.
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Terminology Reference
Terminology
Pseudo-Wire PWE3 QoS RD RIB RR RT RSVP-TE VPN VFI VLAN VPLS VPWS VRF VSI
Description
A Pseudo Wire Is a Bidirectional Tunnel" Between Two Features on a Pseudo-Wire Tunnel" Switching Path. Pseudo-Wire End-to-End Emulation Quality of Service Route Distinguisher R t Di ti i h Routing Information Base Route Reflector Route Target Resource Reservation Protocol based Traffic Engineering Virtual Private Network Virtual Forwarding Instance Virtual Local Area Network Virtual Private LAN Service Virtual Private WAN Service Virtual Route Forwarding Instance Virtual Switching Instance
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Recommended Reading
Continue your Cisco Live learning experience with further reading from Cisco Press Check the Recommended Reading flyer for suggested books
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Further Reading
http://www.cisco.com/go/mpls http://www.ciscopress.com MPLS and VPN Architectures Jim Guichard, Ivan PapelnjakCisco Press Traffic Engineering with MPLS Eric Osborne, Aj Si h Ei O b Ajay SimhaCisco P Ci Press Layer 2 VPN Architectures Wei Luo Carlos Pignataro Dmitry Bokotey Luo, Pignataro, Bokotey, Anthony ChanCisco Press MPLS QoSSantiago Alvarez-Cisco Press QoS Santiago Alvarez Cisco
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Dont f forget to activate your Cisco Live Virtual account for access to all session material, communities, and on-demand and live activities throughout the year. A i h Activate your account at the h Cisco booth in the World of Solutions or visit www.ciscolive.com.
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