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UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA IN HUNTSVILLE

AC Circuits and Resonance


Lab Report
Sarah Cates Lab Partners: Nasiha Muna Alyssa Tieman Samuel Whitley Performed: 11/7/2011 Submission: 11/14/2011

Laboratory Report

Purpose: The purpose of this lab experiment was to observe the resonance in LRC circuits. The LRC circuit is an inductor-resistor-capacitor circuit. In this lab, the student examines the change in voltage and current as the frequency increases from 10 Hz to 150 Hz. The frequency was increased 10 Hz each interval. The lab will also show the relationship between frequency and resonance. Apparatus: The apparatus consisted of DataStudio, a voltage sensor, power amplifier, 100 microfarad capacitor, an inductor, 10 ohm resistor, and multiple cables. DataStudio was used to consolidate voltage data and frequency data into precise and consistent data through display tables and graphs. The voltage sensor was used to determine the change in the amount of voltage, peak voltage, as the frequency was changed. The Signal Generator window was used to vary the amount of frequency. The power amplifier was used to apply the specified amount of frequency to the circuit. The 100 microfarad capacitor was used in correlation with the inductor and the 10 ohm resistor in order to create the required LRC circuit. The cables were used to connect all aspects of the apparatus from the power amplifier and the voltage sensor to setting up the correct LRC series circuit. Method: The first part of the experiment was spent setting up the computer. Begin by turning on the PASCO interface and then the computer or the interface will not register on DataStudio. Then open DataStudio, where the Experimental Setup window will appear. First, drag the Power Amplifier from the list of sensors to Analog Channel A. The Signal Generator will appear. Set the output voltage to 3V and select Sine Wave from the list. Set the frequency to 10 Hz and Auto. Next, drag the Voltage Sensor from the list of sensors to Analog Channel B. Double-click the voltage sensor to display the sensor properties and set the sampling rate to Fast and 1000 Hz. Now, drag the output voltage to Scope Display, and also drag Voltage, ch B to Displayed Scope window. Part two of the experiment was spent setting up the equipment. Begin by connecting the Power Amplifier to the LRC Circuit as shown in Figure 1. The 10 ohm resistor, inductor, and 100 microfarad capacitor are connected in series. Place the iron core inside the inductor coil. Now, connect the voltage sensor to the 10 ohm resistor.

inductor

100 Qf 10 ; black jack Power Amplifier red jack


Figure 1

The final part of the experiment was spent gathering data. Begin by turning on the Power Amplifier. Click the Start button to begin recording data. At this point, adjust the rate of V/div and ms/div to display both waves. Click the Stop button the stop recording data. Now, click the Smart Tool button and move the cross hair until the peak voltage is found. Type this data into the Data Table. Increase the frequency to 10 Hz and again use the cross hair to record another data value for voltage. Continue to increase the voltage by increments of 10 Hz until the frequency is equal to 150 Hz. Examine the voltage data until the resonant frequency is determined. This will be where the voltage across the resistor reaches a peak value and then begins to decline. Type this approximated value into the Signal Generator window and adjust the value until the voltage from Channel B is in phase with the Output Voltage. To verify that the two are in phase, switch the Scope display to X-Y mode. This can be done by dragging the Output Voltage to Scope Display, and then drag Voltage, ch B to the Horizontal Axis of the Scope so that the Vertical Axis shows Output Voltage and the Horizontal Axis shows Voltage, ch B. Begin recording data again by clicking Start. When the two traces are in phase, the Scope display in X-Y mode shows a diagonal line. Any difference shows an oval trace. Change the frequency until the desired graph is shown, and record the new frequency in the Data Table. Finish by turning off the Power Amplifier. Results: Inductance = 33.5 mH Resistance = 10 ; Capacitance = 100 QF Percent Difference: 0.09% Resistance of circuit: 17.376 Applied Voltage: 3 V Current at resonance: 0.17265 A

Frequency (Hz) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150

VR 0.226 0.421 0.627 0.852 1.084 1.32 1.477 1.574 1.568 1.513 1.423 1.308 1.223 1.138 1.065

I = VR/R 0.0226 0.0421 0.0627 0.0852 0.1084 0.132 0.1477 0.1574 0.1568 0.1513 0.1423 0.1308 0.1223 0.1138 0.1065

Resonant frequency = 87.75 Hz Resonant angular frequency = 551.35 Hz Theoretical resonant angular frequency = 546.45 Hz Figure A

Discussion: This experiment was relatively easy to conduct. The most difficult part was using the Scope Display because it is a feature of DataStudio that the lab group has not used and is not familiar with. The current through the resistor was calculated by using Ohm s Law, V=IR, or in this case, I=V/R, where V is the voltage across the resistor and R is the 10 ohm resistor. The resonant angular frequency was calculated by using the equation res=2 vres, where vres is equal to the resonant frequency, which was found by determining the point where the voltage peaks and begins to decrease. The theoretical resonant frequency was found by using the equation = , where L is the given inductance and C is the given capacitance. The percent difference was found by using the equation: 100%. The percent difference for this particular experiment was 0.09%. The graph of currency versus frequency is not symmetrical because the inductive reactance and capacitive reactance are not equal; to be more precise, one is linear, while the other is the inverse. This can be seen in Figure A on the results page. At resonance, the reactance of the inductor and capacitor cancel each other out so that the impedance is equal to resistance. If the resistance of the circuit is calculated, one will find that the resistance is not equal to 10 ohms. The voltage used in the equation is the applied voltage of 3V. The current applied is the current at the resonance value, which can be calculated by using cross-division and is equal to 0.17265. This value seems reasonable because it is a maximum when compared to the data found in DataStudio. It is, in fact, equal to approximately 17.376 ohms. This makes sense because the value should be greater due to the fact that the inductor also has a resistance that was not initially added to the equation. Conclusion: In this lab experiment, it was shown that the amplitude of the current depends on the impedance in the circuit, which will change with frequency. The amplitude of the applied voltage was setup in DataStudio to be provided using the Power Amplifier. The impedance became just the resistance since the inductive reactance and capacitive reactance were equal at resonance. This lab experiment varied the frequency across a broad interval from 10 Hz to 150 Hz. As discussed in the theory, it was found that the resonant frequency occurred where the current peaked. Although this was true, it was seen that current and frequency were not symmetrical in relationship. This can easily be seen just by observing that the equations for inductive reactance and capacitive reactance are not equal. The inductive reactance is the linear part of the graph seen in Figure A, while the capacitive reactance is the inverse part of the graph shown in Figure A. When the two were equal, the current was a maximum, which could be seen on the graph where the peak occurred.

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