Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Dependence
Joel A. Herr
February 4, 2003
Mathematical Independence vs. Dependence
feel that culture and society play a big role in mathematical discoveries. Others consider
mathematics to be independent from culture and regard it as being isolated from all
societal influences. This has become a controversial topic since both sides of the
argument hold valid points. Therefore, I will explain and analyze both sides of the
He describes his view as “humanistic.” This means that a culture’s experiences and
history are very influential in the development of a culture’s mathematics. It also means
that a culture should only be able to discover theorems or mathematical properties that
have a relation to the cultural experience. Furthermore, the mathematics from one culture
advancements would reflect the advancements of the culture itself, so the most advanced
cultures would have the most advanced mathematics. In other words, the mathematics is
The humanistic mathematics viewpoint also takes application and education into
account. Supporters of this argument feel that if mathematics was truly independent from
society (i.e. completely symbolic with meanings irrelevant to society), then it should not
be able to be taught or learned. Therefore, the fact that it is learnable is proof that
mathematics is independent from culture and remains so until discovered. As a result, all
mathematical theorems and properties already exist and only wait to be discovered.
Culture has no influence on this view of mathematics and, in fact, could be described in
the opposite: culture is influenced by mathematics; rather, the culture is only as advanced
as its mathematics. While the previous statement sounds similar to one I made earlier
(i.e. “mathematics is only as advanced as the culture”), they are not the same.
To prove this I will use a truth table. First, I will break down the statement,
“mathematics is only as advanced as the culture.” This statement has two parts:
“mathematics is advanced” (M) and “culture is advanced” (C). With these two parts, the
statement “mathematics is only as advanced as the culture” can be rephrased as “if the
culture is advanced, then the mathematics is advanced.” Likewise, the statement “culture
advanced, then the culture is advanced.” Below is the truth table for these statements.
M C M C C M
T T T T
T F F T
F T T F
F F T T
Since the two statements are not logically equivalent, they do not mean the same thing.
However, this statement was not meant to prove or debunk either side of the argument,
mathematics was based on a culture’s experiences and not independent, then how could
discoveries made by two different cultures with different cultural experiences and
backgrounds mean the same general thing? Also, as I mentioned earlier, how can
society?
First, let me state that I do not agree with either of these arguments, but they do
raise good points. The fact that mathematicians of different cultures have discovered
similar, if not the same, ideas demonstrates that the “social mathematics” viewpoint is
His discoveries, without having read any previous theories, mirrored those of prominent
culture. Similarly, mathematics has application to culture and society. Its ideas have
on it either. Instead, I see mathematics as being a part of the collective societal memory
or consciousness. This view describes thought as being shared throughout and ingrained
into humanity and is thought to be the origin of instinct. It explains instances such as
using the collective memory when the discoveries came to him in his dreams. Similar
occurrences outside of mathematics have also occurred. For example, devices that were
frighteningly similar to the telegraph were introduced around the same time Samuel
Morse brought his invention to the forefront. Likewise, more recently, advancements in
come to mind).
Mathematics, then, has a meaning to society and can be taught and learned
because it is derived from the collective consciousness. Since the collective memory is
thought to be the basis of instinct, all people can understand it. Mathematics is embedded
into people so they have the innate ability to learn, comprehend, and use it as if it were a
Society gives math its “importance” and determines how the people view it. For
example, not to use stereotypes, but the traditional view of Japanese culture details that
the Japanese populace is better at mathematics. I do not believe that is the case, but
instead that the Japanese culture puts more emphasis on mathematics and education, so
Another example is the Barbie doll “math is hard” scandal. Mattel, the company
that created the Barbie doll, was forced to change the voice clip in a line of the toys
because Barbie, a cultural icon that millions of young girls play and interact with, was
adversely influencing these young girls. The adverse affect was that girls were
performing worse at math supposedly because in that voice clip, Barbie said, “math is
hard.”
To conclude, I feel that mathematics is part of human nature, much like logical
thinking. People have the most basic concepts ingrained into them so that they may learn
the deeper truths and nuances of it later. In that aspect the same conclusions can be
reached through logical thinking, regardless of the cultural background. Culture plays the
Hersh, Reuben. What is Mathematics, Really? Oxford University Press, 1997. 343 p.