Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals Exercises WS 06 / 07

Dipl..-Ing. Ulrich Grtering INSTITUTE FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES AACHEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY (RWTH AACHEN)

Table of Contents

Table of Contents
List of Equations Task 1 Classification of Combustion Engines Task 2 Classification of Combustion Engines Task 3 Classification of Combustion Engines Task 4 Kinematics Task 5 Free Mass Forces Task 6 Free Mass Forces Task 7 Free Mass Forces Task 8 Ideal Working Cycles Task 9 Ideal Working Cycles Task 10 Engine Parameters Task 11 Engine Parameters Task 12 Engine Parameters Task 13 Engine Parameters Task 14 Engine Parameters Task 15 Engine Maps Task 16 Process of SI Engines Task 17 Process of SI Engines Task 18 Process of SI Engines Task 19 Process of SI Engines Task 20 Emissions Task 21 Emissions Task 22 Emissions Task 23 Process of Diesel Engines Results

Page

3 5 7 8 8 9 13 17 18 20 21 21 21 22 23 25 27 27 28 29 30 31 33 35 37

Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

List of Equations

List of Equations:
Piston Travel of Reciprocating Engine
1 s = r (1 cos ) + 1 1 s 2 sin 2 s

s r 1 + s cos s cos 2 4 4

Piston Speed Piston Acceleration Ratio of Crank Radius to Connecting Rod Length Thermal Efficiency of Constant Volume Cycle Stoichiometric Air Requirement Mixture Heating Value

& s r sin + s sin 2 2

&& 2r ( cos + s cos 2 ) s

s =

r l
1

th ,V = 1

Lst =

1 (2,664 c + 7,937 h + 0,998 s o) 0,232

HG =

Hu G Lst + 1

External Mixture Formation (Conventional SI Engine) Internal Mixture Formation (Diesel Engine, DI-SI Engine)

HG =

Hu L Lst

Carburetor Equation

p L LU 1 AL L p B Lst AB B B
& mL Lst B AB t E i n z 2 pB B

Injection Equation

Common Formulas of Thermodynamics (Ideal Gas): Ideal Gas Law Universal Gas Constant Mass Fraction
p V = ni Rm T = m R T
i

R m = 8,3143 kJ / kmol K

i =

mi mi
i

Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

List of Equations

Mole Fraction

i =

ni
i

ni

Molecular Weight of Mixture Gas Constant of Mixture Isentropic Change in Condition (Spec. Heat Constant)

M = i Mi
i

R = i Ri
i

p1 v2 = p2 v1

T2 p2 = T1 p1

Specific Heat

cv = du / dT

c p = dh / dT

Constant Volume Constant Pressure

Isentropic Exponent Gas Constant Thermodynamical Properties: Molecular Weight O2 H2 N2 C S Air

= c p / cv
R = c p cv

31,999 2,016 28,013 12,011 32,064 28,964

N 2 = 0,79;

kg / kg / kg / kg / kg / kg /

kmol kmol kmol kmol kmol kmol

O2 = 0,21 O2 = 0,232

Air Composition (approximation) Fuel Properties:

N 2 = 0,768;

Molecular Density at Lower Weight 15C Heating Value kg / kmol kg / dm3 kJ / kg ca. 98 ca. 98 ca. 190 32 ca. 0,76 ca. 0,745 ca. 0,84 0,795 42000 42000 42800 19700

Stoichiom. Air Requirement 14,5 14,5 14,6 6,46

Gasoline (premium) Gasoline (regular) Diesel Methanol

Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

Classification of Combustion Engines

Task 1: Please sketch the in-cylinder pressure trace versus crank angle of a four-stroke SI engine (p,-diagram). Indicate the bottom and top dead center crank positions and the approximate inlet and exhaust valve opening and closure positions. Please describe the four-stroke cycle.

Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

Classification of Combustion Engines

1. Type of cycle closed (external combustion) open (internal combustion) 2. Temporal progression of combustion continuous intermittent

7. Method of load control quantity control quality control

8. Method of ignition Spark ignition (Otto) Compression ignition (Diesel)

9. Operating method 3. Type of gas exchange 4 - stroke 2 - stroke conventional methods hybrid process steam engines (Rankine process) Stirling engine

4. Pressure level of charge (open cycle) naturally aspirated charged

10. Method of cooling air cooled (direct) fluid cooled (indirect)

5. Point of time of fuel induction air compressing mixture compressing

11. Type of piston movement reciprocating rotary

6. Place of fuel induction internal mixture preparation external mixture preparation

12. Type of cylinder arrangement

Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

Classification of Combustion Engines

Task 2: Please describe the main engine components of the depicted engines. Classify the engines, according to the classification characteristics for combustion engines.

Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

Classification of Combustion Engines

Task 3: Explain the differences between SI and diesel engines, with respect to mixture formation, spark ignition and load control.

Task 4: Considering a reciprocating engine, please determine the correlation between crank angle and a) piston movement b) piston speed c) piston acceleration. d) Plot a pressure versus volume diagram, according to the pressure versus crank angle diagram of a four-stroke SI engine.

Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

Free Mass Forces

Task 5: A 2-cylinder 4-stroke inline engine is to be examined regarding the mass force and moment effects. Two different versions can be chosen. First, one with a constant firing interval (1) and a second version with a firing interval of 180 CA (2). a) Indicate the crank position for both engines on the enclosed worksheet. b) Indicate the mass force and mass moment vectors of the 1st and 2nd order on the prepared vector diagrams. c) Determine the amplitude of the free mass forces and mass moments of both orders in the depicted crank position. Specify the type (oscillating, rotating), and sketch the instantaneous values for a crank position of cylinder 1 of 30 CA ATDC.

Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

10

Free Mass Forces

Version 1: (Firing interval 360CA/360CA)

Version 2: (Firing interval 180CA/540CA)

Cylinder arrangement
2
x z

Cylinder arrangement
2
x z

y a/2 a/2 a/2 a/2

Crank position
x

Crank position
x

Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

11

Free Mass Forces

Mass forces 1st order

x x

Mass forces 2nd order

x x

Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

12

Free Mass Forces

Mass moments 1st order

x x

Mass moments 2nd order

x x

Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

13

Free Mass Forces

Task 6: A 6-cylinder 4-stroke V6 (120) engine is to be examined regarding the mass forces and moments. The following data are given: Firing order Firing interval Cylinder distance Bank offset 1-2-5-6-4-3 regular a b

Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

14

Free Mass Forces

a) Indicate the crank position for this engine on the following worksheet. The piston of cylinder 1 is in TDC position. b) Indicate the positive and negative mass force and mass moment vectors of the 1st and 2nd order in the prepared vector diagrams (cylinder 1 in TDC position). c) Determine the effective instantaneous values and calculate the absolute values of the resulting free mass forces and mass moments 1st order, according to the particular type (rotating, oscillating).

Crank Position V6 120 Engine

Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

15

Free Mass Forces

Mass Forces 1st Order

Mass Forces 2nd Order

Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

16

Free Mass Forces

Mass Moment 1st Order

Mass Moment 2nd Order

Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

17

Free Mass Forces

Task 7: A balance shaft which compensates the 1st order mass couples in a 3 cylinder in line engine is to be designed. The positive rotating mass couples are to be compensated by symmetrically arranged counterweights on the crank throws. The balance shaft is parallel to the crank shaft and its centre of gravity in longitudinal direction is at the same position as the crank shafts.

Following data of the engine is known: Firing order Firing interval Oscillating masses (1 cylinder) Stroke s Con rod ratio Distance of cylinder axis Length of balance shaft 1-2-3 240 CA mosz s S a l = 1130 g = 90 mm = 0,33 = 90 mm = 200 mm

Determine the balance masses for a distance of 30 mm from the centre of rotation to their centre of gravity. Name the angular position relative to the 1st crank throw (positive in clockwise direction). No free mass forces should occur by adding the balancing weights.

Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

18

Ideal Working Cycles

Task 8: In order to calculate the working cycle of a diesel engine with peak pressure limitation the following specifications are given: Cylinder pressure at start of compression maximal allowed cylinder pressure Temperature at start of compression Overall heat added during combustion Compression ratio Molecular weight of working medium Specific heat ratio p1 pmax T1 qB M = 1 bar = 95 bar = 296 K = 2120 kJ/kg = 17 = 28,97 kg/kmol = 1,4

a) Determine the type of the working cycle. b) Prepare a sketch of this process in the p,v - and as well in the T,s - diagram. c) Calculate the expected cycle peak temperature and the process efficiency.

Constant volume cycle

Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

19

Ideal Working Cycles

Constant pressure cycle

Limited pressure cycle

Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

20

Ideal Working Cycles

Task 9: Determine the exergy losses of the working cycle given in Task 8, due to a) expansion, not to ambient pressure, b) expansion, not to ambient temperature Indicate the different losses as areas in the p,V - and the T,s - diagram and calculate the thermal efficiencies for a) and b).

Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

21

Process of SI Engines

Task 10: Evaluate the stoichiometric air requirement and the mixture heating value of a four-stroke SI engine, operated with methanol (CH3OH) by using the following assumptions: Relative air/fuel ratio Pressure of mixture Temperature of mixture Heating value (methanol) Task 11: The following results from a four (4) stroke four (4) cylinder SI engine (stroke: 80 mm, bore: 76.5 mm) were measured during test bench investigations at WOT (wide open throttle) operation. Engine speed Brake torque Indicated mean effective pressure (imep) Calculate: a) The piston work per engine cycle, b) the indicated and the effective power, c) the brake mean effective pressure, d) the friction power and the friction mean effective pressure, e) the mechanical efficiency. Task 12: The following full load results were measured during a test cell operation of a four-stroke six-cylinder Diesel engine (bore 102 mm, stroke 125 mm): Fuel volume Fuel measurement time Fuel density Air volume Air measurement time Ambient air pressure Ambient air temperature Max. brake torque Engine speed Friction mean effective pressure Heating value (Diesel) Calculate: a) b) c) d) The fuel volume flow and the fuel mass flow, the air volume flow and the air mass flow, the effective power output, the brake specific fuel consumption and the effective efficiency, the indicated specific fuel consumption and the indicated efficiency. 200 cm3 21,22 s 0,83 kg/dm3 5 m3 30,1 s 1 bar 300 K 424 Nm 2650 rpm 1,758 bar 42800 kJ/kg 5900 rpm 107.1 Nm 11.9 bar 1,05 1,0 bar 293 K 19600 kJ/kg

Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

22

Process of SI Engines

Task 13: A research submarine is to be equipped with a SI engine. Therefore the following limiting values are given: admissible break mean effective pressure mean piston speed at rated power rated power pme,max= 13 bar cm = 17,5 m/s Pe = 400 kW

The design department has chosen a four-stroke SI engine of a model series with the following geometrical data: bore stroke d = 110 mm s = 150 mm

a) How many cylinders are at least required? While submerged, the submarine engine is operated at constant engine speed and 300 kW power output. Assumption for the required power output: P ~ n3 b) Calculate the engine speed and mean effective pressure at this second operation point. The engine is operated with synthetic combustion-air, consisting of 30 mass-% pure oxygen and 70 mass-% completely burned, cooled recirculated exhaust gas. The fuel is pure hydrogen (Hu =121000 kJ/kg). Assume the following conditions: intake pressure intake temperature effective efficiency rel. air/fuel ratio p = T = e = = 1,5 bar 388 K 0,32 1

c) Calculate the stoichiometric air requirement and the volumetric efficiency at part load operation, according to question b).

Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

23

Process of SI Engines

Task 14: A four (4) cylinder, four (4) stroke gasoline engine is operated with E15 fuel (mass fraction: 15 % Ethanol and 85 % Premium Gas). The engine is equipped with a 3 way catalyst. Following fuel properties are given: Premium Gas: Ethanol: Chemical Equation: C2H5OH Mass fraction c: 0.86 Mass fraction h: 0.14

Following engine data are given: Engine speed Engine load Engine displacement n = 2000 1/min pme = 2 bar VH = 1.8 L

a) (6 Points) Please determine the mass fraction of c, h, o, s and the stoichiometric air require-ment Lst for this fuel.

b) (4 Points) Please determine the mass flow of air/fuel mixture, which is consumed by the engine in the given engine operation point (base configuration). Fuel consumption be = 380 g/kWh

Pressure in intake runner pG = 0.4 bar (after throttle, before intake valve)

Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

24

Process of SI Engines

To improve the fuel economy, the engine will be equipped with an external EGR concept, so that the throttling losses can be reduced.

c) (6 Points) Please determine the percental fuel economy improvement in comparison to the base engine configuration from task b). Assumptions: Volumetric efficiency Gas constant air/fuel mixture Ambient temperature Ambient pressure a = 0.24. RG = 273 J/(kg*K) TUmg = 25C pUmg = 1.0 bar

d) (6 Points) Please determine the percental change in high pressure cycle pmi,HP of the optimized engine in comparison to the base configuration from task b). The pressure in intake runner after throttle before intake valve is in base engine configuration with external EGR concept pG = 0.4 bar pG = 0.55 bar

Assumption: Engine fricton is pmr = 0,8 bar The engine is exhausting to ambient condition. The gas exchange cycle can be approached by a rectangular loop.

Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

25

Process of SI Engines

Task 15: The fuel consumption map of a four-stroke SI engine (RON 95) is given. To determine the aerodynamic resistance force the following equation is given: FL = cW * A * /2 v2 The vehicle is operated at windless conditions during steady-state conditions in plane. Additional road resistances can be neglected. The following parameters are specified: Drag coefficient * frontal area Engine swept volume Effective wheel diameter Overall transmission ratio in 5th gear Propulsion efficiency in 5th / 6th gear Air density cW*A = VH = Ddyn = i5 = = L = 0,66 m2 2,0 l 0,65 m 3,37 0,9 1,16 kg/m3

a) Evaluate the running resistance points in 5th gear at the engine speeds n = 2000, 4000, 5500 rpm and plot these points in the attached map. b) Determine the distance related fuel consumption at a vehicle speed of 160 km/h. c) Optionally a 6-speed transmission is available for the vehicle. At 6th gear the engine speed decreases about 600 rpm at 160 km/h. What is the relative influence of the 6th gear operation on the fuel consumption? d) Sketch a fuel consumption map of a typical charged DI- Diesel engine.

Process of SI Engines

13 12 11
110 KW 100 KW 90 KW 80 KW

Spec. fuel consumption [g/kWh] (BSFC [g/kWh])

10

Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

8 240 250 280 260

6 300 350 400 600 1000

70 KW 60 KW 50 KW 40 KW 30 KW

M e a n e ffe c tiv e p re s s u re [b a r]

1 0 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500
26

Speed [rpm]

Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

27

Process of SI Engines

Task 16: Explain the purposes of mixture formation in a gasoline engine and describe the functions of carburetor and injection systems. Task 17: For a four (4) cylinder four (4) stroke gasoline engine with discontinuous port fuel injection (four (4) injectors) the following results for an operation point have been determined in test cell investigation: Torque: Engine speed: Air/fuel ratio: Ambient pressure Ambient temperature Gas constant of mixture: Fuel pre-pressure Fuel temperature Md n pu Tu RG p= TB = 97 Nm = 5400 min-1 = 1,0 = 998 mbar = 20 C = 0,2747 kJ/(kg K) 3 bar = 15 C

In carrying out a fuel consumption measurement, the flow time requirement for 104 cm premium fuel is measured at 17 sec. In addition, the following information is given: stroke s = 86,6 mm and bore D = 90,0 mm. a) Determine for this operation point the break mean effective pressure pme, the effective specific fuel consumption be, the effective efficiency factor e and the volumetric efficiency a. b) What is the effective cross flow section (B * AB) of the injection nozzles, if the energizing time of an injector is 45% of the cycle time? c) Because of contamination, the effective cross flow section of an injection nozzle is reduced to 0.04 mm. Determine the resulting injection mass flow mBr,M. Which response time (equal for all injectors) is needed to restore the original injection mass flow?

Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

28

Process of SI Engines

Task 18: A four (4) cylinder four (4) stroke four (4) valve (2 intake and 2 exhaust valves) gasoline engine is tested on a test bench. The engine is equipped with a port fuel injection system and a three (3) way catalyst. At first, the operation point of maximum torque is investigated for one injector per cylinder. These are the results of test cell investigations:

Displacement: Engine speed: Maximum torque: Difference of fuel pressure at injector: Time needed for 250 cm of fuel: Fuel density: Volumetric efficiency:

VH n M pB tB B A

= = = = = = =

2,2 dm 3900 min-1 180 Nm 3,8 bar 31,6 s 760 kg/m 0,998

a) Determine the effective power Pe , the break mean effective pressure pme and the effective specific fuel consumption be for the maximum torque operation point (using one injector). b) What is the energizing time for this operating point tE, if the effective flow cross section of the injection nozzles is 0,21 mm? After switching to an improved suction tube with two injectors per cylinder (effective flow cross section 0.15 mm), an injection time tE* of 6.7 ms is measured. c) What is the new volumetric efficiency A* using the improved suction tube and the resulting torque M*, if the effective efficiency factor does not change in comparison to the original setup?

Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

29

Process of SI Engines

Task 19: The injection system of a four (4) cylinder four (4) stroke gasoline (premium gas) engine with discontinuous port fuel injection (four injectors) is to be converted to a direct injection engine. The engine displacement is 2.0 l. The following technical data from engine operation with port fuel injection are known: Air/ fuel ratio Engine speed Fuel mass flow Fuel consumption Friction mean effective pressure Air gas constant Air temperature Air pressure n mB be pmr RL TL pL =1 = 2200 min-1 = 1,1 g/s = 350 g/kWh = 0,8 bar = 287 J/kgK = 298 K = 1 bar

a) What percentile change in volumetric efficiency a results from using direct injection instead of port fuel injection? A reduction of fuel mass flow mB by 10% and a new air/fuel ratio of 2.4 can be assumed. b) The effective power output increases by 5 % (assumption: pmr constant). How does the internal efficiency i change? c) Determine the duration of injection tE for direct injection operation. The effective flow cross section of a valve is 0,17 mm2. Under these operating conditions, the following pressures are known: pInj = 68 bar pZyl = 22 bar

Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

30

Emissions

Task 20: During dynamometer investigations of the stationary drive characteristics of a truck, the following measurement results are known: Driving speed: Fuel mass flow: Air/fuel ratio: Effective Power: 60 km/h 4,303*10-3 kg/s 2,0 80kW

Pollutant concentrations in the humid exhaust gases (mole proportions): CO NO2 HC (measured as C3H8) 2200 ppm (ppm=parts per million=106) 1000 ppm 300 ppm

Molar mass of exhaust fumes 28,6 kg/kmol Calculate the emitted masses related to fuel mass, driving distance and work, for the individual pollutant components.

Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

31

Emissions

Task 21: (Task 5 (30 Points) from examination Spring 2000) For research purposes, a single cylinder 4 stroke direct injection gasoline engine is operated under following boundary conditions: Engine speed Indicated mean effective pressure Air density n = 2000 min-1 pmi = 4 bar L = 1.17 kg/m3

Further engine data: Compression ratio Compression volume = 12 VC = 36.35 cm3

a) For engine operation with stratified charge, an indicated fuel consumption of bi=225 g/kWh
& for an air mass flow through the engine of m L=24.7 kg/h is measured. Please determine:

Air / fuel ratio Mixture heating value H G Volumetric efficiency a Indicated efficiency i
& Exhaust gas mass flow m A

b) A further measure to reduce NOX emissions in stratified charge operation is external recirculation of exhaust gas (EGR). To ensure recirculation of exhaust gas during engine operation, a pressure drop between intake manifold and exhaust pipe is created by throttling the fresh air in the intake pipe. Thus, the volumetric efficiency drops to a=0.62. (Hint: a refers to ambient condition). As assumption, the indicated efficiency from task a) remains constant.

Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

32

Emissions

Please determine: Air / fuel ratio Mixture heating value H G

& Exhaust gas mass flow m A

c) In a third step, a discontinuously operating NOX adsorption catalyst is installed. Thus, to investigate the regeneration mode of the catalyst, the engine is switched to homogeneous charge operation with an air / fuel ratio of =0.9. Since the engine load on homogeneous charge mode is controlled by throttling the intake air, the volumetric efficiency drops to a=0.32 to keep engine speed and load constant. Please determine: Mixture heating value H G Indicated efficiency i
& Exhaust gas mass flow m A

d) How is the exhaust gas temperature and the process temperature of a SI engine influenced by retarding the spark timing ( constant air / fuel ratio )? Why? How are NOX emissions and fuel consumption of the engine influenced?

Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

33

Emissions

22. Aufgabe (Task 3 (27 Points) from examination Spring 2001) A measure to reduce NOX emissions of internal combustion engines is recirculation of exhaust gas (EGR). The following boundary conditions and measurements from a turbocharged DI Diesel engine are known:
.

Air / fuel ratio

mL
.

= 1.49

m B * L St Pressure in intake manifold Temperature in intake manifold Fuel mass flow pL TL

.

= 1.27 bar = 302 K

mB MAbg
CO2,3 CO2,1

= 0.88 g/s = 28.9 kg/kmol = 10.1 % = 2.5 %

Molar mass exhaust gas CO2 concentration exhaust gas CO2 concentration intake air

m3

mL

Motor

m1
.

m2 mB

mA

Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

34

Emissions

a) Which component of the exhaust gas is reduced the most? Please describe the mechanism which leads to this reduction. Which exhaust gas component of a DI Diesel engine increases the most due to EGR?

b)
.

Please calculate the flow of fresh air V L and the molar masses of intake air and exhaust
. .

gas nL und n A .

c)
.

What EGR rate X AGR = d)

m3
.

is applied to operate the engine?

m2

Due to lean operation of DI Diesel engines, exhaust gas contains fresh air. This residual air is applied to combustion by recirculation of exhaust gas. Thus, an oxidation ratio Ox can be defined, which considers both flows of air:
mL + m L,3
. . .

Ox =

mB * L St Please develop a formula for Ox as function of m 2 , m B and XAGR. What oxidation ratio Ox is applied in this engine operation?
. .

Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

35

Process of Diesel Engines

23. Aufgabe

(Task 6 (15 Points) from examination Autumn 2002) A 1.9 l, 4-cylinder Diesel engine is planned to be equipped with a common-rail injection system. The injection system has to be dimensioned to the following target values of the engine:

Rated power Rated speed Fuel consumption at rated power Max. injection duration at rated power Max. rail pressure Fuel density

PNenn = 100 kW nNenn = 4500 rpm be = 270 g/kWh e = 40 CA Pr,max = 1350 bar B = 830 kg/m

a) (5 points) How much fuel volume is injected per cycle at rated power, and how much time is given for the injection?

b) (10 points) Each injection nozzle has 5 spray holes. What is the minimum diameter of the spray holes to run the engine at rated power? The equation of the static fuel flow through a spray hole is:

VB = B A B

2 p B B

with V B - Fuel volume A B - Spray hole area

B - Flow factor p B - Pressure difference at the spray hole B - Fuel density

Assumptions: next page

Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

36

Process of Diesel Engines

Assumptions: - B = 0,7. - The simplified course of injection shown below is to be assumed for the calculation. - The cylinder pressure is constant at 50 bar during the injection. - There are no pressure losses between the rail and the spray holes.

VB

t t1 te t2

t1 = 0,26 ms

t2 = 0,2 ms

Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

37

Results

Task 6: F1,x = F1,y = 0 M1,y = 0, M1,x = -3 * F01 * a * cos 30 Oscillating Fraction : M1,osz = 2 * F01 * a * cos 30 Rotating Fraction: M1,rot = -F01 *a * cos 30 Task 7: Counterweights crankshaft:

mG = mh (rKW / rG) cos 30 = 0,734 kg Position counterweight at crank 1 at 210 and crank 3 at 30 . Counterweights balance shaft: mG = 0,661 kg Position counterweight 1 at 150 and counterweight 2 at 330 .
Task 8: a) Seiliger-Process b) Diagrams Seiliger-Process refer to Lecture c) Tmax = 3240 K , th = 0,639

Task 9: a) th = 0,722 b) th = 0,847 Task 10: LSt = 6,466 HG = 3024,6 kJ/m3 Task 11: a) wKA = 437,6 b) Pi = 86 kW ; Pe = 66,2 kW c) pme = 9,15 bar d) PR = 19,8 kW ; pmR = 2,75 bar e) M = 0,77 Task 12: -3 & a) m B = 7,822 * 10 kg/s -3 & b) m L = 192,7 * 10 kg/s c) Pe = 117,7 kW d) be = 239,25 g/kWh ; e = 0,352 e) bi = 199 g/kWh ; i = 0,423

Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

38

Results

Task 13: a) z = 8 -1 b) n = 3180 min ; pme,T = 9,93 bar c) LSt = 26,46 ; a = 0,986 Task 14: a) sE15 = 0; hE15 = 0,1387; cE15 = 0,8092; oE15 = 0,0521; Lst = 13,74 & b) m g = 33,6 kg/h c) i = 5,3% Task 15:
a)

Drehzahl [ 1/min ] 2000 4000 5500

b) Bs=8.3 l/100km c) Bs= -7,4 % d) Script!

pme [bar] 1.05 4.2 7.95

Task 16: Lecture, Script!

Task 17: a) pme = 5,531 bar be = 301,13 g/kWh; a = 0,578 2 a) B AB = 0,12 mm tE = 0,012 s Task 18: a) Pe = 73,51 kW pme = 10,28 bar be = 294,52 g/kWh b) tE = 9,16ms * c) a = 1,043 M* = 188,12 Nm

Task 19: a) a = 110,5 % b) i = 15,5 %, c) tE = 0,95 ms

Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

39

Results

Task 20: -2 a) mCO/mBr = 6,5 10 gCO/gBr mNO2/mBr = 4,86 10-2 gNO2/gBr mHC/mBr = 1,39 10-2 gHC/gBr mCO/s = 16,78 gCO/km mNO2/s = 12,53 gNO2/km mHC/s = 3,596 gHC/km mCO/(Pe t) = 12,6 gCO/kWh mNO2/(Pe t) = 9,4 gNO2/kWh mHC/(Pe t) = 2,7 gHC/kWh Task 21: & a) = 2.84 , H G = 1193.3 kJ/m3 , a = 0.882 , i = 0.38 , m A = 7.04 g/s 3 & b) = 2.0 , H G = 1694.5 kJ/m , m A = 5.007 g/s 3 & c) H G = 3765.5 kJ/m , i = 0.33 , m A = 2.69 g/s d) TA increases, TP decreases; NOX reduced, be increased

Task 22: a) reduction: NOX, increase: Particle

b) V L = 0.013 m3/s, nL = 0.66 mol/s, n A = 0.69 mol/s c) XAGR = 23.9 % d) OX = 1.64

Task 23: a) t = 1.48 ms b) Spray hole = 0.177 mm