Microprocessors

A microprocessor is a multipurpose programmable clockdriven, register based electronic device that reads binary instruction from a storage device called memory, accepts binary data as input and process data according to those instructions and provides results as output. At present various microprocessors are available from different manufacturers. Examples of widely used 8 bit microprocessors include Intel 8085,Zilog Z80 Motorola 68008 etc. Here are some pictures of microprocessors... (figure 1) (figure 2) Figure 2 shows a simplified but formal structure of a microprocessors based system. It includes three components microprocessors, input and output ports, memory. These 3 components are organised around a common communication path called a system bus. The microprocessor based system can be discussed under mainly 3 groups namely hardware, software, application spectrum... (figure 3) Talking about hardware perspective The microprocessor can be divided into 3 segments mainly ALU, register array, control unit. ALU: this is the area of the microprocessor where various computing functions are performed on data. The ALU unit performs such arithmetic operations as addition and subtraction and such logic operations as AND, OR and exclusive OR. Register Array: This area of the microprocessor consists of various registers identified by letters such as B, C, D, E, H, and L. These registers are primarily used to store data temporarily during the execution of a program and are accessible to the user through instructions.

Control Unit: The control unit provides the necessary timing and control signals to all the operations in the microcomputer. It controls the flow of data between the microprocessor and peripherals. Memory unit Memory stores binary information as instruction/data and provides that information to microprocessor whenever necessary. For better understanding let us imagine memory unit to be a tall building consisting of 8 floors including the ground floor. Let each floor consist of only 1 house where a maximum of only 8 members are allowed to occupy. Let the address of the house at the ground floor be 000 and of the one in 1st floor be 001 and so on. If a man represent 0 and a woman represent 1 then any combination of 0 s and 1 s can occupy a house unless the number exceeds 8. Referring to the above analogy the no of floors can be considered as the size of the memory block i.e 8=23 in this case that the memory block contains 8 locations where it can store the data, each house can be considered as a register which can hold 8 bit data which is nothing but the no of men and women staying at a house, the address given to every house is the address to every location of the memory, since in this case the memory size is 8 3 bits are required to specify the address. Both the address and data are represented in hex code . It is very important to know the difference between address of the memory location and the data stored in that particular location. The memory block has 2 major sections ROM and RAM. ROM is used to store programs that do not need alterations. Monitor program of a single board microcomputer is generally stored in ROM. RAM also known as user memory is used to store user program and data which can be altered. SYSTEM BUS This consists of 3 different buses Address bus, Data bus, Control bus.. Address bus: it is a group of 16 lines generally identified as A0 to A15.The address bus is unidirectional: bits flow in 1 direction from the MPU to peripheral devices.

Data bus: the data bus is a group of eight lines used for data flow. These lines are bidirectional data flow in both directions between the MPU and peripheral devices. Control bus: It is comprised of various single lines that carry synchronization signals. These are not groups of lines like address or data buses, but individual lines that provide a pulse to indicate an MPU operation. The MPU generates specific control signals for every operation it performs. Now the question that arises is how is data processed in Microprocessor.. The MPU performs primarily 4 operations a. b. c. d. Memory read Memory write Input read Input write

If we consider ourselves to be present in the MP and the memory block considered as a notebook, then reading is a process of acquiring information from the notebook , thus the data is transferred from notebook to our brain which is analogous to reading data from memory to MP similarly writing would mean giving out the information stored in our brain on to the notebook which is analogous to transfer of data from MP to memory. If the read and write operation has to be performed then the MP needs to perform following steps a. Identify the memory location b. Transfer binary information c. Provide timing or synchronization signals. MP uses the address bus to identify the memory location. The MP places 16 bit address on the address bus. The address on the bus is decoded by an external logic circuit, may be some kind of a high level decoder and the memory location is identified. The MPU sends a pulse called memory read or memory write as the control signal. The pulse activates the memory chip, and if the data stored has to be read , the data is placed on the data bus and brought inside the microprocessor where it is processed and executed. Similarly if the

data is to be stored to the memory location the data is placed on the data bus which carries the same from the MP to the memory and is stored.