13-1 Finding Limits Using Tables and Graphs 13-1 Worksheet

I. The Limit of a Function

N x f
c x

) ( lim
if and only if
N x f x f
c x c x

+
) ( lim ) ( lim
II. Three Ways to Evaluate a Limit
A. B. C.
III. Nonexistence of a Limit (Does Not Exist DNE)
A. B. C.

Use the table feature of a calculator to find each limit.
1.
) 5 ( lim
3
2
x
x
2.
1
1
lim
2
1

x
x
x
3.
3
9
lim
9

x
x
x
4.
x
x
x
sin
lim
0
Use each graph to determine the limit, if it exists.
5. 6. 7.
13-2 Algebra Techniques for Finding Limits p. 948: 1-8 all, 29-35 odd
p. 956: 1-31 odd
I. Techniques for Finding Limits
A) Try direct subsititution first
B) Factor and Reduce Quotients
Find each limit algebraically.
1.
12 lim
2 x
2.
x
x 5
lim

3.
1 5 lim
1

x
x
4.
4
8 2
lim
2
2
2



x
x x
x
5.
x x
x
x
3
9
lim
2
2
3
+

6.
25
) 5 (
lim
2
2
5

x
x
x
7.
8 4 2
6 3 2
lim
3 4
2 3
2
+ + +
+ + +

x x x
x x x
x
10.

'

<

0 , 5
0 ,
) ( ), ( lim
3
0
x x
x x
x f x f
x
11.

'

> +

<

1 , 5
1 , 2
1 , 2
) ( ), ( lim
1
x x
x
x x
x f x f
x
13-2 Continued 13-2 Algebraic Methods for Limits Worksheet
I. Techniques for Finding Limits
A. Use direct substitution first
B. Use Algebraic techniques for Indeterminate forms of
0
0
1. Factor and reduce
2. Expand ( )
n
c x
3. Combine two fractions as one
4. Rationalize radical expressions
Evaluate each limit.
1.
9
3
lim
2
3

x
x
x
2.
( )
2
2
5 lim x
x

3.
x
x
x

9 3
lim
0
4.
( )
h
h
h
4 2
lim
2
0

5.
3
3
1 1
lim
3

x
x
x
6.
5
8
lim
5

+

x
x
x
7.
( ) ( )
x
x x x
x

+

8 5 8 5
lim
0
Properties of Limits Properties of Limits Worksheet: 5-43 odd
I. Properties of Limits
Let b and c represent real numbers and n be a positive integer.
A.
( ) x f
c x
lim
=
B.

c x
b lim
C.
( ) ( ) [ ] t

x g x f
c x
lim
D.
( ) ( )

x g x f
c x
lim
E.
( ) [ ]

x bf
c x
lim
F.
( ) [ ]

n
b x
x f lim
G.
( )

n
c x
x f lim
Find each limit.
1.
( ) 5 2 lim
1

x
x
2.
3
3
30 lim x
x

3.
x
x
sin lim
6
5

4.
x
x
3 csc lim
4

5. If
( ) 1 3 x x f
and ( )
2
x x g , find each limit.
a)
( ) x f
x 1
lim

b)
( ) x g
x 3
lim

c)
( ) [ ] x f g
x 1
lim

6. If
( ) 5 lim

x f
c x
and
( ) 3 lim

x g
c x
, find each limit.
a)
( ) [ ] x f
c x
2 lim

b)
( )
( )
1
]
1

x g
x f
c x
lim
c)
( ) x f
c x
lim
7. Use the graph to evaluate each limit. Write a simpler function that agrees with the graph.
( )
x
x x
x f

2
5

a)
( ) x f
x 0
lim

b)
( ) x f
x 1
lim

Trig Limits Trig Limits Worksheet: 1-28 all

I. Special Trig Limits
A.

x
x
x
sin
lim
0
B.

x
x
x
cos 1
lim
0
Evaluate each limit.
1.
x
x
x
sin
lim
2

2.
x
x
x
2
sin
lim
0
3.
( )
x
x
x
cos 1 4
lim
0

4.
x
x x
x
tan cos
lim
0
5.
x
x
x
3
3 sin
lim
0
6.
x
x
x
2
3 sin
lim
0
7.
x
x
x
3 sin
2 sin
lim
0
8.
x
x
x
5 sin
lim
0
9.
( ) x
x
4 cos 1 lim
0
+

10.
x
x
x
tan
lim
0
11.
2
2 cos
lim
0
x
x
12. ( )

'

>

<
<

x x
x
x
x
x
x x
x f
c o s
1
6

s i n
6
s i n
a)
( ) x f
x
6
lim

b)
( ) x f
x
lim
c)
( ) x f
x
4
lim

d)
( ) x f
x 2
lim

e)
( ) f
f)
,
_

f
Limits to Infinity and Asymptotes Limits to Infinity Worksheet: 1-37 all
I. Limits at Infinity
If n is a positive rational number and c is a real number, then
A.

n
x
x
c
lim
B.

n
n
c x
x
cx
lim
C.

c
x
n
c x
lim
II. Definition of Horizontal Asymptotes
If
( ) L x f
x


lim
or
( ) L x f
x


lim
, then the line
L y
is a horizontal asymptote.
III. Asymptotes and Holes of Rational Functions
For
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) x g c x
x f c x
y

=
A. The hole in the graph of y is
B. The vertical asymptote of y is
C. The horizontal asymptote of y is
Evaluate each limit.
1.
1 5
1 4
lim
+
+

n
n
x
2.
6 2
6
3 2
lim
x x
x
x


3.
4 3
4 2
lim
3
2
+
+

x
x x
x
4.

,
_

x
x
1
sin lim
5.
,
_

x
x
1
cos log lim
6.
( )

,
_

+

x
x
x
1
2 lim
7.
,
_

x
x
1
tan lim
8.
1
lim
3
2
+

x
x
x
9.
x
x
100 log lim

10.
2 2
2
lim

+

x
x
x
11.
x
x
2 lim

12.
x
x


2 lim
13.
x
x
x
x
x
6
1
2
2
1
lim
+

14.
x
x
x
e
e
1
1
2
2
lim
+

State the domain, holes vertical asymptote and horizontal asymptote of each function.
15.
9
9
2
2
+

x
x
y 16.
,
_

4 3
4
2
x x
x
y

13-3 One Sided Limits and Continuity One Sided Limits Worksheet: 7-9, 10 (omit b), 11-13, 15-18, 23
Continuity Worksheet: 1-6 all, 7-23 odd, 35
I. One Sided Limits
A. If
lim ( )
x c
f x L

B. If
lim ( )
x c
f x L

and
lim ( )
x c
f x L

+

and
lim ( )
x c
f x M

+

then
lim ( )
x c
f x L

then
lim ( )
x c
f x

DNE
II. Definition of Absolute Value

'

<

0 ,
0 ,
x x
x x
x
III. Greatest Integer Function

[ ] x x f ) (
Round down values of x to the nearest integer.
Use the graph to determine each limit
a)
lim ( )
x c
f x

+ b)
lim ( )
x c
f x

c)
lim ( )
x c
f x

1. 2.
Find the limit, if it exists.
3. lim
x
x
x

3
2
3
9
4. lim
x
x
x

4
4
4
5.
lim
x
x

+
2
4 5
6.
2
3
lim
2

+

x
x
7.
) ( lim
1
x f
x
where:

'

> +

<

1 , 1
1 , 4
1 , 3
) (
2
x x
x
x x
x f
I. Definition of Continuous Functions
A function f is continuous at x=c if
a) f is defined at c
b)
) ( lim x f
c x
exists
c)
) ( ) ( lim c f x f
c x

If f is not continuous at x = c, then f is discontinuous at x = c.

II. Types of Discontinuity
A) Removable- hole in graph at x = c
B) Nonremovable- jump or break in graph
1) Jump 2) Break
III. Algebraic Approach to Discontinuous
Given
) (
) (
x g
x f
y
A) Hole- factor and reduce, common factor is the hole
B) Nonremovable (Vertical Asymptote)- set denominator of reduced quotient equal to zero
1. Determine all of the numbers at which f is not continuous.
2. Use the definition of continuity to show that the function is continuous at the given number.
1 ,
2
1
) (
2

+
+
x
x
x
x f
Explain why the function is not continuous at the given number.
3.
2 ,
) 2 (
5
) (
2

x
x
x f
4. 2 ,
2
8 6
) (
2
2

+
+ +
x
x x
x x
x f 5.

'

1 ,
1 , 5
1 ,
) (
3
x
x
x x
x f
6. Determine if f is continuous at the given number. 7. Determine the value of c so that
( ) x f
is continuous.

'

> +
+
1 ;
1 , 3
1 , 1
) (
2
x
x x
x x
x f
( )

'

> +

2 i f 4
2 i f 3 5
x c x
x x
x f
3-5 Rational Functions Graphing Rational Functions Worksheet
Graphing Rational Functions
a) Determine holes in the graph- factor and reduce; set common factor=0
b) x-intercept y-intercept
set y = 0 set x = 0
solve for x solve for y
c) V ertical Asymptote Horizontal Asymptote
set denominator = 0
L x f y
x


) ( lim
solve for x y = L
d) Determine if the graph crosses the HA
e) Determine if the graph has a slant asymptote: degree of numerator is one more than the denominator.
f) Plot points on each side of the VA
Graph each rational function.
1.
1
2
+

x
x
y
2.
9
9
2
2

x
x
y 3.
4
3 2
2
2

x
x x
y
4.
9
2

x
x
y 5.
1
1
2
+

x
x
y 6.
1
2

x
x
y
13-4 The Derivative p. 971: 1-9 odd, 13-24 all, 35-38 all
I. Slope of a Secant Line to f(x) at (x, f(x)) II. Slope of a Tangent Line to f(x) at (x, f(x))
III. Definition of the Derivative of a Function
A. Slope of the tangent line, instantaneous rate of change
B. Given
( ) x f y
, then ( ) x f
'
=

C. Derivative symbols:
IV. The Power Rule

( )
n
ax
dx
d
=

Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function at the given point.
1.
( ) ( ) 1 , 2 ; 3 5 x x f
2. ( ) ( ) 6 , 1 ; 7
2
x x g

Find the derivative of each function at the given number.
3.
( ) 7 3 + x x f
at x = 2 4. ( )
2 3
3 5 x x x f at x = 1
5. The volume V of a right circular cone of height h = 8 feet and radius r feet is ( )
2
2 r r V V . If r is
changing, find the instantaneous rate of change of the volume V with respect to the radius r at r = 4.
Derivatives: Power Rule and Trig Functions Worksheet: 1-43 all
I. Derivatives of Trig Functions II. Properties of the Derivative
A.
( ) x
dx
d
sin
A.
( ) ( ) ( ) + x g x f
dx
d
B.
[ ] x
dx
d
cos
B.
( ) ( ) x kf
dx
d
C.
( ) x
dx
d
tan
D.
( ) x
dx
d
sec
E.
( ) x
dx
d
csc
F.
( ) x
dx
d
cot
Find the derivative of each.
1. ( )
4
x x f 2.
( )
3
3
8
x
x f
3.
( )
( )
3
3
8
x
x f
4.
( )
3
3
2
x x f
5.
( )
( )
2
3
4

x
x f
6.
( )
,
_

2
3 2
4
2
x
x x x f
7. ( ) ( )
2
1 3 + x x f 8. ( )
2
3 4
3 2
x
x x
x f
+

9.
( ) t t g cos
10.
( )
2
tan x
x f
11.
( ) x x x f tan sec 5 +
12.
( ) x x x f sin 2 +
Find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of f at the given point.
13. ( ) x x x x f +
2 3
2 ;
( ) 4 , 1
14.
( ) x x f tan
;
,
_

1 ,
4

Derivatives: Product and Quotient Rule Product/Quotient Rule Worksheet

I. Product Rule

( ) ( ) [ ] x g x f
dx
d
II. Quotient Rule

( )
( )

1
]
1

x g
x f
dx
d
Find the derivative of each.
1. ( ) ( )( ) 3 5 6
3
+ x x x f 2.
( ) ( ) 3
3
4
1
+ t t t h
3. ( ) x x x f sin
2

4.
( ) x x x f tan +
5.
( ) x x x f cot 2
5
1
+
6.
( ) x x x f sin tan
7.
( )
1
2
+

x
x
x f
8.
( )
2
cos
x
x
x f
9.
( ) 3 2 + x x f
Derivatives: Chain Rule Chain Rule Worksheet
I. Power Chain Rule

( ) ( ) [ ] { }
n
x g f
dx
d
II. Chain Rule of Composite Functions

( ) ( ) [ ] x g f
dx
d
III. Additional Derivatives
A.
( )
x
e
dx
d
B.
( ) x
dx
d
ln
Find the derivative of each.
1.
( ) x x f 3 tan 2
2. ( )
2
csc x x h 3. ( ) x x f 2 tan 3
4

4.
( ) ( )
2
1
2
5 3 2 2 + x x x f
5. ( ) ( )
3
4 cos 3 2 x x x f
6. ( ) ( )
3
2 cos 3 x x f 7. ( ) ( ) [ ]
4
1 2 sin 3 + x x f
8. ( )
1 2 3
2
2
+

x x
e x f 9. ( ) ( )
2
2
3 2 4 ln + x x x f
10. ( )
1 2
5

+
x
e x x f 11. ( ) ( )
3
1 2 x x f 12. ( ) ( )
2 3
3 2 4 x x x f +
Derivatives: Increasing and Decreasing Intervals Increasing/Decreasing Functions Worksheet
I. Critical Numbers
Let f be defined at c. If
( ) 0 c f
or
( ) c f
is undefined, then c is a critical number of f.
II. Increasing and Decreasing Functions
Let
f
be a continuous function on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b).
A. If
( ) 0 > x f
for all x in (a, b), then _____________________________________
B. If
( ) 0 < x f
for all x in (a, b), then _____________________________________
C. If
( ) 0 x f
for all x in (a, b), then _____________________________________
III. The First Derivative Test
Let c be a critical number of a function f on an open interval containing c.
A. If
f
________________ , then f(c) is a relative maximum.
B. If
f
________________ , then f(c) is a relative minimum
Find the intervals of increase and decrease for
( ) x f
and identify local extrema.
3. ( ) 8 6
2 4
+ x x x h 5. ( )
4 3
3 8 x x x g
5. Find the vertex of the parabola 24. Find the equation of the tangent line at the point.
4 6
2
+ x x y ( ) ( ) x x f 2 sec 37
3
at x = 0
Velocity and Acceleration Class Examples
Use the position function s(t)= -16t
2
+ v0 t + s0 for free-falling objects to answer the following.
1. A ball is dropped from the top of a tower, which is 560 feet tall.
a. Determine the position and velocity functions for the coin.
b. When does the ball hit the ground?
c. Determine the average velocity on the interval [1,3].
d. Find the instantaneous velocities when t=1 and t=3.
e. Find the time required for the ball to reach the ground level.
f. Find the velocity of the ball just before it hits the ground.
2. Let y=3x
2
- 4.
a. Find the average rate at which y changes with x over the interval [1,3].
b. Find the instantaneous rate at which y changes with x at the point x=1.
3. The position equation for the movement of a particle is given by s = 6(t
2
-1)
2
when s is measured in feet and t is measured in
seconds. Find the acceleration at two seconds.
4. In physics it is shown that the height s of a ball thrown straight up with an initial speed of 108 ft/sec from ground level is
s(t)= -16t
2
+ 108t where t is the elapsed time that the ball is in the air.
a. When does the ball strike the ground?
b. What is the average speed of the ball from t=0 to t=2?
c. What is the instantaneous speed of the ball at time t? (Just give the formula for this.)
d. What is the instantaneous speed of the ball at t=2?
e. When is the instantaneous speed of the ball equal to zero?
f. How high is the ball when its instantaneous speed equals zero?
g. What is the instantaneous speed of the ball when it strikes the ground?
h. What is the acceleration of the ball when t=2?