Searching for dark matter with the ADMX experiment

Gianpaolo Carosi Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory USA ADMX Collaboration UCLA Dark Matter 2010 02/25/2010

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This work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344.

What is our Universe made of? _______________________________ADMX

We know neither what the dark energy or the dark matter is! A particle relic from the Big Bang is strongly implied for DM! WIMPs ? Axions ?

Peccei and Quinn: CP_______________________________ADMX conserved through a hidden symmetry

QCD CP violation should, e.g., give a large neutron electric dipole moment (T + CPT = CP); none is unobserved (10+ orders-of-magnitude discrepancy)

Why doesnt the neutron have an electric dipole moment?

This leads to the Strong CP Problem: Where did QCD CP violation go? 1977: Peccei and Quinn: Posit a hidden broken U(1) symmetry 1) A new Goldstone boson (the axion); 2) Remnant axion VEV nulls QCD CP violation.

Properties of the axion

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The dark matter axion - relatively confined parameter space! _______________________________ADMX

SV K

Z SZ DF

Hows the axion faring as a dark-matter candidate? _______________________________ADMX

Wilczek conclusion (Physics Today): Im much more optimistic about the dark matter problem. Here we have the unusual situation that two good ideas exist (wimps and axions) Witten conclusion (Axions in String Theory): Axions are ubiquitous in string theory; as necessary as gravitons. Couplings and masses of Dark-matter QCD axions are tightly constrained: Allowed couplings are within a range of 7 and the mass is constrained to the two decades 10-6 10-4 eV. The axion remains a very attractive dark-matter candidate (affirmed by HEPAP, DMSAG, etc.) The ADMX axion search is definitive and relatively inexpensive

[Pierre Sikivie, PRL 51, 1415 (1983)] _______________________________ADMX

Amp Superconducting magnet

Principle of the microwave cavity experiment

Microwave Cavity

Medium Resolution Channel (thermalized)

E/E ~ 1022

Resonance condition: h = mac2[ 1 + O(2~ 10-6) ]

High Resolution Channel (coherent)

Signal power: P ( B2V Qcav )( g2 ma a ) ~ 1023W

ADMX collaboration
University of Washington

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Leslie Rosenberg, Gray Rybka, Michael Hotz, Andrew Wagner, Doug Will, Jesse Heilman, Kyle Tracy, Miguel Morales University of Florida David Tanner, Pierre Sikivie, Neil Sullivan, Jeff Hoskins, Jungseek Hwang+, Catlin Martin Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Steven Asztalos*, Gianpaolo Carosi, Darrell Carter, Chris Hagmann, Darin Kinion, Karl van Bibber# National Radio Astronomy Observatory Richard Bradley University of California, Berkeley John Clarke Sheffield University Edward Daw

The Experiment _______________________________ADMX

Baffling Bucking Magnet SQUID 1K Pot Microwave Cavity Main Magnet 13 Ton 8 Tesla in center bore 4m 4m

Currently using copper-plated tuning rods _______________________________ADMX high-Q cavity experiment insert

The Axion Dark Matter eXperiment _______________________________ADMX

Stage Technology

Phase 0
HEMT; Pumped LHe

Phase I
Replace w. SQUID

Phase II
Add Dilution Fridge

Tphys Tamp
Tsys = Tphys + Tamp

2K 2K 4K 1 @ KSVZ

2K 1K
3K

100 mK 100 mK 200 mK 5 @ DFSZ

AND !

Scan Rate

1.75 @ KSVZ
OR

(Tsys ) 2

Sensitivity Reach g 2 Tsys

KSVZ

0.75 x KSVZ

DFSZ

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Details of data acquisition & analysis

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Sample data and candidates

Conversion microwave photons are detected by one of the worlds quietest radio receiver

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Systematics-limited for signals of 10-26 W ~10-3 of DFSZ axion power (1/100 yoctoWatt).

Prior ADMX results

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Three eras of (early) ADMX Phase 0 (non-SQUID) operations Single cavity/medium-resolution channel 1995 to 1998, 2001 to 2003 PRL 80 (1998) 2043 (PhD Thesis) PRD 64 (2001) 092003 PRD 69 (2004) 011101(R) (PhD Thesis) Four-cavity/medium-resolution channel 1999 to 2001 PhD Thesis Single cavity/high-resolution channel 2003 to 2004 PRL 95 (2005) 091304 (PhD Thesis)

Phase I & II Upgrade path: Quantum-limited SQUID-based amplification

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SQUIDs have been measured with TN ~50 mK Near quantum limited noise This provides an enormous increase in ADMX sensitivity

Phase I upgrade (Started data taking in May 2008) _______________________________ADMX

Field compensation magnet for SQUIDs SQUID amplifier

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Injected Power Noise floor

Now running in Phase I (SQUID amplifiers)

ADMX Phase I: Accomplishments to date. _______________________________ADMX

Successfully operated experiment with SQUID amp near 7 Tesla field
Received: Oct 27th, 2009 Accepted: Dec 22nd, 2009 Published: Jan 29th, 2009 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.041301

Covered 812 860 MHz = 48 MHz Total Run Time: 19 months Continuous Data Collecting: 8 months

FY09 Phase I reach

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PVLAS (retracted)

Phase 0 7 years Phase I 2009

Phase II: SQUID amplifiers plus dil fridge Ts ~ 200mK

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Periodic-post resonators (10-100 GHz)

Single cavity with SQUID amplifiers and dilution refrigerator 300 < f < 3 GHz T ~ 200 mK
Plans to move and install at University of WashingtonT

Phase II ADMX: Add dilution-refrigerator cooling _______________________________ADMX

Phase II will scan the lower-mass decade at or below DFSZ sensitivity, then continue upward in frequency This is the definitive search

Utilizing ADMX for a Chameleon search _______________________________ADMX

Chameleons: Particles whose mass depends on local matter density. (possible dark energy particle) Can mix with photons but have trouble moving through walls.

Utilizing ADMX for a Chameleon search _______________________________ADMX

Summary and Conclusions _______________________________ADMX

Successfully operated SQUID amplifier near 7 T B-field at pumped LHe temperatures (~ 2 k). Took Med. Resolution data at KSVZ sensitivity (812-860 MHz): Published results in PRL! Currently taking data to close out High Resolution channel. (will continue data-taking in both channels until April). Chameleon particle search: Proof of Principle (will be submitted for publication soon) Currently preparing for move magnet to UW in May/June timeframe. Phase II contruction (Dilution fridge + New Insert). DEFINITIVE SEARCH!

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Status of Electric Dipole Moment Searches

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Currently, there are at least four experiments aiming at improving the current limit (or measuring for the first time) on the neutron EDM with a sensitivity down to 10-28 e-cm over the next 10 years

* Baker, C. A.; et al. (2006). "Improved Experimental Limit on the Electric Dipole Moment of the Neutron". Phys. Rev. Lett. 91: 131801. http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v97/e131801.

Properties of the axion

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Phase I operations: Chameleons& hidden-sector photons (1) _______________________________ADMX

Chameleons
Scalars/pseudoscalars that mix with photons, and are trapped by cavity walls. Arise in some dark energy theories. Detectable by slow decay back into photons in cavity

Hidden-sector photons
Vector bosons with photon quantum numbers and very weak interactions. Detectable by reconverting HSPs back into photons in ADMX cavity

Phase I operations: Chameleons& hidden-sector photons (2) _______________________________ADMX

Chameleons

Hidden Sector Photons

GammeV Limit

One day of running in June set limits comparable to GammeV experiment.

Jaeckel & Ringwald (2009) Apply ADMX limits on HSP coupling.